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Scientific support provided for activities accomplished by the Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being is considered to be a most significant tool for raising productivity and efficiency of the system functioning. A concept on scientific support provided for Rospotrebnadzor’s organs and authorities in 2021–2025 focuses on creating an integral, coordinated, efficient, stable, and adaptive system of scientific support provided for activities aimed at securing sanitary-epidemiologic welfare of the population. A peculiar feature of this concept for 2021–2025 is an emphasis on science-intensive analysis technologies and predictions based on digital informational and analytical support provided for strategic and operative decisions on minimizing risks and damage to population health. Another emphasis is on significance of fundamental hygienic research. The concept sets the tasks to develop scientific grounds for cellular and sub-cellular technologies applied to diagnose health disorders under exposure to occupational and environmental factors as well as lifestyle-related ones. It is necessary to create a personified medical and preventive platform for preserving life and health; the platform should be based on risk assessing, monitoring and prediction, mathematical modeling of processes occurring in a body, and the latest data on physiology and toxicology. The Concept also covers issues related to developing innovative technologies for preventing and rehabilitating diseases associated with environmental and occupational factors basing on science-intensive cross-disciplinary studies and the most up-to-date hardware and software complexes. More enhanced hygienic and epidemiologic research is an extremely important and promising vector in scientific development. The Concept outlines the necessity to promptly make new technologies available to experts who are responsible for control, surveillance, inspections, licensing, and other activities within Rospotrebnadzor system. The Concept on scientific support is being implemented via «Scientific substantiation for the national system for providing sanitary-epidemiologic welfare, health risk management, and raising life quality of the RF population», a specialized scientific-research program for 2021–2025. More than 80% resources allocated within the specialized program will be assigned for solving the most vital tasks and preventing future threats. Finding solutions to major strategic tasks set by the Concept and the specialized scientific program will allow achieving greater contributions made by organs and authorities of the sanitary-epidemiologic service into scientific, technological, and socioeconomic development of the country including a contribution into developing and implementing competitive scientific-technical products.

The current work supplements the results obtained in previous research on a relation between leading parameters of living conditions and life expectancy of the RF population; it dwells on the results obtained via analyzing a role played by sanitary and epidemiologic determinants. A sanitary-epidemiologic situation in certain RF regions is unfavorable and it makes our research truly vital; it is also necessary to work out and implement activities aimed at eliminating or minimizing adverse environmental factors that can produce negative effects on demographic situation in the country. Our primary goal was to study impacts exerted by sanitary-epidemiologic parameters on life expectancy in the RF and to obtain predicted values for its growth taking into account regional and sex differentiation. We examined domestic and foreign experience in researching relations between sanitary-epidemiologic welfare and life expectancy. All the RF regions were distributed into three clusters as per their sanitary-epidemiologic welfare. The third cluster that includes 11 regions is in much greater need for implementing activities aimed at reducing environmental contamination. Results obtained via regression and factor analysis revealed that should there be a scenario with an improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic parameters (by 10.0 %), the overall life expectancy for the RF population would increase by 140.39 days. An improvement in sanitary-epidemiologic situation taken as per sex differentiation indicated that a greater impact was expected on life expectancy growth among male population, as it would increase by 146.9 days (by 117.6 days for female population). We established that several parameters made the greatest contribution into life expectancy growth; they were “A share of population provided with high quality drinking water” (61.65 days); “Physical factors existing at workplaces” (35.83 days), “Sanitary-hygienic characteristics of objects under surveillance” (15.16 days), and “Sanitary-epidemiologic parameters of ambient air” (14.26 days). The current work does not cover extreme sanitary-epidemiologic situations related to pandemic spread of new infectious agents causing highly contagious diseases (Coronavirus infection).

We took several cities (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk, and Chita) included as priority ones into the “Pure air” federal project as an example and showed that it was not sufficient to only aim at reducing gross emissions of pollutants and apply it as a criterion to assess efficiency of air-protecting activities performed in a city. Health risk calculations, and comparative analysis of risk assessment and medical statistical data on population applying for medical aid, combined with the results of profound targeted examinations, revealed that medical and demographic losses (additional population mortality and morbidity) occurred due to a significant number of chemical admixtures, including those, who were not included into a list of pollutants which had to be reduced. Consequently, air-protecting activities don’t necessarily result in relevant improvement of a sanitary-hygienic and medical-demographic situation. Residual health risks still remain high. We showed that there were several significant aspects related to developing and working out in detail complex regional action plans within the “Pure air” federal project. They were a necessity to constantly and profoundly inform a wide circle of people who make decisions on ambient air protection about adverse impacts exerted by specific components in emissions on population health and actual medical and demographic losses on a territory; to assess whether it was technically possible to achieve recommended emission levels and to discuss it with economic entities in order to work out optimal decisions as regards orientation and urgency of specific activities in the sphere; to integrate assessments of air-protecting activities efficiency with prospect city-planning in a region, and to include compensatory medical and prevention activities into regional action plans that should help achieving acceptable health risks levels.

The article contains results of the research on a correlation between social and economic determinants and life expectancy of the RF population. The research is quite relevant at present as it is consistent with the goals set within the demographic policy in the RF, including searching for efficient tools aimed at solving tasks set in it and achieving its targets. Our research goal was to examine social and economic determinants and potential for a growth in life expectancy of the RF population taking into account regional differentiation. We analyzed world experience in examining effects produced by social and economic factors on life expectancy. Correlation-regression analysis allowed us to detect that economic parameters, lifestyle-related ones, and parameters reflecting education and home comforts were the most significant modifiers (R2=0.06–0.43). We showed that aggregated changes in these parameters equal to 10.0 % could result in 460.5 days increase in life expectancy (1.3 years longer). The greatest contribution was made by population employment/unemployment taking into account their education (115.29 days); home comforts available in housing (86.9 days); economic parameters (74.09 days); psychosocial stress (54.58 days); alcohol drinks sales (49.57 days); basic food products consumption (46.23 days). These data are fully consistent with the already known results obtained by domestic and foreign researchers in the field and efficiently complement them. Our research results indicate that the current social policy that is being implemented in the RF is quite relevant as it is aimed at reducing social and economic inequality and eliminating a social gradient as regards health of various population groups. We are also sure it is necessary to perform further research in the sphere.

International legal acts that regulate organizing and carrying out various mass events in our country impose an obligation on the RF to provide safety, including sanitary-epidemiologic ones, for their guests and participants. Tight schedules and short time span are peculiarities related to such events and, when it comes to hygienic aspects, it determines short-term exposure of guests and participants to environmental factors. Nowadays in Russia substantial experience has been accumulated in providing hygienic safety for population during international mass events. Our research goal was to determine priority tasks in laboratory and information-analytical support for Rospotrebnadzor activities aimed at solving issues related hygienic safety of international mass events at various stages in preparation to them and during them depending on their scale and social significance. This paper focuses on determining a necessity to work out a model for laboratory support aimed at providing chemical safety during international mass events as regards assessing health risks for participants and guests attending such events; the model is to involve implementing laboratory control over biological markers. The authors determine basic principles of the state policy in the sphere of providing hygienic safety, reasons for threats and health risks occurrence during international mass events. The present research allowed to reveal it was advisory to implement a system for biological control over markers related to impacts exerted by various chemicals on personnel involved into preparation and organization of international mass events.

The paper dwells on basic issues related to providing food products safety with methodology of population health risk assessment and management under exposure to biological substances, chemicals, or hazardous physical factors of consumer goods. It is shown that Russia, just like many countries all over the world, is facing some global challenges now, in the beginning of the 21st century. These challenges are to be understood and estimated, and efficient measures are to be taken to overcome them. Among such challenges we can mention invention of new materials with poorly examined hygienic properties, increasing variety of technologies in food production, open borders for food products transferring etc. Population in the Russian Federation is practically completely provided with access to sufficient quantities of food. However, there are still risks related to imbalanced nutrition and unsafe food products. Sanitary-epidemiologic surveillance is provided with a powerful and well-structured organization and functional system which allows to eliminate risks efficiently. Over 7000 sanitary-epidemiologic parameters of food products are subject to control and surveillance in the RF. More than 3000 standards are harmonized within the Eurasian Economic Union regulations. A lot of work is done on developing laboratory control over food products quality. Risk-oriented control over quality and safety of food products is implemented. New approaches to assessing risks related to food products are being developed. New techniques fully incorporate conventional principles of risk assessment and relevant toxicological and epidemiological data and allow to substantiate viewpoints that the Russian Federation has on issues related to hygienic standardization for some biological and chemical agents in food products. Procedures for analysis of new technologies are being developed actively. There are some strategic areas in development of risk analysis methodology; they are creation of public information databases on food products quality and risks related to them; development of risk prediction procedures including genetic analysis techniques, mathematical modeling, medical and biological research; improved procedures for prediction of individual health risks with development of personified programs for prophylaxis of diseases; development of procedures for obtaining evidence of damage done due to health risk realization; creation of risk-oriented models for managing food products quality and creation of global information field for risk communications.

The article dwells on grounds for implementing population life quality assessment into social-hygienic monitoring system; it also outlines some methodical approaches to such assessment. Certain techniques are now applied both in Russia and worldwide but the authors propose to update them by application of approaches oriented at life quality assessment as a combination of life quality potential (in a country, region, or a municipal district) and risks of a decrease in this potential. The suggested approaches allow both to calculate integral indexes and to fragment life quality potential and risks in order to solve managerial tasks. It is shown that social-hygienic monitoring system is able to provide informational, methodical, and analytical base for life quality assessment due to it being a state system that has long been accumulating medical-demographic, social-economic, sanitary-hygienic, and other data on Russian regions functioning. Implementation of life quality assessment into social-hygienic monitoring system will require to improve and enhance interdepartmental interaction; to make each concerned party have greater interest in obtaining relevant and correct indexes of population life quality and separate components of its potential and risks; to include a substantial sociological component into systems of observations as it will help to assess people's satisfaction with their living standard in general and with its specific components; to develop and implement methodical support, as well as hardware and software for assessment of life quality including its separate components and to enlarge the information fund of social-hygienic monitoring; to develop skills of experts employed at Rospotrabnadzor's bodies and organizations who are responsible for formation of regional and federal information funds and for analytical data processing

The authors stress in the paper that at a moment when a large-scale administrative reform of control-surveillance activities in the Russian Federation took place there was an efficient tool greatly compatible with control and surveillance activities, a so called social-hygienic monitoring system. When control and surveillance activities and social and hygienic monitoring are brought together, it is a process when mutual integration of both systems takes place; results obtained in one of them give grounds for planning in another. Control and surveillance activities should give precise and targeted recommendations for the social social-hygienic monitoring system for those objects which are to be observed systematically. Both systems accumulate data on which obligatory requirement this or that surveillance object is likely to violate. The monitoring systems allows to make scientifically grounded choice on observation points and monitoring programs development taking all zones influenced by risk sources into account. Measurement results are aimed at validated and precise determination of unacceptable health risk occurrence or threats to human life or health as well as an object causing such threats. But still each systems continues to solve each own tasks attributable only to it. Both systems, social-hygienic monitoring and control and surveillance activates, are becoming dynamic. Monitoring points and observations programs are changing in accordance with surveillance authorities actions and economic entities reactions to such actions. Control and surveillance authorities get another tool which helps to further validate their efficiency over the previous time periods. System management processes are cyclic and have time gaps between specific stages during a year; it causes substantial time expenses which are necessary to obtain optimal parameters. The overall management cycle for one system is equal to 4 years, and for combined systems, 8 years.

The possibility of the anomalous electromagnetic emission in the ECRH experiments at both half the gyrotron frequency and the 3/2 harmonic of it associated with excitation of low-threshold two-upper hybrid-plasmon parametric decay instability is predicted. The experimental conditions when this emission can be detected are analyzed. A measurable level of the corresponding radiance temperature is demonstrated. The general consideration is accompanied by the numerical analysis performed under the experimental conditions typical of the off-axis X2-mode ECRH experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of strong anomalous absorption (up to three-quarters of the pump power) of microwaves in electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) experiments in toroidal devices is predicted. It originates from the low-power-threshold two-plasmon parametric decay instability, for which the only effective saturation mechanism is provided by the pump wave depletion. This makes the power deposition profile different from that predicted by the linear theory and provides an alternative interpretation for its evident broadening observed on ECRH in toroidal devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear stage of the low-threshold decay of a beam of the extraordinary waves which occurs in the vicinity of a local maximum of the hollow density profile and leads to the excitation of localized electron Bernstein (EB) wave and heavily damped ion Bernstein wave is analyzed. The transition of primary parametric decay instability to the saturation regime due to the presumably most important nonlinear mechanisms such as the pump wave depletion and the secondary decay of primary EB wave are considered in the case of a shallow potential well, in which only the fundamental-mode EB wave can be trapped. In this case characterized by the highest instability saturation level the problem is analyzed both analytically and numerically. The anomalous absorption of the pump power is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two analytical models for the ordinary mode propagating through a turbulent inhomogeneous edge plasma layer are developed based on the eikonal perturbation method and weak turbulence theory approach. Simple analytical expression for a diffusion-like angular beam width variation is obtained by both methods in the case of long scale density perturbations. The predictions for the spatial beam width are benchmarked against timeaveraged results coming from the 2D Maxwell's equations solver for different turbulence k-spectra and plasma conditions. The strong (more than twofold) increase of the microwave beam angular and spatial width after crossing the turbulent edge is predicted at realistic parameters for ECRH experiments at ITER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]