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This experimental infection study focuses on a specific Salmonella micro-organism commonly found inside hens' eggs. It outlines the application of polyethylene glycol-based films on hens' eggs and microbial growth introduced via transovarian contamination. Three molecular weights of polyethylene glycol ( PEG) were studied: ranging from 1000 g/mol to 3000 g/mol. PEG coating ratios averaged a PEG film thickness of 0.014 +/- 0.006 mm and average eggshell thickness was 0.32 +/- 0.022 mm. The effects of molecular weight of PEG coating and storage time on the growth of Salmonella enteritidis of PEG-coated eggs were evaluated during 30 days of incubation in 37 degrees C storage. The initial concentration of 8 log(10) CFU/mL was achieved by inoculation. The lowest level of S. enteritidis at the end of 30-day incubation period was 5.07 +/- 0.03 log(10) CFU/mL, giving an inhibition efficiency of 33.83%. This level was achieved with a PEG coating of 1.0449 +/- 0.005 density and 0.02 +/- 0.01 film thickness. BAVEF Agricultural Products, Industry & Trade Company

Medicinal plants like pumpkin seed, thyme, onion, nigella sativa, lemon balm, stinging nettle are used extensively today. One of these plants used most intensively and widespread is garlic. In this context, fresh shape, powder state and oil of garlic have been used all around the world especially in Far East for centuries. In conclusion it is observed that the information transferred between generations and studies made scientifically that garlic is effectively used in cardiovascular diseases as regulator of blood pressure and with dropper effects of it on glycaemia and cholesterol, against bacterial, viral, mycosis and parasitic infections. It's also known that garlic is a wonderful plant having the properties of empowering immune system, anti-tumour and antioxidant. Garlic shows its this effect thanks to >200 components it involves. Garlic includes to >200 components such as volatile oils (allicin, alliin and ajoene) consisting of sulphur, enzymes (alliinase, peroxidase and miracynase), carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose), minerals (germanium, selenium, zinc), amino acids like cysteine, glutamine, isoleucine and methionine, bioflavonoids like quercetin and cyanidin and allistatin I and allistatin II, C, E and A vitamins and niacin, B-1,B- B-2 vitamins and beta carotene. In this study, it will be given a summary about properties of garlic and its areas of use against bacterial diseases.

Endometritis is an important cause of subfertility with high economic impact in mares and is mostly associated with bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial pathogens in uteri and the susceptibility of some clinical isolates against several antimicrobial agents frequently used to control bacterial endometritis in mares in Germany. A total of 247 uterine swabs taken from mares with fertility problems were cultured to isolate bacteria and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains was determined. Totally, 151 samples (61.1%) were found culture positive. A total of 332 microorganisms including 331 bacteria and one fungus were isolated from the samples. From the bacteria, 21,9%, 15.9%, 15.4%, 12%, 10.5%, 5.7% and 3.0% of the isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (E. coli), alpha- hemolytic streptococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Bacillus spp., gamma-hemolytic streptococci, coliform bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) respectively. The remaining isolates (15.6%) included 13 other bacterial species and one fungus. beta-hemolytic streptococci and E. coli strains were considered as frequently associated with fertility problems and antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates against 14 antimicrobial agents including penicillin, tulathromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, florfenicol, ceftiofur, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, cefquinome, colistin, marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was determined. All beta-hemolytic streptococci were found to be susceptible to penicillin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, cefquinome, marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, whereas 29.3% of beta-hemolytic streptococci showed resistance against colistin. All E. coli strains and 50% of them were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, respectively, wheres all E. coli isolates were sensitive to all other tested antimicrobial agents used in this study. Kısraklarda endometritis yüksek ekonomik kayba sebep olan önemli kısırlık nedeni olup, çoğunlukla bakteriyel infeksiyonlar sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Almanya’da kısraklarda bakteriyel endometritis patojenlerini belirlemek ve klinik izolatların çeşitli antimikrobiyal ajanlara duyarlılıklarını araştırmaktır. Bu çalışmada Almanya’da fertilite problemi olan kısraklardan toplanan 247 uterus numunesi mikrobiyal ve antibiyotik duyarlılığı yönünden değerlendirildi. Yüzellibir (%61.1) numune bakteriyolojik olarak pozitif bulundu. 331’i bakteri ve biri mantar olmak üzere toplam 332 mikroorganizma izole edildi. Bakteri izolatların % 21.9‘u Escherichia coli (E. coli), %15.9‘u, α-hemolitik streptokok, %15.4’ü ß-hemolitik streptokok, %12’si Bacillus spp., %10.5’i γ-hemolitik streptokok, %5.7’i koliform bakteri ve %3’ü Staphylococcus aureus olarak identifiye edildi. Geriye kalan suşlar (%15.6), 15 farklı bakteri türü ve bir mantar suşundan oluştu. Kısrakların fertilitesini en sık etkileyen bakteriler olarak ß-hemolitik streptokok ve E. coli etkenlerine karşı antibiyogram testi uygulandı. Bu bakterilerin, penisilin, tulatromisin, tetrasiklin, eritromisin, florfenikol, seftiofur, amoksisilin, amoksisilin/klavulanik asit, enrofloksasin, gentamisin, sefkuinom, kolistin, marbofloksasin, sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim olmak üzere toplam 14 antimikrobiyal maddeye karşı duyarlılığı test edildi. Bu çalışmada, ß-hemolitik streptokok suşlarının tamamı florfenikol, seftiofur, amoksisilin/klavulanik asit, amoksisilin, enrofloksasin, sefkuinom, marbofloksasin ve sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim’e duyarlı olduğu, %29.3’ünün de kolistine karşı dirençli olduğu belirlendi. E. coli suşlarının tamamı penisillin’e, %50’si de eritromisin’e dirençli bulunurken, tamamının florfenikol, seftiofur, amoksisilin, amoksisilin/klavulanik asit, enrofloksasin, gentamisin, sefkuinom, kolistin, marbofloksasin, sulfametoksazol/trimetoprim’e duyarlı olduğu saptandı.

Summary Objective: Studies on the prevalence of pneumo- and urovagina in cows are rare. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the most common accompanying clinical signs of pneumo- and urovagina in dairy cows. Material and methods: Between 2007 and 2010 a total of 1167 Holstein and Brown Swiss cows were examined clinically and bacteriologically. Pneumovagina was diagnosed if air was sucked in or expelled from the vagina spontaneously at any time. Urovagina was defined as the accumulation of urine at the fornix of the vagina. Results: The prevalence of pneumovagina and urovagina were 19.2% (n = 224) and 3.1% (n = 36), respectively. Several clinical findings were accompanying pneumovagina in affected cows. 77.7% of cows having pneumovagina additionally displayed foamy vaginal discharge during estrous. Passive urinary flow out of the vulva could be observed due to pressure during rectal examination in some cows with urovagina. Bacteriological examination of uterine swaps from 111 cows with pneumovagina yielded a positive result in 95.5% of the cases. Uterine samples from 20 control animals were bacteriologically positive in 45% of the cases. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Pneumovagina in cows has a much higher prevalence than published before and causes uterine infection, endometritis and infertility due to fecal contamination. Urovagina is always an accompanying sign in severe cases of pneumovagina. Foamy vaginal discharge during estrous can be regarded as pathognomonic and early sign of pneumovagina also in very mild cases. Evacuation of the uterus after parturition and a decrease in body condition score due to negative energy balance causes an increased negative intraabdominal pressure. These conditions seem to trigger the development of pneumo- and urovagina. For this reason repeat-breeders and especially cows with foamy vaginal discharge during estrous, passive urinary leakage and an angulated vulva dorsal to the ischiadic arch should be carefully examined for pneumovagina.

From years 2000 to 2003, Salmonella was investigated from a total of 1785 samples comprised of chicken intestinal samples, cloacal swabs, drag swabs, litter samples and chick dust samples collected from 191 poultry breeding flocks belonging to 15 different chicken breeding stock companies in the Marmara region, Turkey by a SYBR green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (SGBRT-PCR), by a probe-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PSRT-PCR) and by standardized bacteriology as described in the manual of National Poultry Improvement Plan and Auxillary Provisions, United States Department of Agriculture. Between January 2000 and July 2001, Salmonella was detected at the rates of 5.87% and 4.10% out of a total of 1242 samples by SGBRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. From July 2001 until December 2003, Salmonella was found at rates of 11.42% and 5.52% from a total of 543 samples by PSRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. The dominant Salmonella serovar was determined as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis ( S. Enteritidis), while serogroup C1 and C2 in 2001 and serogroup E1 in 2002 were isolated as additional serovars. As a conclusion, S. Enteritidis seems to be the major problem in poultry breeding flocks in Turkey, and both of the real-time polymerase chain reaction methods were found more sensitive than standard bacteriology for the detection of Salmonella from poultry samples.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella serogroups in chicken meat. A total of 315 skins from the wing part of chicken carcasses were collected from 8 chicken carcass retailers. Salmonella isolation was performed as described in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual of the Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) in Serogroup D was isolated from 27 out of 315 (8.57%) chicken carcass skins from the wing parts. Four out of 45 (8.88%), 3 out of 50 (6.00%). 12 out of 57 (21.05%), 3 out of 9 (33.33%), 2 out of 6 (33.33%) and 3 out of 60 (5.00%) skins from the wing parts of the chicken carcasses from producers A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively, were found to harbor motile salmonellae in Serogroup D. Salmonella Enteritidis was not isolated from producers G and H, while 30 (78.94%) nontypable salmonellae not belonging to serogroups A, B, C or D were isolated from 38 samples from producer H.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis isolates (Salmonella Enteritidis) of human and poultry origin. Antibiotic resistance of 97 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from 25 chicken meat. 25 chicken intestine and 47 human fecal samples was examined using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 1997) disk diffusion method. Resistance patterns of the isolates were as follows: Of the 25 chicken meat isolates 4 were resistant to some antibiotics. Two isolates (CM 15 and CM22) were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), cefuroxime sodium (CXM), ceftriaxone (CRO), trimethoprim-sulphamethazole (SXT) and ampicillin-sulbactam (SAM). Of the other 2 isolates, CM20 showed resistance to ceftriaxone (CRO) and CM23 was resistant to chloromphenicol (C) and cephalexime (CL). Eight human isolates showed 4 different resistance patterns. Five (HF3, HF19, HF20, HF22, and HF25) were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), ampicillin-sulbactam (SAM), tetracycline (TE) and chloromphenicol (C), while resistance to chloromphenicol (C) and cephalexime (CL) was observed in HF32 and HF46. HF13 was resistant to both ampicillin (AMP) and ampicillin-sulbactam (SAM). One of the chicken intestinal isolates was found to be resistant only to cefuroxime sodium (CXM). There was no relationship between antibiotic resistance patterns for Salmonella isolates of different origins. Multiple antibiotic resistance patterns were observed in some isolates. It is important that some isolates of chicken intestine and meat origin showed resistance to antibiotics being used in humans.