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Introduction and objectives: Laparoscopic splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization (LSED) are minimally invasive, effective, and safe in treating esophageal-fundic variceal bleeding with portal hypertension (PHT). The study aimed to assess the learning curve of LSED by cumulative summation (CUSUM) analysis. The 10-year follow-up data for LSED and open surgery were also examined. Patients and methods: Five hundred and ninety-four patients were retrospectively analyzed. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, open operation conversion, and postoperative complications were selected as the evaluation indicators of surgical ability. The learning curve of LESD was assessed by the CUSUM approach. Patient features, perioperative indices, and 10-year follow-up data were examined. Results: Totally 236 patients underwent open surgery, and 358 underwent LSED. Patient characteristics were similar between groups. The LSED patients experienced less intraoperative blood loss, fewer complications, and faster recovery compared to the open surgery cohort. The learning curve of LESD was maximal for a case number of 50. Preoperative general characteristics were comparable for both stages. But the skilled stage had decreased operation time, reduced blood loss, less postoperative complications, and better recovery compared to the learning stage. The LSED group had higher recurrent hemorrhage-free survival rate and increased overall survival in comparison with cases administered open surgery in the 10-year follow-up. Free-liver cancer rates were similar between two groups. Conclusions: About 50 cases are needed to master the LSED procedure. Compared to open surgery, LSED is a safer, feasible, and safe procedure for PHT patients, correlating with decreased rebleeding rate and better overall survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid pseudopapillary tumor is a mixed solid and cystic neoplasm of the pancreas which occurs most commonly in females in second or third decade of life with few reported pediatric cases. It has a low malignancy potential with good prognosis after surgical resection. We present a case of an 11-year-old male child with solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas who presented with clinical features of acute pancreatitis. He was initially evaluated with ultrasound, followed by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas presenting as acute pancreatitis is rarely reported in literature. This case is a unique presentation of a pancreatic tumor and highlights the value of multiphase CT imaging and MRI in the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Incisional hernia (IH) is a known complication after colorectal surgery. Despite advances in minimally invasive surgery, colorectal surgery still requires extraction sites for specimen retrieval, increasing the likelihood of postoperative IH development. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of specimen extraction site on the rate of IH after minimally invasive right-sided colectomy for patients with available imaging. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective multi-institutional cohort study at 2 large academic medical centers in the US. Adults who underwent right-sided minimally invasive colectomy from 2012 to 2020 with abdominal imaging available at least 1 year postoperatively were included in the analysis. The primary exposure was specimen extraction via a midline specimen extraction vs Pfannenstiel specimen extraction. The main outcome was the development of IH at least 1 year postoperatively as visualized on a CT scan. RESULTS: Of the 341 patients sampled, 194 (57%) had midline specimen extraction and 147 (43%) had a Pfannenstiel specimen extraction. Midline extraction patients were older (66 ± 15 vs 58 ± 16; p < 0.001) and had a higher rate of previous abdominal operation (99, 51% vs 55, 37%, p = 0.01). The rate of IH was higher in midline extraction at 25% (48) compared with Pfannenstiel extraction (0, 0%; p < 0.001). The average length of stay was higher in the midline extraction group at 5.1 ± 2.5 compared with 3.4 ± 3.1 days in the Pfannenstiel extraction group (p < 0.001). Midline extraction was associated with IH development (odds ratio 24.6; 95% CI 1.89 to 319.44; p = 0.004). Extracorporeal anastomosis was associated with a higher IH rate (odds ratio 25.8; 95% CI 2.10 to 325.71; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who undergo Pfannenstiel specimen extraction have a lower risk of IH development compared with those who undergo midline specimen extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multi-detector contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) allows for the accurate detection and classification of traumatic splenic injuries, leading to improved patient management. Their effective use requires rapid study interpretation, which can be a challenge on busy emergency radiology services. A machine learning system has the potential to automate the process, potentially leading to a faster clinical response. This study aimed to create such a system. Method: Using the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), spleen injuries were classified into 3 classes: normal, low-grade (AAST grade I-III) injuries, and high-grade (AAST grade IV and V) injuries. Employing a 2-stage machine learning strategy, spleens were initially segmented from input CT images and subsequently underwent classification via a 3D dense convolutional neural network (DenseNet). Results: This single-centre retrospective study involved trauma protocol CT scans performed between January 1, 2005, and July 31, 2021, totaling 608 scans with splenic injuries and 608 without. Five board-certified fellowship-trained abdominal radiologists utilizing the AAST injury scoring scale established ground truth labels. The model achieved AUC values of 0.84, 0.69, and 0.90 for normal, low-grade injuries, and high-grade splenic injuries, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of automating spleen injury detection using our method with potential applications in improving patient care through radiologist worklist prioritization and injury stratification. Future endeavours should concentrate on further enhancing and optimizing our approach and testing its use in a real-world clinical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript seeks to describe diagnostic considerations in individuals with diabetes mellitus presenting to the ED with abdominal pain. It highlights the importance of early investigation with computerised tomography to differentiate aetiologies that compel early surgical intervention from those which may be treated conservatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute cholecystitis is a leading cause of individuals seeking medical attention in the emergency department due to right upper quadrant pain. Common complications associated with this clinical condition, which is frequently encountered in daily practice, include gangrenous cholecystitis, pericholecystic abscess, cholangitis, and gallbladder perforation. It is important to also consider the rare but potentially severe complication of cystic artery pseudoaneurysm. This case report details the development of a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to acute cholecystitis and its subsequent endovascular treatment in a 59-year-old male patient with no known underlying medical conditions, in accordance with existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis should be considered in the suspected case of a pelvic mass presenting with vague symptoms. Primary pelvic hydatid cyst is rare, and the achievement of early diagnosis is important, as the involvement of bone in the pelvis is difficult to treat, and the probability of recurrences is greater. This case report presents a rare case of a primary pelvic hydatid cyst in a male in his 30s. The patient presented vague symptoms of difficulty in micturition and chronic pelvic pain. First-line radiological imaging techniques diagnosed it as a neoplastic mass and tuberculosis, while MRI revealed it as a cystic disease, probably a hydatid cyst. Surgical excision and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a primary pelvic hydatid cyst. Acquaintance with the varied presentation of cystic echinococcosis helps to obtain an accurate diagnosis and thus decreases the severe complication associated with the disease. This case report highlights the importance of considering parasitic infections in the differential diagnosis of cystic pelvic masses, even in regions with low endemicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal necrosis in uremic patients has been reported but is rare. Case presentation: A 56-year-old male patient who underwent long-term regular haemodialysis was admitted to the hospital due to involuntary shaking of the limbs and nonsense speech. The patient's symptoms improved after continuous blood purification under heparin anticoagulation, rehydration, sedation, and correction of electrolyte disturbances. However, the patient experienced a sudden onset of abdominal pain and a rapid decrease in blood pressure; high-dose norepinephrine were required to maintain his blood pressure. A plain abdominal radiograph performed at bedside showed intestinal dilation. Colonoscopy revealed inflammation and oedema of the entire colon, with purulent secretions and multiple areas of patchy necrosis. The cause of intestinal ischaemia was not clear. Conclusions: Although rare, previous causes of uremic colitis have been reported. As the patient developed abdominal pain before the onset of shock and the necrosis was seen on colonoscopy, we suspect that this is a case of fulminant uremic colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) encompassed a bunch of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol levels due to an enzymatic deficiency in steroid synthesis. In adult male patients with CAH, a frequent complication related to poor disease control is the development of ectopic adrenocortical tissue in the testes, named testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART). Conversely, ovarian adrenal rest tumors (OART) in females are extremely rare and adrenal rests in sites other than gonads are so uncommon to have been described only few times in literature. Case presentation: We report a case of a male patient with untreated CAH and oncologic history of pleomorphic sarcoma who presented with massive bilateral adrenal enlargement and adrenal rest tumors in peri-lumbar and peri-cecal sites, which mimicked metastasis from sarcoma. Conclusions: The development of massive adrenal enlargement and ectopic adrenal rest tumors in sites other than gonads, even if very uncommon, should be suspected in patients with CAH and prolonged periods of undertreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute spontaneous bleeding from renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is one of the causes of Wunderlich syndrome, a rare and potentially fatal clinical condition. Clinical deterioration will occur if there is a delay in urgent management. There are several management options for renal angiomyolipoma rupture. However, until now little is known about the case of recanalization from post-coil embolization of renal angiomyolipoma. There is no guideline about embolization technique for the management of recurrent bleeding after embolization or coil recanalization of renal angiomyolipoma. Case presentation: A 55-year-old male has Wunderlich syndrome caused by recurrent bleeding of giant AML of the left renal due to coil recanalization compounded by a pseudoaneurysm and other bleeding site in bilateral giant renal angiomyolipoma which is showed by contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan. The patient underwent urgent transarterial embolization and some blood transfusion. Clinical improvement occurred and the patient discharged several days later. Conclusions: Embolization for spontaneous bleeding or rebleeding of renal pseudoaneurysms may become the first choice of treatment in bilateral multiple renal angiomyolipoma rather than other managements which are available to preserve renal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While drug trafficking is a major problem worldwide, body packing involving the storage of narcotic drugs in the human body represents an emergency because of the risk of deadly narcotic toxicity, intestinal obstruction and visceral perforation. We presented the evaluation of body packer cases, which have not been seen before in this region, in the emergency clinic. This study analyzes the medical records of body packers from January to July 2023. Hematological and biochemical tests, abdominal radiographs and tomographies, and removed packages were evaluated in all cases. Nine body packer cases carrying narcotic substances were observed in this study. The mean age was 33 ± 6.3, 2 (22%) were female and 7 (78%) were male. None of the patients required emergency surgery. One patient had acute narcotic intoxication. In this patient, whose packages were observed to be intact, drug intoxication was associated with substance use. Abdominal radiography diagnosed all cases and all were recovered and discharged. It is very important for public safety to diagnose body packing cases and prevent the transport of packages. In this issue, emergency physicians should have radiography and CT imaging features in asymptomatic body packing cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI), combined with machine learning, can help to identify characteristic tissue signatures enabling automatic tissue recognition during surgery. This study aims to develop the first HSI-based automatic abdominal tissue recognition with human data in a prospective bi-center setting. Methods: Data were collected from patients undergoing elective open abdominal surgery at two international tertiary referral hospitals from September 2020 to June 2021. HS images were captured at various time points throughout the surgical procedure. Resulting RGB images were annotated with 13 distinct organ labels. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were employed for the analysis, with both external and internal validation settings utilized. Results: A total of 169 patients were included, 73 (43.2%) from Strasbourg and 96 (56.8%) from Verona. The internal validation within centers combined patients from both centers into a single cohort, randomly allocated to the training (127 patients, 75.1%, 585 images) and test sets (42 patients, 24.9%, 181 images). This validation setting showed the best performance. The highest true positive rate was achieved for the skin (100%) and the liver (97%). Misclassifications included tissues with a similar embryological origin (omentum and mesentery: 32%) or with overlaying boundaries (liver and hepatic ligament: 22%). The median DICE score for ten tissue classes exceeded 80%. Conclusion: To improve automatic surgical scene segmentation and to drive clinical translation, multicenter accurate HSI datasets are essential, but further work is needed to quantify the clinical value of HSI. HSI might be included in a new omics science, namely surgical optomics, which uses light to extract quantifiable tissue features during surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on considering liver abscess as a potential etiology for prolonged fever without an obvious cause in pediatric patients, especially those with acute changes in appetite, abdominal symptoms, or recent abdominal trauma. Topics include typical bacteria associated with liver abscesses, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as parasitic etiologies like Amebiasis and Human Echinococcosis, based on exposure history.

Coil migration during endovascular embolization is a complication that can result in thromboembolic occlusion leading to potentially large infarcts if not removed. Microsnares are commonly used to remove migrated coils. Current techniques, however, struggle in cases where the microsnare is unable to loop over and secure a free end of the coil. We present a case in which a microsnare combined with a microwire successfully removed a migrated coil in a patient with a bleeding hepatic pseudoaneurysm post-embolization. This technique proved beneficial when traditional methods were insufficient, especially in small vessels or coil packs that cannot be snared. The synergy of the microsnare and microwire technique presents a promising solution for challenging migrated coil retrievals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare condition, usually associated with hematological disorders such as thrombotic diathesis and hypercoagulability. Serum CA-125 level is an established tumor marker of ovarian malignancy; however, cases of primary BCS may also show raised CA-125 levels. BCS in a case of ovarian carcinoma is usually primary in nature due to hypercoagulable state, and raised CA-125 levels with tender hepatomegaly in a treated case of ovarian carcinoma usually imply metastatic recurrence in the liver. However, our case demonstrates an atypical secondary cause of BCS in such a patient caused by extrinsic compression of IVC due to recurrent disease. Case presentation: We report an unusual case of a 69-year-old female who presented with nausea and abdominal pain. She had a 7-year-old history of endometrioid carcinoma of the right ovary for which she underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection along with adjuvant chemotherapy. Currently, she had right hypochondrium tenderness, deranged liver function tests (LFT) and raised CA-125 levels, which raised suspicion of hepatic metastasis. However, CECT abdomen revealed peripheral mottled enhancement of liver with multifocal extrahepatic tumor deposits, one of them causing compression of inferior vena cava (IVC) implying a diagnosis of secondary Budd–Chiari syndrome. Conclusions: In a background of treated ovarian malignancy with raised CA-125 levels and deranged LFT, primary suspicion is of hepatic tumor recurrence. However, in our case, radiological investigation revealed diagnosis of secondary Budd–Chiari syndrome due to perihepatic metastatic recurrence with the absence of frank intrahepatic lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on the healthcare systems. Along with its common complications, novel complications such as Rectus Sheath Hematoma (RSH) have been reported. We present 2 cases of RSH. (A) A 63-year-old woman with a known case of COVID-19 with severe cough presented sudden tachycardia and hypogastric pain; on physical examination, a huge lower abdominal tender mass was noticed. All the differential diagnoses were ruled out. (B) A 57-year-old woman with COVID-19 started complaining of tachycardia, pain, and a mass in the lower abdomen. On the physical examination, a lower abdominal tender mass was noticed. Both of the patients underwent an abdomen CT scan which confirmed a huge RSH. Conservative treatment and cessation of anticoagulant medications were continued. Both of them recovered and no evidence of further expansion was seen after 4 weeks of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma is an extremely rare tumor. In the literature, intestinal Ewing's sarcoma was reported in 20 cases, and omental Ewing's sarcoma was reported in only two cases. In this case report, we report a 23-year-old female who presented with the complaint of diffuse abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasound and whole-body computed tomography revealed a mass starting from the adnexal area and extending between the intestinal loops. Serum levels of tumor markers were high. The serum levels of carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125) and carcinoembryonic antigen-19.9 (CA-19.9) were high (427.5 U/mL and 67.9 U/mL, respectively). Laparotomic exploration was performed with the preliminary diagnosis of an adnexal mass, and a mass originating from the small intestine meso and completely covered by the omentum was excised. Histological evaluation reported intestinal and omental origin of Ewing's sarcoma. This case highlights the importance of rare extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma, which should be included in the differential diagnosis of a young female with intra-abdominal mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and achievable doses (ADs) provide guidance to optimise radiation doses for patients undergoing medical imaging procedures. This multi-centre study aimed to compare institutional DRLs (IDRLs) across hospitals, propose ADs and multi-centric DRLs (MCDRLs) for four common x-ray examinations in Sri Lanka, and assess the potential for dose reduction. A prospective cross-sectional study of 894 adult patients referred for abdomen anteroposterior (AP), kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) AP, lumbar spine AP, and lumbar spine lateral (LAT) x-ray examinations was conducted. Patient demographic information (age, sex, weight, BMI) and exposure parameters (tube voltage, tube current-exposure time product) were collected. Patient dose indicators were measured in terms of kerma-area product (PKA) using a PKA meter. IDRLs, ADs, and MCDRLs were calculated following the International Commission on Radiological Protection guidelines, with ADs and MCDRLs defined as the 50th and 75th percentiles of the median PKA distributions, respectively. IDRL ranges varied considerably across hospitals: 1.42–2.42 Gy cm2 for abdomen AP, 1.51–2.86 Gy cm2 for KUB AP, 0.83–1.65 Gy cm2 for lumbar spine AP, and 1.76–4.10 Gy cm2 for lumbar spine LAT. The proposed ADs were 1.82 Gy cm2 (abdomen AP), 2.03 Gy cm2 (KUB AP), 1.27 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine AP), and 2.21 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine LAT). MCDRLs were 2.24 Gy cm2 (abdomen AP), 2.40 Gy cm2 (KUB AP), 1.43 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine AP), and 2.38 Gy cm2 (lumbar spine LAT). Substantial intra- and inter-hospital variations in PKA were observed for all four examinations. Although ADs and MCDRLs in Sri Lanka were comparable to those in the existing literature, the identified intra- and inter-hospital variations underscore the need for dose reduction without compromising diagnostic information. Hospitals with high IDRLs are recommended to review and optimise their practices. These MCDRLs serve as preliminary national DRLs, guiding dose optimisation efforts by medical professionals and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The introduction of the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) has provided objective, real-time feedback on the geometric variations with each component of a hiatal hernia repair (HHR). The utility of this technology in altering intraoperative decision-making has been scarcely reported. Herein, we report a single-center series of intraoperative FLIP during HHR. Methods: A retrospective review of electronic medical records between 2020 and 2022 was conducted and all patients undergoing non-recurrent HHR with FLIP were queried. Patient and hernia characteristics, intraoperative FLIP values and changes in decision-making, as well as early post-operative outcomes were reported. Both diameter and distensibility index (DI) were measured at 40 ml and 50 ml balloon inflation after hiatal dissection, after hiatal closure, and after fundoplication when indicated. Results: Thirty-three patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 62 ± 14 years and mean BMI was 28 ± 6 kg/m2. The majority (53%) were type I hiatal hernias. The largest drop in DI occurred after hiatal closure, with minimal change seen after fundoplication (mean DI of 4.3 ± 2. after completion of HH dissection, vs 2.7 ± 1.2 after hiatal closure and 2.3 ± 1 after fundoplication when performed). In 13 (39%) of cases, FLIP values directly impacted intraoperative decision-making. Fundoplication was deferred in 4/13 (31%) patients, the wrap was loosened in 2/13 (15%); the type of fundoplication was altered to achieve adequate anti-reflux values in 2/13 (15%) patients, and in 1/13 (3%) the wrap was tightened. Conclusion: FLIP measurements can be used intraoperatively to guide decision-making and alter management plan based on objective values. Long-term outcomes and further prospective studies are required to better delineate the value of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appendicitis is an extremely common disease with a variety of medical and surgical treatment approaches. A multidisciplinary expert panel was convened to develop evidence-based recommendations to support clinicians and patients in decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis. Methods: A systematic review was conducted from 2010 to 2022 to answer 8 key questions relating to the diagnosis of appendicitis, operative or nonoperative management, and specific technical and post-operative issues for appendectomy. The results of this systematic review were then presented to a panel of adult and pediatric surgeons. Evidence-based recommendations were formulated using the GRADE methodology by subject experts. Results: Conditional recommendations were made in favor of uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis being managed operatively, either delayed (>12h) or immediate operation (<12h), either suction and lavage or suction alone, no routine drain placement, treatment with short-term antibiotics postoperatively for complicated appendicitis, and complicated appendicitis previously treated nonoperatively undergoing interval appendectomy. A conditional recommendation signals that the benefits of adhering to a recommendation probably outweigh the harms although it does also indicate uncertainty. Conclusions: These recommendations should provide guidance with regard to current controversies in appendicitis. The panel also highlighted future research opportunities where the evidence base can be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional Neural Networks have been widely applied in medical image segmentation. However, the existence of local inductive bias in convolutional operations restricts the modeling of long-term dependencies. The introduction of Transformer enables the modeling of long-term dependencies and partially eliminates the local inductive bias in convolutional operations, thereby improving the accuracy of tasks such as segmentation and classification. Researchers have proposed various hybrid structures combining Transformer and Convolutional Neural Networks. One strategy is to stack Transformer blocks and convolutional blocks to concentrate on eliminating the accumulated local bias of convolutional operations. Another strategy is to nest convolutional blocks and Transformer blocks to eliminate bias within each nested block. However, due to the granularity of bias elimination operations, these two strategies cannot fully exploit the potential of Transformer. In this paper, a parallel hybrid model is proposed for segmentation, which includes a Transformer branch and a Convolutional Neural Network branch in encoder. After parallel feature extraction, inter-layer information fusion and exchange of complementary information are performed between the two branches, simultaneously extracting local and global features while eliminating the local bias generated by convolutional operations within the current layer. A pure convolutional operation is used in decoder to obtain final segmentation results. To validate the impact of the granularity of bias elimination operations on the effectiveness of local bias elimination, the experiments in this paper were conducted on Flare21 dataset and Amos22 dataset. The average Dice coefficient reached 92.65% on Flare21 dataset, and 91.61% on Amos22 dataset, surpassing comparative methods. The experimental results demonstrate that smaller granularity of bias elimination operations leads to better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to assess risk factors of candida-related Vascular Graft Infections (VGIs). Methods: We did a case–control study (1:4) matched by age and year of infection, nested in a cohort of patient with a history of VGIs. Cases were defined by a positive culture for Candida spp. in biological samples and controls were defined by a positive culture for bacterial strains only in biological samples. Risk factors for Candida-related VGIs were investigated using multivariate logistic regression. Mortality were compared using survival analysis. Results: 16 Candida-related VGIs were matched to 64 bacterial-related VGIs. The two groups were comparable regarding medical history and clinical presentation. Candida-related VGIs were associated with bacterial strains in 88% (14/16). Gas/fluid-containing collection on abdominal CT scan and the presence of an aortic endoprosthesis were risk factors for Candidaspp.-related VGIs [RRa 10.43 [1.81–60.21] p = 0.009 RRa and 6.46 [1.17–35.73] p = 0.03, respectively]. Candida-related VGIs were associated with a higher mortality when compared to bacterial-related VGIs (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Candida-related VGIs are severe. Early markers of Candidaspp. infection are needed to improve their outcome. The suspicion of aortic endoprosthesis infection may necessitate probabilistic treatment with antifungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Duodenal atresia or stenosis are different degrees of the same abnormality. They usually occur at the level of the ampulla of Vater and are thought to be an embryologic defect during the development of the foregut, leading to abnormal recanalization. Complete duodenal atresia is usually symptomatic in the early neonatal period, while partial obstruction (web, stenosis) may have a late presentation and a more challenging diagnosis such as in our case. Case Presentation. The patient, a 16-year-old girl, presented with abdominal pain, recurrent vomiting, and growth failure. An upper GI study with barium showed an image compatible with gastroptosis. Further diagnostic procedures confirmed a rare finding such as congenital duodenal stenosis. She underwent surgical intervention, and the recovery period was uneventful. Conclusion. Gastroptosis is not diagnostic for a particular disease. This rare radiological finding in children may obscure uncommon diagnosis, such as congenital duodenal stenosis, which can present a diagnostic challenge beyond early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are defined as CD117-positive primary, spindled or epithelioid, mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, omentum, or mesentery. While computed tomography (CT) is the recommended imaging modality for GISTs, overlap in imaging features between GISTs and other gastrointestinal tumours often make radiological diagnosis and subsequent selection of the optimal therapeutic approach challenging. Cinematic rendering is a novel CT post-processing technique that generates highly photorealistic anatomic images based on a unique lighting model. The global lighting model produces high degrees of surface detail and shadowing effects that generate depth in the final three-dimensional display. Early studies have shown that cinematic rendering produces high-quality images with enhanced detail by comparison with other three-dimensional visualization techniques. Cinematic rendering shows promise in improving the visualization of enhancement patterns and internal architecture of abdominal lesions, local tumour extension, and global disease burden, which may be helpful for lesion characterization and pretreatment planning. This article discusses and illustrates the application of cinematic rendering in the evaluation of GISTs and the unique benefit of using cinematic rendering in the workup of GIST with a specific emphasis on tumour characterization and preoperative planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia is rare and highly resistant to antifungal therapy. We herein report a case involving a 31-year-old male admitted after a high-velocity road traffic accident. He sustained a grade IV liver injury with right hepatic vein thrombosis, which necessitated an urgent laparotomy. Post-operatively, repeated imaging of the abdomen revealed the presence of a biloma. Percutaneous subdiaphragmatic drainage was carried out but appeared ineffective, prompting a second surgery for an urgent hemi-hepatectomy. The patient was then nursed in the intensive care unit (ICU); however, during his stay in the ICU, he became more sepsis, which was evident by worsening ventilatory support and a rise in septic parameters from the biochemistry parameters. Despite intravenous piperacillin–tazobactam and fluconazole, his septic parameters did not improve and a full septic workup was conducted and was found to be positive for Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from the blood cultures. After discussion with the infectious disease physicians and clinical microbiologists, it was decided to initiate a course of intravenous meropenem and amphotericin B based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, considering the patient's extended ICU stay and catheter use. Eventually, after successfully weaning off mechanical ventilation, the patient was discharged from ICU care. This case underscores the necessity of individualized approaches, combining timely imaging, appropriate drainage techniques, and tailored treatments to optimize outcomes for such intricate post-traumatic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. Osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs) are relatively more common in pancreatic cancer, but extremely rare in HCC. Currently, there have been only a few reported cases of OGCs in HCC, and their presence indicates an aggressive clinical course. Here, we present a case of primary undifferentiated carcinoma of the liver with OGCs in a 49-year-old male patient, and through a literature review, we summarize 20 similar cases to further understand the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical course of this disease entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A major challenge of either endoscopic or percutaneous approach to placing palliative biliary stents is the difficulty in traversing tight perihilar malignant obstructions. This can be overcome with a rendezvous approach (combined endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)/percutaneous approach) or may require initial placement of an external drain and reattempting later. Interventional radiology for biliary obstruction is still in infant days in our locality. Herein, we describe two cases of perihilar malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) managed at a private facility in Lagos, Nigeria, in which we had to come up with a creative approach to crossing these tight junctions in the absence of ERCP facilities. This was done by securing percutaneous retrograde access into the common bile duct and combining it with the initially unsuccessful anterograde approach. In both cases, this combined percutaneous anterograde/retrograde approach resulted in successful traversal of the malignant obstruction and placement of internal biliary stents. Case presentation: We present the case of two elderly patients with tight malignant biliary obstruction (MBO), one from a suspected cholangiocarcinoma and the other from hepatic metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Both patients had successful traversal of the obstruction via a combined percutaneous anterograde/retrograde approach and biliary stenting. Conclusions: Our case reports demonstrate an unusual approach that should assist interventional radiologists in resource-limited setting who seek for a viable option to those presently available for traversing perihilar MBOs in the percutaneous placement of internal stents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary mesenteric and/or retroperitoneal amyloidosis is a rare entity with only few cases described in literature. Herein we describe an unusual such case in a 56-year-old man who presented with long-standing vague abdominal pain and lump. Abdominopelvic CT revealed numerous nodular variably calcifying deposits that were diffusely involving the mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat. Resected specimen pathology showed extracellular amyloid deposits replacing the adipocytes that were congophilic and exhibited apple green birefringence under polarized light. Kappa light chain restriction was noted in amyloid deposits on immunohistochemical studies. Myeloma studies did not reveal any significant abnormality. In view of the primary AL amyloidosis, the patient was started on cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexona (CTD regimen). The patient responded well to the treatment with no further progression of the lesions. After 7 years of follow-up, the patient is alive with no systemic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This study aimed to use deep learning techniques to discriminate different degrees of scoliosis on plain radiographs. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 1006 standing plain abdominal and chest radiographs (age range 10-18 years) obtained from the archive of our institution. The radiographs were divided into three groups according to the degree of scoliosis: normal (0-9°), mild (10-29°), and moderate/advanced (30° and above). The data were randomly selected and 15% were used for testing, 15% for validation, and the remaining 70% for training. Due to the limited data, the transfer learning (TL) method was used. Pre-trained VGG-16, ResNet-101, and GoogLeNet networks were used for TL. The original classifier was replaced with a new one. Geometric transformations of the radiographs were used for data augmentation. Rotation (-30, 30 degrees), translation (-30, 30 pixels), and scaling (0.9, 1.1 pixels) were applied to the images. The performance of the networks was evaluated using the performance parameters of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 score. Results: Overall accuracy after testing the models was determined to be 90.1% for VGG-16, 86.1% for ResNet-101, and 85.5% for GoogLeNet. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 score were 90.1%, 90.7%, 95.0%, 89.9%, and 90.1% for VGG-16, respectively. The VGG-16 values were determined to be higher than those of the ResNet-101 and GoogLeNet networks. Conclusion: The results showed favorable results for deep TL methods in the assessment of normal, mild, and moderate/advanced scoliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with non-specific symptoms or signs of cancer (NSSC) present a challenge as they are a heterogeneous population who are not candidates for fast-track work-up in an organ-specific cancer pre-planned pathway (CPP). Denmark has a cancer pre-planned pathway for this population (NSSC-CPP), but several issues remain unclarified, for example, distribution and significance of symptoms and findings, and choice of imaging. Aim: To investigate symptoms, cancer diagnoses, and diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in patients on NSSC-CPP to improve the overall diagnostic process. Design & setting: A retrospective medical chart review in a 1-year consecutive cohort (2020). Method: A total of 802 referrals were reviewed for diagnostic imaging in patients with NSSP from general practices, specialist practices, or the local hospital diagnostic centre responsible for NSSC-CPP. Results: The study included 248 patients; 21% had cancer, most frequently gastrointestinal cancer (27%). The most frequent symptom was weight loss (56%). CT had a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 87%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 65%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 96%. For 18F-FDG-PET/CT, the numbers were sensitivity 82%, specificity 62%, PPV 33%, and NPV 94%. Patients frequently underwent subsequent examinations following initial imaging. Conclusion: The findings were in accordance with the literature. Patients with NSSC had a cancer prevalence of 21%, most frequently gastrointestinal. The most frequent symptom was weight loss and, even as the only symptom, it is a potential marker for cancer. CT and 18F-FDG-PET/CT were sensitive with high NPV, whereas PPV was superior in CT. Better stratification by symptoms or findings is an obvious focus point for future studies to further optimise the NSSC-CPP work-up strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome 17q12 deletion syndrome (OMIM #614527) is a rare genetic disorder associated with a heterozygous 1.4–1.5 Mb deletion at chromosome 17q12, leading to a spectrum of clinical manifestations, including kidney abnormalities, neurodevelopmental delay, maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5), and Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. We present the case of a 14-year-old Korean female diagnosed with chromosome 17q12 deletion syndrome, confirmed by chromosomal microarray analysis. The patient exhibited MODY5 with pancreatic agenesis, MRKH syndrome, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, kidney rotation anomaly, portal vein thrombosis with liver hypoplasia, short stature, and scoliosis. Management involved the initiation of multiple daily insulin injections for diabetes control, gynecological evaluation for MRKH syndrome, and multidisciplinary care for associated complications. This case highlights the complexity and varied organ involvement in chromosome 17q12 deletion syndrome. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach is crucial for the management of affected individuals, including regular monitoring, tailored interventions across various medical specialties, and providing psychosocial support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a fully automatic urinary stone detection system (kidney, ureter, and bladder) and to test it in a real clinical environment. The local institutional review board approved this retrospective single-center study that used non-enhanced abdominopelvic CT scans from patients admitted urology (uPatients) and emergency (ePatients). The uPatients were randomly divided into training and validation sets in a ratio of 3:1. We designed a cascade urinary stone map location-feature pyramid networks (USm-FPNs) and innovatively proposed a ureter distance heatmap method to estimate the ureter position on non-enhanced CT to further reduce the false positives. The performances of the system were compared using the free-response receiver operating characteristic curve and the precision-recall curve. This study included 811 uPatients and 356 ePatients. At stone level, the cascade detector USm-FPNs has the mean of false positives per scan (mFP) 1.88 with the sensitivity 0.977 in validation set, and mFP was further reduced to 1.18 with the sensitivity 0.977 after combining the ureter distance heatmap. At patient level, the sensitivity and precision were as high as 0.995 and 0.990 in validation set, respectively. In a real clinical set of ePatients (27.5% of patients contain stones), the mFP was 1.31 with as high as sensitivity 0.977, and the diagnostic time reduced by > 20% with the system help. A fully automatic detection system for entire urinary stones on non-enhanced CT scans was proposed and reduces obviously the burden on junior radiologists without compromising sensitivity in real emergency data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lupus mesenteric vasculitis (LMV) is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that can lead to a range of gastrointestinal issues, such as intestinal bleeding, necrosis, and perforation. The optimal surgical approach for cases of intestinal necrosis in LMV remains a topic of debate. Case presentation: We present the first documented instance of jejunal necrosis in a 56-year-old woman undergoing SLE treatment. The patient presented with symptoms including abdominal distension, pain, nausea, and vomiting. Physical examination revealed abdominal tenderness, rebound pain, and muscle tension. Following surgery and steroid therapy, the patient experienced successful recovery and was discharged from the hospital. Conclusions: Patients with jejunal necrosis due to SEL, during intraoperative exploration, surgical decisions should be made based on careful observation. In cases of extensive jejunal necrosis that cannot be preserved, it is advisable to resect the necrotic tissue as much as possible, with a recommended extended resection margin of 2–3 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sarcopenia, conceived as low skeletal muscle mass and function, has been associated with worse outcomes in patients treated with Sorafenib for advanced HCC, with data coming mainly from the Oriental series. Skeletal muscle mass can be easily quantified from abdominal CT scans performed for advanced HCC staging. Sarcopenia and impaired liver function (MELD > 9) are strong predictors of unfavorable outcomes in patients affected by advanced HCC treated with Sorafenib. Their copresence can identify a subset of patients with particularly bad prognoses. Background and aims: Sarcopenia has been associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated the impact of sarcopenia on survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with Sorafenib. Methods: A total of 328 patients were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had an abdominal CT scan within 8 weeks prior to the start of treatment. Two cohorts of patients were analyzed: the "Training Group" (215 patients) and the "Validation Group" (113 patients). Sarcopenia was defined by reduced skeletal muscle index, calculated from an L3 section CT image. Results: Sarcopenia was present in 48% of the training group and 50% of the validation group. At multivariate analysis, sarcopenia (HR: 1.47, p = 0.026 in training; HR 1.99, p = 0.033 in validation) and MELD > 9 (HR: 1.37, p = 0.037 in training; HR 1.78, p = 0.035 in validation) emerged as independent prognostic factors in both groups. We assembled a prognostic indicator named "SARCO-MELD" based on the two independent prognostic factors, creating three groups: group 1 (0 prognostic factors), group 2 (1 factor) and group 3 (2 factors), the latter with significantly worse survival and shorter time receiving treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bariatric surgery has been widely distributed as an effective treatment method for morbid obesity. An increased volume of the left hepatic lobe may affect the ergonomics of bariatric surgery, which could complicate the surgical techniques and require special instruments. CT of the abdomen is considered the gold standard imaging modality in the assessment of the left hepatic lobe volume; nevertheless, it has some drawbacks, such as exposure to ionizing radiation, besides the contrast and gantry limitations. The objective of this study is to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal US in comparison to CT in measuring the left hepatic lobe volume in morbidly obese patients as part of their preoperative evaluation. Seventy-two morbidly obese patients of different ages (between 22 and 55 years) and genders were included in this study who were scheduled for bariatric surgery. Results: The intraclass coefficient and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient with their 95% CI were used. There was a strong positive correlation between left hepatic lobe volumes as measured by US and CT (r = 0.999, p value < 0.001), indicating a significant linear relationship between them. The mean of the two variables was very close (474.2 ± 164.9 cm3) by US and (475.1 ± 164.5 cm3) by CT. Conclusions: Abdominal US examination for assessment of the left hepatic lobe volume is considered a valid diagnostic method compared to CT (with a clinically accepted slight difference between values) in preoperative assessment of morbidly obese patients. It provides an accurate, simple, and inexpensive diagnostic tool that avoids the drawbacks of CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute appendicitis is a global surgical emergency. Radiographic modalities usually identify acute appendicitis, although radiographers' competence is questionable. This study examines how clinical radiographers' education and experience affect their ability to identify acute appendicitis using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (USG) characteristics. The study also aimed to determine which variable strongly influences their knowledge level. Methods: The study surveyed radiographers with a four-part self-administered questionnaire containing demographic information and eight knowledge-based questions about the appearance of acute appendicitis in MRI, CT and USG, separately. Before distribution, the questionnaire was validated and checked the reliability. Results: Clinical radiographers' knowledge about using MRI to diagnose acute appendicitis was strongly affected by education and experience (η² = 0.13 and 0.14; P < 0.05), with bachelor's degree holders scoring higher regardless of experience. Radiographers with more than 5 years of experience knew more about CT and USG features to identify acute appendicitis (η² = 0.40 and 0.27; P < 0.05). Radiographers with a bachelor's degree and greater experience had higher overall knowledge of MRI, CT and USG to diagnose acute appendicitis (η² = 0.51 and 0.11; P < 0.05). With adjusted R² = 54% (F [2, 44] = 27.94; P < 0.001), education and experience highly predicted the overall knowledge level. Conclusion: The study found gaps in radiographers' knowledge of the radiographic appearance of acute appendicitis. Clinical radiographers' education level and years of experience substantially affect their knowledge level. In addition, experience is a good predictor than education level for overall knowledge level. Therefore, the study emphasises the importance of continuing education and training for radiographers to diagnose acute appendicitis quickly and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To assess the patient gonadal shielding practices of radiologic technologists in the state of California. Methods A survey invitation was sent via email to registered radiologic technologists in California to collect data to determine whether there were significant associations between gonadal shielding practices and various categorical variables, including patient sex, patient age, body part, availability of gonadal shielding protocols, availability of gonadal shields, and supervisor encouragement. Results There was a significant association between gonadal shielding protocol availability and supervisor encouragement of using gonadal shielding (P = .005) and between gonadal shielding availability and supervisor encouragement of using gonadal shielding (P < .001). Contrary to other studies in the literature, there was a significant difference between patient sex and the likelihood of gonadal shielding use, with participants indicating that they shield girls and women more often than they shield boys and men (P < .001). Discussion There was a sex-based difference in the frequency of gonadal shielding usage among the sample in this study. Also, supervisors providing accessible protocols and encouraging gonadal shielding can increase technologists' use of gonadal shielding. Conclusion Gonadal shielding is the current Code of Federal Regulations standard, although most professional and scientific organizations support discontinuing shielding during abdominal and pelvic radiography examinations. Shielding of these areas is more likely to occur with the availability of gonadal shielding, supervisory encouragement, protocols mandating shielding, and state regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous systematic reviews have found insufficient and conflicting evidence for an association between the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of functional constipation. Abdominal X-ray is frequently used for the diagnosis of functional constipation in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal X-ray for the evaluation of functional constipation in children. Results: Three studies were included in the final qualitative analysis. They were heterogeneous in their study design, definition of constipation, and radiologic parameters used to evaluate the abdominal X-rays. Sensitivities ranged from 73–92%, specificities ranged from 26–92%, and diagnostic accuracies ranged from 78–90%. Methods: This study involved a systematic review of English literature published between 2012 and 2022 covering children 2–18 years of age with a diagnosis of functional constipation in whom abdominal X-ray was performed. The databases searched include Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) guidelines were followed. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022301833. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to support the use of abdominal X-ray as part of the diagnostic workup of functional constipation. More methodologically rigorous studies are needed to determine the utility of abdominal X-ray in the evaluation of functional constipation. The diagnosis of functional constipation should be based on history and clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery / Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Segmental overgrowth, lipomatosis, arteriovenous malformation, and epidermal nevus (SOLAMEN) syndrome is a segmental overgrowth syndrome that is part of Cowden's Syndrome, a subset of the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome cluster. Due to SOLAMEN disease's rarity, clinical suspicion should arise if multiple small nonspecific variably low-attenuated nodular lesions in the back, shoulders, and upper arms are present on CT, which are associated with mucocutaneous lesions. We present a rare case of SOLAMEN syndrome with widespread lipomatous growth, greater than reported in literature, with confirmed PTEN genetic testing. Case presentation: We describe a case of a 2-year-old boy with a slowly growing left neck mass since birth. Physical exam revealed macrocephaly and epidermal nevi on left axilla, arm, and fingers, appearing as pink verrucous and has visible veins on chest wall/abdomen. CT and MRI imaging showed a lipomatous hibernoma extending from the leftward neck to the abdominal cavity, encasing vascular structures form the left carotid and subclavian arteries to the diaphragmatic hiatus, in addition to the spleen and kidney. Biopsy of the left shoulder revealed hibernoma, a fatty neoplasm of benign brown fat. Patient had a resection of his left shoulder hibernoma and is currently asymptomatic, undergoing surveillance. Conclusion: Due to SOMAMEN syndrome's rarity, clinical suspicion should arise if a patient presents with multiple small-nonspecific variably low-attenuated nodular lesions on CT and mucocutaneous lesions. Ongoing monitoring should be done as there is an increased risk of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study focused on routine computed tomography imaging for aortic disease management and evaluated the trajectory of skeletal muscle changes through inpatient and outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. Design: Prospective observational study included patients who underwent abdominal computed tomography three times (baseline, postacute care, and follow-up). The area and density of the allabdominal and erector spine muscles and intramuscular adipose tissue were measured. A generalized linear model with patients as random effects was used to investigate skeletal muscle changes. Results: Thirty-nine patients completed outpatient cardiac rehabilitation, and 60 were incomplete. Skeletal muscle area significantly decreased from baseline to the follow-up period only in the incomplete rehabilitation group. Skeletal muscle density significantly decreased from baseline to postacute care and increased at the follow-up period, but only patients who completed rehabilitation showed recovery up to baseline at the follow-up period. These trajectories were more pronounced in the erector spine muscle. Intramuscular adipose tissue showed a trend of gradual increase, but only the incomplete rehabilitation group showed a significant difference from baseline to the follow-up period. Conclusions: The density of skeletal muscle may reflect the most common clinical course; skeletal muscle area and intramuscular adipose tissue are unlikely to improve positively, and their maintenance seemed optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Differentiating granulomas from cancerous tissue poses a significant challenge in upper urinary tract surgery. We present the case of a 62-year-old male with a gelatin-based matrix (SurgifloTM) granuloma in the kidney following renal cyst decortication eight years earlier. Methods: Contrast-enhanced abdominal tomography revealed a Bosniak type-4 cyst at the previous operation site. The patient underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with near-infrared imaging. Results: The lesion presented as hypofluorescent relative to normal kidney tissue. Histopathological examination revealed a foreign body granuloma due to unabsorbed Surgiflo. Conclusion: The fluorescence pattern could not distinguish a Surgiflo granuloma from a malignant lesion of the kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 13-year-old female with chronic medical history of presumed Rett syndrome (RTT) based on developmental regression and behavioral observation, microcephaly, seizure disorder, and gastrostomy tube dependence. Topics discussed include findings on medical examination of the patient, clinical characteristics of Rett syndrome, and differential diagnosis, workup, and outcomes of therapeutic interventions trialed for patient's agitation.

Abdominal emergencies in cancer patients encompass a wide spectrum of oncologic conditions caused directly by malignancies, paraneoplastic syndromes, reactions to the chemotherapy or often represent the first clinical manifestation of an unknown malignancy. Not rarely, clinical symptoms are the tip of an iceberg. In this scenario, the radiologist is asked to exclude the cause responsible for the patient's symptoms, to suggest the best way to manage and to rule out the underlying malignancy. In this article, we discuss some of the most common abdominal oncological emergencies that may be encountered in an emergency department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hepatic portal venous gas is a rare and life-threatening condition characterised by the presence of gas in the portal vein. Hepatic portal venous gas is frequently associated with intestinal ischaemia and necrosis. We present the case of a paediatric patient with acute appendicitis with hepatic portal venous gas detected using ultrasonography. Case report: A 5-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with a respiratory tract infection. The boy started vomiting on day 2 of hospitalisation. He did not complain of any symptoms due to developmental retardation. We performed bedside point-of-care ultrasound, which detected hepatic portal venous gas, although the appendix could not be detected due to an acoustic shadow associated with bowel gas. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed perforated appendicitis and pneumatosis intestinalis associated with paralytic ileus. An emergency laparoscopic appendectomy was performed. He was discharged on day 25 of hospitalisation after antibiotic therapy. Discussion: The present case suggests that the mechanism of hepatic portal venous gas was paralytic ileus, which caused gas-forming bacterial proliferation. The gas produced by bacteria and/or the gas-forming bacteria entered the bowel wall, which caused pneumatosis intestinalis. The bubbles in the intestinal wall floated in the portal system and were detected as hepatic portal venous gas. Perforated appendicitis and paralytic ileus seemed to be caused by a delayed diagnosis of appendicitis. The point-of-care ultrasound examination was useful for detecting hepatic portal venous gas and for helping establish the diagnosis of appendicitis. Conclusion: Hepatic portal venous gas is a rare finding associated with appendicitis in children. In addition, point-of-care ultrasound is useful for detecting hepatic portal venous gas in paediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]