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As a typical active noise control algorithm, Filtered-x Least Mean Square (FxLMS) is widely used in the field of audio denoising. In this study, an audio denoising coprocessor based on Retrenched Injunction System Computer-V (RISC-V), a custom instruction set extension was designed and a software and hardware co-design was adopted; based on the traditional pure hardware implementation, the accelerator optimization design was carried out, and the accelerator was connected to the RISC-V core in the form of coprocessor. Meanwhile, the corresponding custom instructions were designed, the compiling environment was established, and the library function of coprocessor acceleration instructions was established by embedded inline assembly. Finally, the active noise control (ANC) system was built and tested based on Hbird E203-Core, and the test data were collected through an audio analyzer. The results showed that the audio denoising algorithm can be realized by combining a heterogeneous System on Chip (SoC) with a hardware accelerator, and the denoising effect was approximately 8 dB. The number of instructions consumed by testing custom instructions for specific operations was reduced by approximately 60%, and the operation acceleration effect was significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravity curves space and time. This can lead to proper time differences between freely falling, nonlocal trajectories. A spatial superposition of a massive particle is predicted to be sensitive to this effect. We measure the gravitational phase shift induced in a matter-wave interferometer by a kilogram-scale source mass close to one of the wave packets. Deflections of each interferometer arm due to the source mass are independently measured. The phase shift deviates from the deflection-induced phase contribution, as predicted by quantum mechanics. In addition, the observed scaling of the phase shift is consistent with Heisenberg’s error-disturbance relation. These results show that gravity creates Aharonov-Bohm phase shifts analogous to those produced by electromagnetic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse ultrasound is highly sensitive to changes in mechanical properties. Based on the coda wave interferometry analysis, we investigate the environmental temperature-induced wave velocity variations in high-manganese steels with plastic deformations by diffuse ultrasound. We observe the velocity changes in the materials at test with ~ 10 − 6 relative resolution. We propose the temperature-dependent coefficient as the key parameter for damage assessment in the specimens with different plastic deformations. The results show that the early-stage damage caused by plastic deformation in the specimens at test varying from 6% to 14% are successfully characterized by temperature-dependent coefficients in the absence of external mechanical load. The theoretical analysis on the sensitivity of the temperature-dependent coefficient to plastic deformation as well as the potential on-site application is discussed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Waveguiding in a phononic crystal (PC) can be achieved along either linear line defects or a sequence of cavities, for frequencies belonging to a complete bandgap. When waves are coupled inside a PC waveguide, modulations in the frequency transmission are generally observed, leading to the formation of a channeled spectrum. We show that the channeled spectrum results from the interference of forward and backward guided Bloch waves. We first theoretically develop a Bloch wave interference model. Then, we consider the case of linear waveguides and of coupled-resonator waveguides formed in a 2D square PC composed of water cylinders in mercury. The transmission properties of waveguides with different length and defect distribution are examined. In all cases, the observed channeled spectra are well explained by the theoretical model. This work is relevant to the design of new acoustic and elastic wave devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precision of the measurements of aspheric and freeform surfaces remains the primary factor restrict their manufacture and application. One effective means of measuring such surfaces involves using reference or probe beams with angle modulation, such as tilted-wave-interferometer (TWI). It is necessary to improve the measurement efficiency by obtaining the optimum point source array for different pieces before TWI measurements. For purpose of forming a point source array based on the gradients of different surfaces under test, we established a mathematical model describing the relationship between the point source array and the test surface. However, the optimal point sources are irregularly distributed. In order to achieve a flexible point source array according to the gradient of test surface, a novel interference setup using fiber array is proposed in which every point source can be independently controlled on and off. Simulations and the actual measurement examples of two different surfaces are given in this paper to verify the mathematical model. Finally, we performed an experiment of testing an off-axis ellipsoidal surface that proved the validity of the proposed interference system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkably simple yet realistic Hogner model of farfield ship waves, previously considered to analyze the apparent wake angle associated with the highest waves that result from constructive interferences among the divergent waves created by a fast ship in deep water, is applied to the more general case of uniform finite water depth. This theory is used to illustrate notable features of ship waves in finite water depth. In particular, numerical applications to a monohull ship and catamarans illustrate two notable features of ship waves in shallow water: specifically, the apparent wake angle can be much smaller than Havelock's classical asymptote or cusp angles, and the apparent wake angle in finite water depth is nearly identical to the apparent wake angle in deep water if the water depth is greater than the ship length. Moreover, the numerical illustrations demonstrate the paramount importance of interferences among divergent waves for fast ships. Indeed, constructive interferences among the divergent waves created by a fast ship largely determine the variation of the amplitude of the waves across the ship wake, and therefore the apparent wake angle and the wave drag of the ship, a critical element of ship design. These numerical illustrations also corroborate main conclusions of an approximate analysis of wave interferences in shallow water for monohull ships and catamarans modeled as 2-point wavemakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses project we present an estimate of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the nearby fast-rotating early-type galaxy NGC4429, that is barred and has a boxy/peanut-shaped bulge. This estimate is based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) cycle-2 observations of the 12CO(3-2) emission line with a linear resolution of ≈13 pc (0.18 arcsec × 0.14 arcsec). NGC4429 has a relaxed, flocculent nuclear disc of molecular gas that is truncated at small radii, likely due to the combined effects of gas stability and tidal shear. The warm/dense 12CO(3-2) emitting gas is confined to the inner parts of this disc, likely again because the gas becomes more stable at larger radii, preventing star formation. The gas disc has a low velocity dispersion of 2.2+0.68-0.65 km s-1. Despite the inner truncation of the gas disc, we are able to model the kinematics of the gas and estimate a mass of (1.5 ± 0.1+0.15-0.35) × 108 M⊙ for the SMBH in NGC4429 (where the quoted uncertainties reflect the random and systematic uncertainties, respectively), consistent with a previous upper limit set using ionized gas kinematics. We confirm that the V-band mass-to-light ratio changes by ≈30 per cent within the inner 400 pc of NGC4429, as suggested by other authors. This SMBH mass measurement based on molecular gas kinematics, the sixth presented in the literature, once again demonstrates the power of ALMA to constrain SMBH masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible interferometry is proposed to test concave optical aspheric and free-form surfaces. It employs a flexible aberration generator (FAG) consisting of a movable reflective sphere (MRS) and two counter-rotating optical wedges (CROW). The FAG is able to generate low-order Zernike aberrations to compensate the inherent aberrations of the test surface by the rotation of wedges in CROW and translation (or tilt) of the MRS. For some surfaces with mild departure, the FAG would result in a resolvable interferogram by the different aberrations compensation and the flexible test is thus achieved. The practical calibration for FAG is also reported. After calibration, experiment results showing the validity of the flexible test are presented by testing an ellipsoidal mirror and an off-axis paraboloidal mirror. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional surfaces with a rising degree of complexity are becoming increasingly important for modern industrial products. It is common knowledge that one cannot produce surfaces better than it is possible to measure them. Consequently, the demand for their effective and precise measurement has increased to the same extent as their production capabilities have grown. Important classes of optical functional surfaces are aspheres and freeforms. Both types of surfaces have become essential parts of modern optical systems such as laser focusing heads, sensors, telescopes, glasses, head-mounted displays, cameras, lithography steppers, and pickup heads. For all of them, the systematic quality control in the process of their fabrication is essential. We review the challenges of asphere and freeform testing and how available metrology systems cope with it. A special focus is on tilted wave interferometry and how it compares to other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the establishment of frequency recommendations for use in coda wave interferometry structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for concrete structures. To this end, codas with widely different central frequencies were used to detect boreholes with different diameters in a large concrete floor slab, and to track increasing damage in a small concrete beam subjected to bending loads. SHM results were obtained for damage that can be simulated by drilled holes on the scale of a few mm or microcracks due to bending. These results suggest that signals in the range of 50–150 kHz are suitable in large concrete structures where it is necessary to account for the high attenuation of high-frequency signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remarkable progress can be observed in recent years in the controlled emission, guiding, and detection of coherent, free electrons. Those methods were applied in matter wave interferometers leading to high phase sensitivities and precise sensor technologies for dephasing influences such as mechanical vibrations or electromagnetic frequencies. However, the previous devices have been large laboratory setups. For future sensor applications or tests of the coherence properties of an electron source, small, portable interferometers are required. Here, we demonstrate a compact biprism electron interferometer that can be used for mobile applications. The design was optimized for small dimensions by beam path simulations. The interferometer has a length between the tip and the superposition plane before magnification of only 47 mm and provides electron interference patterns with a contrast up to 42.7%. The detection of two dephasing frequencies at 50 and 150 Hz was demonstrated applying second order correlation and Fourier analysis of the interference data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The farfield waves created by a catamaran with identical twin hulls that advances at constant speed along a straight path in calm water of uniform finite depth are considered. The catamaran is represented as two point sources at the twin bows of the catamaran. This simple approximation of a catamaran as a 2-point wavemaker is realistic for the high-speed regime considered here. Constructive interferences between the divergent waves created by the two point sources result in an apparent wake angle, where the highest waves are found, that can be much narrower than the wake angle associated with the cusps or the asymptotes of the well-known wave patterns radiated from a single point. The farfield wave pattern of a high-speed catamaran can then differ markedly from the wave pattern obtained in the classical analysis of the waves created by a ship modeled as a 1-point wavemaker, in which interference effects are ignored. Moreover, the highest waves created by a catamaran can be much shorter than the waves at the cusps of the wave pattern, and significantly shorter than the ship length. Indeed, the wavelength of the highest waves is equal to the spacing between the twin hulls of the catamaran at high Froude numbers. Wave interferences between the twin bows of a catamaran (dominant at high Froude numbers) are compared to wave interferences between the bow and the stern of a monohull ship or a catamaran (significant at moderate Froude numbers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with conventional optical elements, free-form surface optical elements, as a kind of nonrotationally symmetrical shaped component, can provide more freedom in optical design, optimize the structure of the optical system, and improve its performance. However, the difficulties involved in the measurement of freeform elements restrict their manufacture and application. A tilted-wave-interferometer (TWI) can achieve high precision in free-form surface measurement, but it requires higher space attitude error control. We analyze the relation between the alignment error and the measurement error introduced by the misalignment in free-form surface metrology with TWI. The attitude control method in the rotation direction is proposed based on the moire fringe technique. Then, combining it with the five-dimensional space attitude control method of aspherical elements, we put forward an alignment error control process in measuring the free-form surface. An experiment of measuring a free-form surface using TWI shows the effectiveness of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming resonant nonlinear wave interactions to be the dominant physical mechanism of growing wind-driven seas we propose a concise relationship between instantaneous wave steepness and time or fetch of wave development expressed in dimensionless wave periods or lengths. This asymptotic physical law derived from the first principles of the theory of weak turbulence does not contain wind speed explicitly. The validity of this law is illustrated by results of numerical simulations, in situ measurements of growing wind seas and wind-wave tank observations. The impact of this new view of sea-wave physics is discussed in the context of conventional approaches to wave modelling and forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we discuss how excitation and Raman scattered wave interference enhances the intensity of the dominant Raman band of silicon (520.7 cm –1 ) measured in backscattering configuration. We applied the formalism of the transfer matrix for a normal incident laser beam onto the SiO 2 /Si structure and proposed the calculation of the enhancement factor. We confronted theoretical values with an experiment on a prepared SiO 2 /Si structure. Twofold enhancement of the intensity of the 520.7 cm –1 band was achieved. Experimental results for low numerical apertures (0.25) are in agreement with theoretical predictions and the theory could be generalized to two-layered structures. For higher numerical apertures (0.75 and 0.95) the supposition of normal incidence is not valid any more, thus observable deviations are introduced to the enhancement factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure the absolute absorption cross section of molecules using a matter-wave interferometer. A nanostructured density distribution is imprinted onto a dilute molecular beam through quantum interference. As the beam crosses the light field of a probe laser some molecules will absorb a single photon. These absorption events impart a momentum recoil which shifts the position of the molecule relative to the unperturbed beam. Averaging over the shifted and unshifted components within the beam leads to a reduction of the fringe visibility, enabling the absolute absorption cross section to be extracted with high accuracy. This technique is independent of the molecular density, it is minimally invasive and successfully eliminates many problems related to photon cycling, state mixing, photobleaching, photoinduced heating, fragmentation, and ionization. It can therefore be extended to a wide variety of neutral molecules, clusters, and nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We put forward a realizable scheme for generating multi-particle entangled state with matter-wave interferometer, where the entangled properties are characterized by spin squeezing parameter and the reciprocal of the mean quantum Fisher information per particle (RMQFIP). The multi-particle entangled state can be generated by adjusting phase difference between two input ports of the interferometer and the better entanglement can be achieved by increasing the number of the total particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-intense and ultra-short laser pulses may be generated up to the exawatt-zetawatt regime due to parametric processes in plasmas. The minimization of unwanted plasma processes leads to operational limits which are discussed here with respect to filamentation. Transverse filamentation, which originally was derived for plane waves, is being investigated for seed pulse propagation in the so called π-pulse limit. A three-dimensional (3D) three-wave-interaction model is the basis of the present investigation. To demonstrate the applicability of the three-wave-interaction model, the 1D pulse forms are compared with those obtained from 1D particle in cell and Vlasov simulations. Although wave-breaking may occur, the kinetic simulations show that the leading pumped pulse develops a form similar to that obtained from the three-wave-interaction model. In the main part, 2D and 3D filamentation processes of (localized) pulses are investigated with the three-wave-interaction model. It is shown that the leading pulse front can stay filamentation-free, whereas the rear parts show transverse modulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) acquired in normal-hearing subjects show considerable variation in amplitude with varying frequency. This is known as DPOAE fine structure. It is widely accepted that fine structure results from wave interference from two DPOAE sources, a non-linear generation component and a coherent reflection component. Here a method is presented that decomposes short-pulse DPOAE recordings into pulse basis functions and enables the quantification of both source components in the time domain, independent of their relative phase and at low cost of measurement time. Input-output functions utilizing the extracted primary-source component are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent discovery of merging black holes suggests that a stochastic gravitational-wave background is within reach of the advanced detector network operating at design sensitivity. However, correlated magnetic noise from Schumann resonances threatens to contaminate observation of a stochastic background. In this paper, we report on the first effort to eliminate intercontinental correlated noise from Schumann resonances using Wiener filtering. Using magnetometers as proxies for gravitational-wave detectors, we demonstrate as much as a factor of two reduction in the coherence between magnetometers on different continents. While much work remains to be done, our results constitute a proof-of-principle and motivate follow-up studies with a dedicated array of magnetometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the use of optomechanically generated squeezing to obtain a sensitivity enhancement for interferometers in the gravitational-wave band. The intrinsic dispersion characteristics of optomechanical squeezing around the mechanical frequency are able to produce squeezing at different quadratures over the spectrum, a feature required by gravitational-wave interferometers to beat the standard quantum limit over an extended frequency range. Under realistic assumptions we show that the amount of available squeezing and the intrinsic quadrature rotation may provide, compared to similar amounts of fixed-quadrature squeezing, a detection advantage. A significant challenge for this scheme, however, is the amount of excess noise that is generated in the unsqueezed quadrature at frequencies near the mechanical resonance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a rigorous and intuitive wave-interference explanation of group-delay dispersion in resonators. It considers both one-port and two-port lossless and lossy resonators under the complementary frequency-domain and time-domain perspectives. The reasons for the group-delay dispersive nature of a resonator and for the phenomenon of negative group delay (superluminality) in a lossy resonator are clearly explained in terms of the constructive and destructive interferences of multiply refl ected pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]