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The purpose of this article is to study the development of EU agricultural policies from a historical reconstruction perspective. The 1957 Treaty of Rome, the basis of today's European Union, gave birth to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in order to coordinate production across different European countries, to ensure food self-sufficiency and the certainty of supply to member states. Over time, several choices, as well as certain subsidies and policies (e.g. milk quotas) have been called into question as part of the liberalisation of the common agricultural market. Others persist, but continue to favour the unequal management of funds in favour of large companies specialised in intensive agriculture and livestock farming. These choices represent a loss in terms of both biodiversity and traditional farming knowledge and know-how. The decisive changes of the CAP at the institutional level have transformed the socio-economic as well as geographical landscape of Europe. It should be added that with the current crises—the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and the ecological crises—the entire model is being called into question. Consequently, this article, after providing a brief overview, aims to reconstruct the common agricultural policies. It then provides an explanatory framework in quantitative terms of the French and Italian agricultural sectors to highlight what are, in the authors' opinion, the limits of the CAP, even in the face of the crises mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine short-term crop rotations' economic and energy efficiency with varying sunflower saturation. The economic and energy efficiency of crop rotations saturated with sunflower under the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine was calculated using technological maps and prices as of 2024. The study employed the following methods: bibliometric analysis - a review of other researchers' findings on the economic and energy efficiency of sunflower cultivation; grouping - an assessment of the economic and energy effects of varying sunflower saturation in crop rotations; and monographic - the generalisation of the results. The optimum sunflower share in crop rotations was found to be 20% and 40%, at which the production cost remained consistently high at 1,218.0-1,240.8 USD/t. Increasing the sunflower share to 60% led to a decline in the production cost, not only for other crops but also for the sunflower itself. This negatively impacted overall price stability, reducing crop competitiveness and the economic efficiency of crop rotations. Winter rye exhibited the lowest production costs among all crops, regardless of the crop rotation, at 268.9-321.1 USD/ha. The production costs of soybeans and winter wheat remained stable irrespective of sunflower share, at 413.5 USD and 553.7 USD, respectively, indicating their adaptability. A 20% sunflower share in the crop rotation exhibited the highest energy intensity at 63,348 MJ/ha, while a 60% saturation slightly reduced this figure to 63,279 MJ/ha. However, the 60% sunflower saturation resulted in lower energy consumption compared to other crop rotation options, at 30,293 MJ. These findings indicate the high efficiency of crop rotations with a 60% sunflower share, as evidenced by the energy efficiency ratio of 2.65. As a result of implementing the optimised crop rotation system across 78.9 hectares, sunflower seed yields increased by 0.16 t/ha compared to traditional practices. This improvement led to an additional 1,046 UAH/ha in net profit and a 25.6% increase in production profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine short-term crop rotations’ economic and energy efficiency with varying sunflower saturation. The economic and energy efficiency of crop rotations saturated with sunflower under the conditions of the Left-Bank ForestSteppe region of Ukraine was calculated using technological maps and prices as of 2024. The study employed the following methods: bibliometric analysis – a review of other researchers’ findings on the economic and energy efficiency of sunflower cultivation; grouping – an assessment of the economic and energy effects of varying sunflower saturation in crop rotations; and monographic – the generalisation of the results. The optimum sunflower share in crop rotations was found to be 20% and 40%, at which the production cost remained consistently high at 1,218.0-1,240.8 USD/t. Increasing the sunflower share to 60% led to a decline in the production cost, not only for other crops but also for the sunflower itself. This negatively impacted overall price stability, reducing crop competitiveness and the economic efficiency of crop rotations. Winter rye exhibited the lowest production costs among all crops, regardless of the crop rotation, at 268.9- 321.1 USD/ha. The production costs of soybeans and winter wheat remained stable irrespective of sunflower share, at 413.5 USD and 553.7 USD, respectively, indicating their adaptability. A 20% sunflower share in the crop rotation exhibited the highest energy intensity at 63,348 MJ/ha, while a 60% saturation slightly reduced this figure to 63,279 MJ/ha. However, the 60% sunflower saturation resulted in lower energy consumption compared to other crop rotation options, at 30,293 MJ. These findings indicate the high efficiency of crop rotations with a 60% sunflower share, as evidenced by the energy efficiency ratio of 2.65. As a result of implementing the optimised crop rotation system across 78.9 hectares, sunflower seed yields increased by 0.16 t/ha compared to traditional practices. This improvement led to an additional 1,046 UAH/ha in net profit and a 25.6% increase in production profitability

In order to explore the path of coordinated development of agricultural economy and agricultural ecological environment in Heilongjiang Province, and promote the high-quality development of agriculture, this paper comprehensively uses the entropy value method, comprehensive evaluation model, coupled coordinated development evaluation model and other methods to conduct in-depth research on the coordinated development of agricultural economy and agricultural ecological environment in Heilongjiang Province from the provincial and municipal levels. The results show that from 2012 to 2021, the overall level of comprehensive development of agricultural ecological environment and agricultural economy in Heilongjiang Province showed a fluctuating upward trend, and the degree of coupling and coordination developed from the primary coordination stage to the good coordination stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the world's less developed regions may not be able to improve the well-being of rural residents through agricultural revitalization because of their remoteness from agricultural markets. Using the county-level data set of China's underdeveloped old revolutionary base areas from 2010 to 2021, this paper takes the policy planning of rural e-commerce as event intervention to investigate the driving role of the digital product market on agricultural economic development. Empirical results show that rural e-commerce planning policy has significantly promoted the agricultural added value of the pilot counties, and the digital market is the key driving factor of the agricultural economic growth in these underdeveloped areas. Both food production and livestock output have increased significantly as a result of e-commerce policies. Considering the potential bias of the bidirectional fixed effect estimators of staggered differences-in-differences (DID), this study uses heterogeneous robust estimators to verify the growth effect of the agricultural economy. Specifically, digital agricultural markets have significantly promoted agricultural mechanization and significantly improved agricultural total factor productivity. Moreover, empirical evidence does not support transmission mechanisms for off-farm employment and agricultural entrepreneurship. The findings can help less developed countries and regions develop policies to expand the agricultural markets with digital dividends, thereby promoting the development of the agricultural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research delves into the dynamic relationship between China and Kazakhstan in the realm of agrifood trade, exploring the evolving landscape from 2012 to 2022. China, as the world's second-largest economy, commands a significant share in global agri-food imports, presenting a lucrative opportunity for Kazakhstan. Notably, China represents about 8% of the world's agri-food imports and stands as Kazakhstan's largest trading partner. In 2021, China emerged as one of the top four largest buyers of Kazakh food. Crucially, as China's middle-income population continues to expand, the domestic market presents substantial potential. This demographic shift has implications for the evolving demand in China's agri-food market and offers an avenue for Kazakhstan to tap into this growing consumer base. Despite being one of Kazakhstan's major trading partners, the country currently holds a modest share of China's agri-food market. The Kazakh government, aligning with China's "Belt and Road" initiative, aspires to double agricultural exports by 2025. Our analysis underscores the growing demand in China's agri-food market and its potential for Kazakhstan. Challenges such as technical disparities, logistical limitations, and institutional constraints are identified, necessitating collaborative solutions. The conclusion emphasizes the need for concrete actions, including technological advancements, infrastructure improvement, and standards harmonization, to enhance Kazakhstan's competitiveness in the Chinese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring crop production has a direct effect on national and global economies and plays a significant role in food security. This study creates a possible autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model that can estimate the past (2010 to 2022) and future trends (2023 to 2035) for cultivated cropland and fertilizer consumption and their effects on rice and wheat production. The study results demonstrated past and future trends for different variables such as cultivated cropland, fertilizer consumption and rice, and wheat production over time. Based on the ARIMA model analysis, a 2.4% and 113% total reduction in cropland and fertilizer consumption over the next 13 years respectively was predicted. Over the next 13 years, the production of major crops, specifically rice and wheat, is expected to increase by 12.4% and 25.9%, respectively. However, the multiple linear regression model showed a significant change for dependent variables such as cropland and fertilizer consumption, with R2 values of 61% and 74%, respectively, for rice and wheat production. The predictive results from the ARIMA model analysis possibly showed an increasing trend for estimating crop yields, with a minor change in cultivated cropland and highly decreased fertilizer consumption. These results highlight that higher crop production can be achieved with less cropland and with minor fertilizer inputs.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement is an important free trade agreement in the Asia Pacific region. The implementation of RCEP is greatly significant for ensuring the effective supply of agricultural products to member states. On the basis of the analysis of the agricultural product trade structure among China, Australia and New Zealand since 2000, we summarise in this article the potential consequences of tariff reduction for the agricultural products among the three countries under the RCEP framework. The Global Trade Analysis Project model has been used to analyse the effects of RCEP on the macroeconomic indicators, agricultural products trade and domestic agricultural output of the three countries. The research findings indicate that agricultural product trade among the three countries has grown rapidly since 2000. The results of the Global Trade Analysis Project simulations revealed that implementing RCEP will foster macroeconomic growth in the three countries. China's imports of beef and dairy products and wheat from Australia and New Zealand will substantially increase, and China's domestic production of this agricultural sector will decrease. Furthermore, India's potential participation in RCEP will further affect China's imports and exports of grain. These findings could guide the policymakers in the three countries in designing future agricultural production and trade strategies according to the different scenarios of international trade among the three countries and considering the potential of India joining.

Against the backdrop of the green transformation of the national economy, this paper takes Jiangsu Province as a case study to explore spatiotemporal characteristics of cultivated land utilization green transformation (CLUGT) and its impact on agricultural economic growth (AEG). In this study, a composite index method and a panel regression model are employed, and the findings of this study indicate that: (1) From 2001 to 2021, the CLUGT index exhibited a modest upward trend, registering an average annual growth rate of 7.12%. (2) The CLUGT displayed significant spatial heterogeneity in the study area. High and medium-high-level areas demonstrated significant clustering, primarily concentrated in the central and northern regions of Jiangsu, while low and medium-low-level areas were primarily located in the southern part of the province. (3) The CLUGT exerted a positive impact on AEG. Specifically, for each one-unit increase in the CLUGT index, the AEG index rose by 0.575. Further analysis indicated that for every one unit of increase in the functional and mode transformation dimensions of CLUGT, the AEG index increased by 0.391 and 0.368, respectively, whereas a one-unit increase in the spatial transformation dimension of CLUGT was associated with a 0.169 decrease in the AEG index. Based on these findings, the study advocates for policies that champion the functional and pattern transformation of CLUGT and prioritize the spatial governance of cultivated land to enhance the contribution of CLUGT to AEG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Shenzhen University Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities & Social Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociedad y Economia is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The applications of drones for smart farming are well accepted nowadays. It also results in huge fiscal losses to the agricultural economy. In conventional agriculture, resources are wasted due to the constant and uniform use of pesticides, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals. Nevertheless, within the existing literature, no comprehensive approach to these difficulties has been discovered. The current research uses drones to irrigate and distribute insecticides, fertilizers, and medicine to necessary crops in sufficient quantities. By understanding current needs, it generates and stores enough synthetic data. Through optimal resource usage and synthetic data production and analysis, it boosts agro-profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Promoting the development of large-scale pig farming is a crucial measure implemented by the Chinese government to regulate the pig market. Methods: By utilizing panel data from 30 provinces in China spanning from 2003 to 2020 and employing the PVAR model, this study examines the relationships among price random fluctuations, profftability levels, and industrial scale. Results and discussion: The findings reveal that industrial scale can effectively mitigate price random fluctuations; however, it also leads to a decrease in relative hog prices. Moreover, there exists significant heterogeneity in the impact of scaling on price random fluctuations. Increasing the proportion of farmers engaged in pig farming with a scale ranging from 500 to 9,999 heads reduces random price fluctuations, while increasing the proportion of farmers involved in pig farming with a scale exceeding 10,000 heads has no effect on stabilizing such fluctuations. Additionally, threshold effects are observed for epidemics and environmental regulations. When environmental regulations are less stringent, industrial scale enhances relative prices and stabilizes random fluctuations; nevertheless, once certain thresholds are surpassed, industrial scale diminishes relative prices and eliminates its stabilizing effect on random fluctuations. Similarly, after an epidemic surpasses its threshold level, industry scale fails to stabilize random price fluctuations. These findings provide valuable insights for governments when formulating industrial policies aimed at mitigating agricultural market risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectively implementing innovations in agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) is contingent upon stakeholders' preferences. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the objective of this research was to ascertain the degree of willingness among farmers, consumers, and various stakeholders (including processing companies, restaurants, and retailers) in the tomato supply chain of Catalonia (Spain) to shorten the chain and promote local procurement. Based on a set of social, economic, and environmental criteria encompassing sustainability in AFSCs, the results showed that economic factors, particularly profitability and affordability, were the key driving factors in the decisions of stakeholders. However, the considerable importance placed on strategic attributes, including local production, environmental sustainability, and product quality, particularly among consumers, seemed to present a chance to advocate for sustainable alternatives, such as short food supply chains (SFSCs). The AHP methodology facilitates differentiation with respect to the criteria of the decision-making process and serves as a valuable instrument for evaluating the reception of innovations within the AFSC and categorizing the stakeholders who exhibit the greatest interest in them. In order to improve the sustainability of agri-food systems, our findings may be incorporated into strategic plans developed by policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】By analyzing the total amount of carbon emissions from agriculture in Gansu Province during 2000 to 2020 and its development and evolution characteristics,and the decoupling effect as a reference for the development of green and low-carbon agriculture in Gansu Province.【Methods】The agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province between 2000 to 2020 were measured based on the IPCC carbon emission coefficient method using agricultural inputs as the carbon source,and using the grey prediction model GM（1,1）,the agricultural carbon emissions of different years were selected as samples to predict the agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province from 2025 to 2030,and the prediction results were compared and analyzed. The Tapio decoupling model was used to study and analyse the relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and economic development.【Results】Agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province from 2000 to 2020 show a trend of increasing and then decreasing.The source of carbon emissions were mainly chemical fertilizers and agricultural films,chemical fertilizer carbon emissions accounted for 31.27% to 43.22% of agricultural carbon emissions,always at the highest level during the 20-year period;agricultural carbon emissions reached a maximum of 2.825 138 million tons in 2015. After 2015,it began to decline gradually,and the agricultural carbon emissions in 2020 were 2.288 601 million tons. The decoupling relationship of agricultural carbon emissions from 2000 to 2020 mostly showed strong decoupling or weak decoupling. Using the data of the last 10 years and the data of the last 5 years as the samples to predict the agricultural carbon emissions as a whole all showed a clear downward trend.The model′s prediction accuracy was the highest when using the data of the last 5 years as the sample for prediction. The agricultural carbon emissions in Gansu Province have reached the peak before 2025,agricultural carbon emissions projected for a sample of the last 5 years of data will be 17.08% lower in 2025 compared to 2020,the rate of reduction will reach 30.36% in 2030,and the average annual reduction rate will be 0.139 million tons.【Conclusion】Gansu Province′s agricultural carbon emissions continue to decline,the agricultural economy shows stable growth,and agricultural carbon emissions will peak before 2025,indicating that Gansu Province has made some progress in green low-carbon agriculture in recent years. Measures should be taken according to the actual local situation in order to achieve the goal of continuously promoting the development of green agriculture,reducing high-carbon emission activities,increasing agricultural carbon sinks,and realizing agricultural carbon emission reduction in Gansu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many of the world’s less developed regions may not be able to improve the well-being of rural residents through agricultural revitalization because of their remoteness from agricultural markets. Using the county-level data set of China’s underdeveloped old revolutionary base areas from 2010 to 2021, this paper takes the policy planning of rural e-commerce as event intervention to investigate the driving role of the digital product market on agricultural economic development. Empirical results show that rural e-commerce planning policy has significantly promoted the agricultural added value of the pilot counties, and the digital market is the key driving factor of the agricultural economic growth in these underdeveloped areas. Both food production and livestock output have increased significantly as a result of e-commerce policies. Considering the potential bias of the bidirectional fixed effect estimators of staggered differences-in-differences (DID), this study uses heterogeneous robust estimators to verify the growth effect of the agricultural economy. Specifically, digital agricultural markets have significantly promoted agricultural mechanization and significantly improved agricultural total factor productivity. Moreover, empirical evidence does not support transmission mechanisms for off-farm employment and agricultural entrepreneurship. The findings can help less developed countries and regions develop policies to expand the agricultural markets with digital dividends, thereby promoting the development of the agricultural economy.

Analysis of flotation samples from late Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty excavated in 2023 in the east of the Nandongtao Site in Wuzhi, Henan Province shows that millet, broomcorn millet and soybean were the food crops of the ancestors in late Shang period. The crop combination reflected the dominant role of millet in the agricultural production of the ancestors, and had certain similarities with other plant archaeological records in the Central Plains in late Shang period. In the archaeological records from the eastern Zhou Dynasty to Han Dynasty, millet agriculture, represented by millet and broomcorn millet, was still the composition of the ancestors’ livelihood. The flotation results of Nandongtao site provide evidence for the exploration and research of agricultural structure from Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty in northwest Henan. With further excavation and research, the understanding of agricultural economy and subsistence system of ancestors in different periods in this area will be deepened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability of wine production is a major factor in its competitiveness and marketability. Traditional viniculture tends to be more sustainable and may provide solutions to modern issues. One such deduction is circular economy, encouraging resource efficiency, waste extraction, reducing costs, minimizing waste and pollution. Wine tourism may also contribute to synergy, by reducing distribution costs, offering a direct sales channel, and effectively communicating the story and meaning of wine, the winemaker and the region. This paper explores the applications of these two in viniculture. A case study has been conducted on a small-scale winemaker in Urla, Izmir, comprising of interviews and participant observation. The findings exhibit real-life, synergistic examples. Applications of circular economy in small-scale viniculture are shown to increase resource efficiency, close production loops, limit waste & pollution and add value to the product. Wine tourism, while reducing costs and increasing sales, was reported to be an efficient direct communications channel with the visitor, granting a personality to wine. Due to its absolute advantages of enriching the product and the consumer and service provision, wine tourism closes the ultimate production loop. Synergistically, these tools may improve profitability, marketability and the sustainability of viniculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better promote economic development, my country has successively issued many preferential policies, which have created more and better opportunities for economic development and the improvement of comprehensive national strength. My country’s agricultural development has more development momentum and long-term planning goals. This paper firstly sorts out the practical and theoretical significance of implementing the rural revitalisation strategy. Based on doing a good job in agricultural economic management, when conducting cointegration analysis, the stationarity of the time series is tested, and an error correction model (ECM) is introduced as a supplement. It lays foundation for the analysis of optimisation measures; secondly, the ADF test is carried out for the constructed ECM, and the entropy method and the analytic hierarchy process are used to calculate various indicators. Finally, according to the numerical results obtained, the agricultural economy under the rural revitalisation strategy is completed. The analysis of development and optimisation measures can fundamentally solve the limitations of the concept of rural development, break through the shackles of traditional development models, explore a path more suitable for the development of new rural areas and new agricultural economy and fundamentally improve the quality of production and life of farmers.

The adoption of agricultural technologies in developing economy countries has the potential to reduce poverty through sustainable intensification. Mechanized farming can also improve perceptions of farming and mitigate rural out-migration. However, many traditional farmers do not have access to machinery and/or machinery is cost prohibitive. The objective of this paper is to quantify how the use of machinery affects costs, revenue, net-profits, and returns on investment for a case study of farmers in Sudan, Africa. A treatment control study (N = 36) was performed across the 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2021 farming seasons, where the treatment group was provided tractors. ANOVAs and t-tests were used to compare financial values between these groups across the farming seasons, to quantify economic differences associated with farming machinery. We show that all farmers had similar net-profits when farming without machinery, while mechanized farming yielded significantly higher net-profits (USD 16.61/acre more in 2020, USD 27.10/acre more in 2021). Our study also finds that the volatility of the black-market exchange rate and labor shortages have a significant impact on farming net-profits. These results provide a quantified difference between farming with and without machinery, which can provide a financial basis for purchasing and borrowing models, machinery design requirements, and educational value to farmers.

This paper firstly constructs the matrix of eigenvalues of agricultural economy and ecological environment based on the original data, uses the entropy value method to judge the degree of dispersion of the indexes, determines the weights of the comprehensive evaluation index system of agricultural economy and ecological environment, and calculates the comprehensive scores of the agricultural economy and ecological environment system based on the weights of the indexes. Then, the synchronization development index model was used to express the coupled and coordinated development relationship between agroecology and agroeconomy. Finally, the regression analysis model was used to analyze the factors that affect the coupled and coordinated development of agroecology and agroeconomy. The level of agroecology in County A grew from 0.1 to 0.85, and the level of agroeconomy from 0.267 to 0.7. The value of agroeconomy and ecology coupling degree increased from 0.434 in 2010 to 0.683 in 2020, and it was gradually transformed from a dysfunction to a barely coupled one. This study deeply analyzes the influencing factors affecting the coupling and coordinated development of the agricultural economy and ecology, which is of great significance for promoting the high-quality development of the agricultural economy and maintaining ecological security.

This paper builds a mechanism for the integration of the digital economy and agricultural economy and analyzes the scientific path of agricultural economic development under the mode of “Internet+”. Secondly, on the basis of Internet technology, for the multi-objective optimization problem of agricultural circular economy, the multi-objective optimization problem is solved by selecting decision variables of agricultural circular economy and determining the objective function of agricultural circular economy. Then, from the actual situation of the regional agricultural economy, we determine the constraints, decision variable parameters, and the adaptability function so as to construct the structural optimization model of the agricultural circular economy and carry out an example analysis of the high-quality development of the agricultural economy. The results show that on the model optimization analysis, the optimized planting area of corn is 15,956 hectares, and the optimized numbers of pigs, cattle and poultry are 302, 144, 25, 543 and 579, 1332, respectively. On the model application prediction analysis, it is recommended to increase the support for agriculture to 102.5% (2022=100%) while increasing the support for forestry to 105.1% (2022=100%). This study provides strong support and guidance for the optimization of the agricultural and industrial structure and provides a more scientific decision-making basis for the high-quality development of the agricultural economy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant impact on agriculture. Due to its importance in world trade and human life, the effects of the pandemic on the cotton economy were evaluated by using the data of important organizations such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the World Trade Organization, and International Cotton Advisory Committee in this study. With the Chow test, which measures of structural breaks, the effects of COVID-19 on cotton production and trade were examined. According to the Chow test results, the pandemic had no significant effect on cotton production, exports and imports in the People’s Republic of China and Türkiye, while being highly influential on cotton production and exports in the U.S. and Brazil. Distinctively, in Pakistan, it had a significant impact on cotton production and import. It was observed that although the demand, trade and prices for cotton were descended, the cotton prices started to recover with the increase in demand in the third quarter of 2020. In June 2022, the highest peak in cotton prices was observed. As a conclusion, it is shown that cotton production and trade during the pandemic were affected in all countries except People’s Republic of China and Türkiye. However, the marks of the effects of factors such as decreasing stocks, uncertainties in national economies, high inflation and increase in production costs on the cotton economy will be better understood in the coming years.

Objective: To develop a time series model and analyze the characteristic fluctuations of the average white eggs consumer prices in the Mexico Valley (AWECP), quantifying the seasonal and cyclical fluctuations of said prices. Design/methodology/approach: A Moving Average Time Series Smoothing method was used to reduce the variation of a data set, and separate cyclical, seasonal, and OLS variations to calculate the trend line. Results: The Seasonal Component (SC) indicates that in autumn-winter the AWECP is volatile above the annual average by 6.3% while in spring-summer it declines by 9.13% on average. The price volatility is largely explained by external factors and the biological process of poultry animals throughout one year. The cyclical component (CC) was 34 months and occurs irregularly. Limitations on study/implications: This research focused on finding the SC, T, and CC, but not their respective indices. To make short-term forecasts, it is necessary to calculate the indices and compare them to other time series analysis methodologies. Findings/conclusions: The analysis of the AWECP in the Mexico Valley indicates the presence of SC and an upward CC trend in the time series. The AWECP volatility has harmful effects on the basic basket of the middle and lower-class population in the Mexico Valley given that this food is the most complete, cheap, and accessible source of animal protein in the Mexican market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the impact of high-speed railway linesonagricultural outputin the regions along their routes. It also investigated the heterogeneity of this impactbased on the terrain characteristics. The results of empirical testsusing county-level data show that ahigh-speed railway line can bring higher agricultural "dividends" to counties along the line. Notably, low altitude areas and regionswith gentle terrain exhibit a more pronounced promotional effect on local agricultural output. High-speed railways mainly promote agricultural output by promoting the mechanization of agriculture in counties along the route, thus reinvigorating the agricultural population and the development of specialty agriculture. Ourfindingsprovide quasi-microscopic evidence of the potential benefits of transportation infrastructure construction to break down geographical barriers and facilitate production factor flow, and providesa theoretical basis for the economic spillover effects of high-speed railway construction. Plain Language Summary: This paper studied the impact of high-speed railway lines on agricultural output in the regions along their routes. It also investigated the heterogeneity of this impact based on the terrain characteristics. The results of empirical tests using county-level data show that a high-speed railway line can bring higher agricultural "dividends" to counties along the line. Notably, low altitude areas and regions with gentle terrain exhibit a more pronounced promotional effect on local agricultural output. High-speed railways mainly promote agricultural output by promoting the mechanization of agriculture in counties along the route, thus reinvigorating the agricultural population and the development of specialty agriculture. Our findings provide quasi-microscopic evidence of the potential benefits of transportation infrastructure construction to break down geographical barriers and facilitate production factor flow, and provides a theoretical basis for the economic spillover effects of high-speed railway construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a crucial resource for agricultural development in the Yellow River Basin. However, the effects of water shortages on the region's agricultural development are becoming increasingly evident, creating a need to examine the relationship between agricultural water use (AWU) and the agricultural economy. This study uses panel vector autoregression to analyze the relationship between AWU and the agricultural economy in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin from 1998 to 2018. The results indicate the following: (1) AWU in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin significantly declined during the study period, showing clear differences in the AWU's effectiveness among regions; (2) agriculture in the region stabilized after significant growth, and the share of primary-sector industries in the national economy also stabilized after significant decline; (3) in the long run, AWU and the agricultural economy become cointegrated with the AWU Granger-causing agricultural economy. By deepening our understanding of agricultural water demand in the Yellow River Basin, these findings provide theoretical justification for establishing water-conserving irrigation systems and making sustainable use of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resource (WR) is a complex and interrelated system, which integrates human development and environment. Water price research is gradually carried out under the background of resource economy research, which is an important part of natural resource price research. The main goal of the water price mechanism is to solve the problem of water resource allocation under the pressure of water supply and demand and realize the sustainable development of agricultural economy (AE). Faced with the dual pressure of rising water demand and declining water supply, many regions have begun to reform the water price mechanism and use the CGE model for scientific and reasonable resource allocation. To this end, this paper analyzed the drawbacks and the factors of WR pricing mechanism and used the CGE (Computable General Equilibrium for short here) model to study the upper limit of the pricing of resources, and then analyzed the problems of WR CGE model in agriculture, and finally optimized the problems. According to the experimental analysis, the pricing mechanism of WR under the CGE model can reasonably allocate resources, reduce water demand and promote the development of AE.

The article deals with the issue of supporting the technological modernization of agriculture by investing in infrastructure surrounding the farms with the use of a financial instrument in the form of the Rural Development Program (RDP) based on the Lubuskie Voivodeship. The article describes, among other things, the importance of infrastructure and support for its development in rural areas in the process of functioning and modernization of the agricultural sector. For the purposes of the article, the data obtained from the Department of Rural Development Programs of the Lubuskie Marshal’s Office on expenditure and effects of RDP use in 2007-2020, in infrastructure investments in rural areas of the Lubuskie Voivodeship was analysed. In the article, the authors attempted to present the instrument in the form of the Rural Development Program as a tool for indirect impact on the process of modernization and transformation of agriculture in the Lubuskie Voivodeship, primarily by changing the infrastructural conditions for the functioning and development of agricultural production in rural areas.

The adoption of agricultural technologies in developing economy countries has the potential to reduce poverty through sustainable intensification. Mechanized farming can also improve perceptions of farming and mitigate rural out-migration. However, many traditional farmers do not have access to machinery and/or machinery is cost prohibitive. The objective of this paper is to quantify how the use of machinery affects costs, revenue, net-profits, and returns on investment for a case study of farmers in Sudan, Africa. A treatment control study (N = 36) was performed across the 2019 (baseline), 2020, and 2021 farming seasons, where the treatment group was provided tractors. ANOVAs and t-tests were used to compare financial values between these groups across the farming seasons, to quantify economic differences associated with farming machinery. We show that all farmers had similar net-profits when farming without machinery, while mechanized farming yielded significantly higher net-profits (USD 16.61/acre more in 2020, USD 27.10/acre more in 2021). Our study also finds that the volatility of the black-market exchange rate and labor shortages have a significant impact on farming net-profits. These results provide a quantified difference between farming with and without machinery, which can provide a financial basis for purchasing and borrowing models, machinery design requirements, and educational value to farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)