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The study explores the influence of gender discrimination on the agricultural economic efficiency gap between women and men farmers in Nigeria's Kano State, as part of the USAID MARKETS II initiative. A structured questionnaire supported by an interview schedule was utilized to extract cross-sectional data from 189 participants selected by a multi-stage sample technique using a simple cost-route strategy. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the acquired data. Gender disparity has both an effect and an impact on the farm economic efficiency of women farmers, putting them at a disadvantage compared to their male counterparts, according to scientific research. Besides, the extension gap which affected the farm economic efficiency of the women farmers compared to the men is due to gender stereotype. Further, in isolating the impact of gender differential, it was observed that gaps of technical and cost efficiencies between the two genders owe majorly to gender discrimination. In addition, both gender discrimination and the endowment factor had an equal contribution to the yield gap between the two groups. However, the profit efficiency gap between the genders is due majorly to endowment effect. In general, it can be concluded that gender discrimination, i.e. gender inequality and gender stereotype, has slowed the active engagement of women beneficiaries in the program, hence impeding the continuation of their farm businesses. As a result, in order for the program to be sustainable, it should include a gender budget in its strategy, allowing women to break the curse of gender inequality, which has limited access to and control over productive resources.

This research determined price volatility spillovers among major wheat markets in the world using time series data (1966-2018) of six major wheat producing countries in the world. The data were sourced from FAO and UNCTAD databanks and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression, unit root test and GARCH models. The findings showed that there is low and high persistence in the wheat prices of Canada and USA; and, Australia and India, respectively. Thus, it was established that the prices in the former markets were characterized by short memory; the effect of shock is temporary as the prices return to the attractor level within a short period. However, bad news on the prices of the latter markets has pronounced effect and takes a longer period for the price series to normalize. On the other hand, French and Chinese market price series exhibited an explosive pattern; the price series have infinite memory and the effect of innovation is permanent as price series will not normalize. Therefore, it can be concluded that the future trade of wheat is useful in the market given the persistence behavior of the prices as their price trends are tailored towards a rational expectation rather than a naïve expectation. However, for the market prices that are explosive, the market participants should focus on rational market expectation as a trade barometer.

The consequence of climate change shock on arable crop productivity especially rice, the largest consumed food in the world is threatening the global food security and a light out of this dark is very pertinent for continuous human existence. In lieu of the foregoing, this research attempt to determine the impact and quantified the contribution of climate change shock vis-à-vis climate change shock versus endowment effect on rice productivity using crucial econometric tools viz. Stalling’s weather index, Chow F-statistics, Average treatment effect (ATE) and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition model. A total of 360 farmers were drawn from the sampling frame through a multi-stage sampling technique and data elicitations were done through the use of structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedule. A cost-route approach was used to collect the field survey data during the 2020 cropping season. Succinctly, from the empirical evidences it was established that most (60.83%) of the farmers have their average rice productivity been affected by climate change shock. Furthermore, climate change shock had both short and long runs effect on the average rice productivity, thus making the production structural change of the vulnerable farmers poor in comparison to the non-vulnerable farmers. Besides, structural effect termed climate change shock accounts for approximately 89.37% of the yield gap/differential between the two groups while 10.63% owes to their endowment related factors. Therefore, the study enjoins affected farmers to adopt smart agricultural practices viz. emulation of peers not affected by climate change shock, thus enhancing the sustainability of the enterprise and rice food security in the studied area.

The present research determined the performance of Nigerian livestock sector using dated data that spanned from 1981 to 2019. The data were sourced from FAO, UNCTAD and Central Bank of Nigeria data banks; and, data analyses were achieved using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on the findings it was inferred that the livestock sector has efficient integration with the macro-economic indicators that prevailed in the economy. However, the degree of integration of the sector was inefficient despite the stability of the sector which owes to delay in the ability of the sector’s equilibrium to correct its disequilibrium. Furthermore, poor utilization of sector’s fund, high inflation, red-tapism and economic pilfering were the macro-economic indicators that affected the performance of the sector. The empirical evidences showed that the directions of the sector Gross domestic product (GDP) and production was influenced by the internal and external economics respectively. Thus, the study urge the policymakers to strengthen the internal mechanism that checkmate the utilization of the funds allocated to the sector and should encourage domestic production of agro-allied products so as to protect the economic from being vulnerable to foreign market shocks. Also, trade policies viz. export promotion of livestock products and stringent embargo on importation of livestock products should be enhanced, thus enhancing the stability of the sector’s economy.

This study determined market integration of wheat in the world using price time series (1966-2018) of major world producing countries. The data were sourced from FAO database and data analysis were performed using unit root tests, Engel-Granger and Johansen co-integration tests, Granger causality and impulse response tests, restricted vector auto-regression (VAR), and auto-regression integration moving average (ARIMA) models. The empirical evidence showed that the law of one price (LOP) or parity in prices failed to hold in these markets due to poor co- integration among these markets. Furthermore, the wheat prices of Indian, USA and China markets were efficient as they established long-run equilibrium. However, Australian, Canadian and France markets were observed to be autarkic markets as short-run disequilibrium adjustment processes will not lead to stable long-run prices. It was established that USA market prices is a relative follower and plays little or no role in the global wheat trade. Therefore, the study recommends that a network of wheat commodity network across the globe at almost equal distance from each other for the enhancement of market integration and price transmission should be designed., Bu çalışma dünyanın önde gelen üretici ülkelerinin fiyat zaman serilerini (1966-2018) kullanarak buğdayın dünyadaki piyasa entegrasyonunu belirlemiştir. Veriler FAO veri tabanından alınmış ve birim kök testleri, Engel-Granger ve Johansen eşbütünleşme testleri, Granger nedensellik ve dürtüsellik testleri ve kısıtlı vektör otoregresyon (VAR), otoregresif entegre hareketli ortalama (ARIMA) modelleri kullanılarak veri analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, tek fiyat (LOP) kanununun veya paritenin, bu piyasalar arasındaki zayıf eşbütünleşme nedeniyle bu piyasalarda geçerli olmadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca Hindistan, ABD ve Çin piyasalarının buğday fiyatları uzun dönemli dengeyi sağladıkları için etkindir. Ancak, Avustralya, Kanada ve Fransa piyasalarının, kısa vadeli dengesizlik ayarlama süreçleri istikrarlı uzun vadeli fiyatlara yol açmayacağı için otarşik piyasalar olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. ABD piyasa fiyatlarının göreli bir takipçisi olduğu ve küresel buğday ticaretinde çok az rol oynadığı veya hiç rol oynamadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, çalışma, piyasa entegrasyonunu ve fiyat aktarımını geliştirmek için dünya çapında birbirinden neredeyse eşit mesafede bir buğday emtia ağının tasarlanmasını önermektedir.

Mevcut araştırma, otuz sekiz yıllık (1979-2017) bir dönem için yayılan zaman serisi verilerini kullanarak Suudi Arabistan Krallığı'ndaki ithal meyvelere olan talebi tahmin etmektedir. Veriler FAO ve UNCTAD veri tabanlarından elde edilmiş olup elma, muz, üzüm, portakal, ananas ve çilek için ithalat miktar ve değerlerini kapsamaktadır. Toplanan veriler, tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve Lineer Yaklaşık İdeal Talep Sistemi (LA / AIDS) modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre ortalama bütçe payının elmada, marjinal bütçe payının ise portakalda en yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ampirik kanıtlar, elma, muz ve üzümün normal mallar olduğunu, portakal, ananas ve çileğin ise lüks mallar olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, telafi edilmemiş çapraz fiyat esnekliklerinin telafi edilmiş çapraz fiyat esneklikleri üzerindeki yüksek değerlerinden de anlaşılacağı üzere, gelir etkisinin ithal meyvelere olan talebi etkilemede fiyattan daha güçlü bir etki yarattığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışma, ülkenin bu meyveleri, özellikle de gerekli olanları, dövizini en üst düzeye çıkarmak ve turizm nüfusu akışından yararlanmak için yoğun yerel üretime başlaması gerektiğini önermektedir. Böylelikle ülke ekonomisi, meyve ihraç eden pazarlardan gelen noksanlıkların bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkabilecek her türlü pazarlama şokunu absorbe edebilecektir., The present research estimated the demand for imported fruits in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using time series data that spanned for a period of thirty-eight years (1979-2017). The data were sourced from the FAO and UNCTAD databases and they covered import quantities and values for apple, banana, grape, orange, pineapple and straw berry. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model. Based on the findings it was observed that apple has the highest average budget share while orange has the highest marginal budget share. The empirical evidence showed that all the fruit commodities are normal goods with apple, banana and grape been necessities while orange, pineapple and straw berry were luxuries. Furthermore, it was established that income effect waxed stronger effect than price in influencing demand for imported fruit commodities as evidenced from the high values of uncompensated cross-price elasticities over the compensated cross-price elasticities. Therefore, the study recommends that the country should embark on intensive local production of these fruit commodities especially the necessary ones so as to maximize their foreign exchange and take advantage of tourism population influx. By so doing the economy of the nation will be able to absorb any marketing shocks which might arise as a result of market imperfection from fruit exporting markets.

The present research empirically examined the growth performance of soyabean production in Nigeria using time series data which spanned from 1961 to 2017, sourced from FAO database. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, growth model, instability index, Hazell decomposition model, Nerlovian’s model and ARIMA model. Empirical evidence showed that the growth in the production trend of soyabean in Nigeria is majorly driven by an increase in the area and not yield which is not favorable for sustainable soyabean food security in the country. Furthermore, risk and uncertainty were observed to be the major source of instability in the production of soyabean in the country. Therein, the risk impacted negatively on the area allocation decision of the soyabean farmers in the studied area. The forecasted production trend showed that the country’s soyabean production will observe a paradigm shift from the area as the major driver of production to yield. Thus, technology will be the major driver of soyabean production in Nigeria. The trend if sustained will be a breakthrough for the country’s soyabean food security and will curtail the incessant farmers/herders clashes and tenurial conflicts owing to high pressure and competing demand for arable land for other purposes. Therefore, policies which will convert one-quarter of the arable land to other agricultural uses should be welcome as the future production trend of soyabean will be driven by technological advancement. In addition, the government should do more in subsidizing farm inputs in order to enhance farmers’ term of trade, thereby wading-off the risks that negatively impacted on the acreage allocation decision of the producers., Mevcut araştırma, Nijerya'daki soya fasulyesi üretiminin büyüme performansını, FAO veri tabanından elde edilen 1961'den 2017'ye uzanan zaman serisi verilerini kullanarak deneysel olarak incelemiştir. Toplanan veriler, tanımlayıcı istatistikler, büyüme modeli, kararsızlık indeksi, Hazell ayrışma modeli, Nerlovian modeli ve ARIMA modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik kanıtlar, Nijerya'daki soya fasulyesinin üretim eğilimindeki büyümenin, büyük ölçüde üretim alanı artışından kaynaklandığını ve bunun ülkede sürdürülebilir soya fasulyesi gıda güvenliği için elverişli olmadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, ülkede soya fasulyesi üretiminde en büyük istikrarsızlık kaynağının risk ve belirsizlik olduğu görülmüştür. Burada risk, incelenen alandaki soya fasulyesi çiftçilerinin alan tahsisi kararını olumsuz etkilemiştir. Öngörülen üretim eğilimi, ülkedeki soya fasulyesi üretiminin, üretimin ana itici gücü olarak bölgeden bir paradigma kayması gözlemleyeceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle teknoloji, Nijerya'daki soya fasulyesi üretiminin ana itici gücü olacaktır. Sürdürülebilirse eğilim, ülkenin soya fasulyesi gıda güvenliği için bir dönüm noktası olacak ve yüksek baskı ve diğer amaçlar için ekilebilir arazi için rekabet eden talep nedeniyle aralıksız çiftçi/çoban çatışmalarını ve mülkiyet çatışmalarını azaltacaktır. Bu nedenle, soya fasulyesinin gelecekteki üretim eğilimi teknolojikgelişmeler tarafından yönlendirileceğinden, ekilebilir arazinin dörtte birini diğer tarımsal kullanımlara dönüştürecek politikalar memnuniyetle karşılanmalıdır. Buna ek olarak, hükümet çiftçilerin ticaret süresini iyileştirmek için çiftlik girdilerini sübvanse etmede daha fazlasını yapmalı ve böylece üreticilerin ekim alanı tahsis kararını olumsuz yönde etkileyen riskleri azaltmalıdır.

Bu araştırma, FAO veritabanından toplanan 56 yıllık verileri (1961-2017) kullanarak Nijerya'da kakao çekirdeği üretiminin ex-post ve ex-ante performansını belirlemiştir. Toplanan verileri analiz etmek için hem tanımlayıcı hem de çıkarımsal istatistikler kullanılmıştır. Ampirik kanıtlar, üretimin ana itici gücü olan yıllık verimlilik yıllık bazda arttıkça, ülkenin bugüne kadar bağımsız olarak kakao çekirdeği üretimindeki potansiyelini en üst düzeye çıkarmadığını gösterdi. Ayrıca, incelenen dönemlerin çoğu boyunca yıllık alanda çok az değişiklik olmuştur veya hiç değişmemiştir, yani bölgedeki durgunluk, ülkedeki kakao çekirdeği üretiminin üretim trendinin yavaşlamasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Kakao çekirdekleri üretiminin yıllık üretim artışındaki dalgalanma, teknolojik, kurumsal ve pazarlama risklerinden kaynaklanmıştır. Ülke, düşük verimlilik nedeniyle makul miktarda döviz kaybedeceğinden, öngörülen üretim eğilimi cesaret kırıcı. Bu nedenle, çalışma, ülke ekonomisini etkileyen gelir açığını artırmak için daha yüksek bir şansa sahip olduğundan, arzu edilen yüksek verimlilik elde etmek için politika yapıcılar tarafından özellikle iklim akıllı tarım olmak üzere üretim ve geliştirme yatırımlarına acil müdahale çağrısında bulunmaktadır., The present research determined the ex-post and ex-ante performance of cocoa beans production in Nigeria using dated data for 56 years (1961-2017) collected from FAO database. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. The empirical evidence showed that the nation has not maximized its potential in cocoa beans production since independent to date as the annual productivity, which was the major driving force of production increased marginally year-in-year-out. In addition, there was little or no change in the annual area throughout most of the studied periods i.e. stagnation in area contributed to slowing down the production trend of cocoa beans production in the country. The fluctuation in the annual production growth of the cocoa beans production was caused by technological, institutional and marketing risks. The forecasted production trend is disheartening, as the nation will lose a reasonable amount of foreign exchange owing to low productivity. Therefore, the study calls for urgent intervention by the policymakers on production and development investments especially climate-smart agriculture so as to attain desirable high productivity as the crop stands a better chance to shore-up the revenue deficit affecting the nation’s economy.