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Predicting air pollution is complex due to intertwined factors among local climate, built environment, and development stages. This study leverages K‐means clustering and an improved Apriori algorithm to investigate the combined effects of local meteorological, morphological, and socioeconomic factors on air quality in 244 prefectural‐level Chinese cities. Results reveal that the secondary industry in GDP and saturation vapor pressure strongly relate to air quality. Severe air pollution occurs when urban development is coupled with reduced green areas and high temperatures, confirming that a single factor cannot predict air quality well. For example, we find that combining low population, low regional GDP, high maximum temperatures, and longer roads worsens air quality in small urban built‐up areas. Additionally, temperature and altitude differences associate with highway passenger volume, regional GDP, and population differently. Given our rules mining methods have broader applications in diversified urban environments, this study provides new insights for improving air quality and local Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nature finds a way to leverage nanotextures to achieve desired functions. Recent advances in nanotechnologies endow fascinating multi-functionalities to nanotextures by modulating the nanopixel's height. But nanoscale height control is a daunting task involving chemical and/or physical processes. As a facile, cost-effective, and potentially scalable remedy, the nanoscale capillary force lithography (CFL) receives notable attention. The key enabler is optical pre-modification of photopolymer's characteristics via ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Still, the underlying physics of the nanoscale CFL is not well understood, and unexplained phenomena such as the "forbidden gap" in the nano capillary rise (unreachable height) abound. Due to the lack of large data, small length scales, and the absence of first principles, direct adoptions of machine learning or analytical approaches have been difficult. This paper proposes a hybrid intelligence approach in which both artificial and human intelligence coherently work together to unravel the hidden rules with small data. Our results show promising performance in identifying transparent, physics-retained rules of air diffusivity, dynamic viscosity, and surface tension, which collectively appear to explain the forbidden gap in the nanoscale CFL. This paper promotes synergistic collaborations of humans and AI for advancing nanotechnology and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite ground is composed of middle-reinforced columns and the surrounding soils. For the permeable columns, they can not only withstand external loads but also form good channels for artificial vertical drainage and pore pressure reduction. Meanwhile, the air and water will flow through the vertical boundaries and radial granular columns. Therefore, the well resistance and smear effect cannot be ignored during the consolidation. This paper explored the influence of well resistance and smear effect on the consolidation of unsaturated composite ground with the equal strain hypothesis. Firstly, the polar governing equations are presented based on the flow rule of air and water phases under axisymmetric conditions and the basic relationships between the granular columns and surrounding soils of composite ground. Then, the Laplace transformation and Fourier sine series expansion are employed in the process of solving the governing equations to get the final solutions. By degenerating the solutions in this paper and comparing them with those in the existing literature, the correctness of the results is verified. Finally, the impacts of factors in terms of well resistance, smear effect, and columns on the consolidation behavior are investigated considering well resistance and smear effect, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the role of third States in public interest litigation – i.e., ongoing proceedings concerning interests which they share with the international community. It scrutinizes third-State intervention in inter-State cases through the prism of rules and principles arising in public interest litigation, and aims to clarify the limits of such participation. Having synthesized the relevant law and doctrine of intervention practice before the ICJ and other institutional courts, it considers the extent to which third-State interests find expression through Articles 62 and 63 of the ICJ Statute. It examines the invocation of international legal responsibility on the basis of obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes , as well as the prospect of intervention on this basis. It then identifies and addresses jurisdictional and procedural questions arising in these and other instances of "public interest" intervention. It concludes by envisaging the prospective institutional development of multilateral participation in public interest litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general objective of this article is to investigate the collective protection of the consumer in court in Brazil under the specific focus of public civil action that discusses the alteration of the rules of air transport, through the dialogue between the sources between the CDC and the Antitrust Law. We proceeded with the study of consumer protection institutes linked to changes in the rules of air transport, recognizing also that the principles of defense of competition have as a background, in addition to the application of the constitutional principle of free initiative, the defense of the final recipient, consumer protection, given the tendency to consolidate oligopolies capable of sharpening technical, economic and informational vulnerability to the detriment of the weak player in this relationship. The methodology used was the analysis of documents and the specialized bibliography on the subject, in addition to the analysis of judges. In the specific case that was intended to be analyzed, it was seen that the position defended by the consumer protection agency in the collective action was that the Regulatory Agency should restrict the freedom of the air transport market proposed in Resolution No. 400 of the National Agency of Civil Aviation, in order to defend this weak player in the relationship, given the economic exploitation that he started to suffer through the deregulation of services. It was understood in the present reason, that the confessed deregulation of the air transport service weakened the condition of the passenger and heightened the peculiar vulnerability of the respective consumption relationship, instead of having diametrically opposite effects, insofar as the expansion of competition did not occur., nor did it result in a reduction in ticket prices, failing to include the various segments and profiles of the contractors (both passengers and companies), failing to contribute to the resumption of growth in the sector, whose maintenance of the previous normative premises (historically conceived in another era, register), imposing excessive burden on contractors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy processes are affected by how policymakers assess public support for a policy. But is public support for a given policy itself affected by characteristics of the policy process, such as cooperation or confrontation amongst policy actors? Specifically, if different branches of government hold conflicting positions on a given policy, do clashes affect public support for the policy? To address this question, we exploit an unexpected clash amongst the executive and judiciary in New Delhi, between survey waves, over exemptions for women in the context of the odd–even rule, a policy intervention to reduce air pollution from transportation. We find that public support for the contested policy was not undermined by the executive–judiciary clash. However, the clash polarised public opinion by gender, based upon the policy exemptions. Our findings shed new light on the broader question of how conflicts amongst different parts of government influence mass public policy preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper provides for a systematic overview of the EU scheme for the State aid rules applicable to the air transport sector during Covid-19 crisis. The COVID-19 outbreak is having a major impact on European air transport sector. In order to help air transport undertakings in Europe to overcome the financial troubles, to preserve jobs, to secure supply of essential food, medicals or other items, etc., the EU Commission adopted set of legislative measures enabling the EU Commission and Member States to authorise hundreds of State aid measures, not only to air transport sector, but also to other economic sectors, which were mostly affected by the pandemic. Since in normal circumstances member states State aid to national undertakings are subject to extremely stringent EU competition law regime, the intention of this paper is, firstly, to analyse to what extent and under what conditions that has changed during pandemic. Secondly, the intention of the paper is to explore to what extent and for what purposes different Member States granted State aid to their airline industries with special respect to the French, Austrian, Swedish and Croatian State aid policy. Lastly, the authors will raise question whether massive capital injection to air transport companies being made only by certain, wealthier, member states are going, in long term, to cause negative impacts on the competition in the air transport sector in the internal market 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air passenger transport is expected to change, in the next years, the urban air mobility (UAM) environment. New technologies are enabling the introduction of a new concept of aircraft, referred to as electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle (eVTOL), with vertical take-off and landing capability, distributed electric propulsion system and low noise level compared to helicopters. This article presents an analysis of the Brazilian Civil Aviation Regulations (RBAC) No. 91 and 135, which address the minimum requirements for commercial operations of commuter and on-demand public passenger transport with airplanes with up to 19 seats. The objective of this article is to identify the technical and regulatory barriers to initiating the eVTOL operation in Brazil and to validate the current operational air traffic rules. After the analysis of the operational requirements and the current Air Traffic Management (ATM) infrastructure for helicopter operation, the minimum required and recommended navigation, communication and surveillance equipment are identified, as well as the main operational limitations for the operation of this type of aircraft in transporting passengers. This analysis is just the beginning of a broader study and there are many challenges to support an increased eVTOL operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits multiple-airport systems from a noise pollution perspective. It aims to investigate the contradictions between the (re)development of an older airport located close to the core city, despite the existence of newer airports on the one hand and noise pollution issues on the other hand. Case studies include Tokyo, Shanghai, Paris, Milan, Houston and Rome. Quantitative analysis shows that traffic patterns are more diverse than previous classifications. The qualitative analysis highlights the factors inherent in these patterns, which include passengers' preference for shorter access/egress journeys; inconsistent public policies (older airport not closed, a lack of effective rules for distributing air traffic among airports, permissive land planning and relaxing operational restrictions); low-cost airlines' network strategies; and high-speed rail/air service integration. • This paper revisits multiple-airport systems from a noise pollution perspective • Case studies includes (re)developed older airports located close to the core city • The need for capacity can be so high that the older airport is kept active • In other cases, not closing the older airport can later involve noise issues • Coherent airport/land/environmental planning is needed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of chloride corrosion on tailing-ball concrete, the air permeation tests and pore structure tests were carried out on the ordinary concrete (C), the tailing-ball concrete (T) and the steel fiber tailing-ball concrete (TF 8) respectively. The variation rules of chloride air permeability coefficient, air volume fraction, bubble frequency and pore axis reliability with the increase of the age of chloride salt dry-wet cycle erosion were obtained. The relationship between concrete air permeability, pore structure and pore axis reliability was given. The results show that with the increase of the age of the chloride salt dry-wet cycle erosion, the air volume fraction and the bubble frequency of C, T and TF 8 increase, and the reliability of pore axis reduces, which lead to the increase of air permeability coefficient. Results also show that the chloride dry-wet cycle can increase the permeability of concrete, make the pore size distribution worse, increase the pore size and decrease the reliability of pore axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of carbon fiber can change plain concrete (PC) to a quasi‐ductile material and improve its flexural properties through sharing the tensile stress transduced from concrete matrix. However, the influence rule and its mechanism of air entrained by carbon fiber on properties of concrete with different water to cement ratios (W/C) is not clear at present. Therefore, this research aims to explore this influence rule and mechanism. Eighteen kinds of concrete samples with W/C of 0.25, 0.3, and 0.45 including 216 specimens in total were studied. Their mechanical and permeability‐related properties were tested, and carbon fiber's air‐entraining models were established. The results show that carbon fiber has effect of improving the flexural strength, compressive strength, and impermeability of concrete with W/C of 0.25, but when W/C increases, the effect of carbon fiber on improving the flexural strength, reducing the compressive strength and impermeability of concrete increases. The calculation results of the air‐entraining models suggest that one possible air‐entraining mechanism of carbon fiber can be summarized as that carbon fiber entrains more air into concrete as W/C increases, and another one can be summarized as that the air entrained by carbon fiber increases the connectivity of the pore structure of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016 the EPA revised the Exceptional Events Rule of the Clean Air Act (CAA) making important changes to what types of air quality events are considered exceptional. The rule allows "exceptional" air quality events to be excluded from the dataset used to determine air quality violations, specifically attainment and nonattainment. These exclusions allow air quality levels to remain above standards, yet simultaneously appear safe. This policy analysis focuses on the revisions and asks two questions. What are the negative consequences in how the rule defines exceptional events? Does this rule support the primary goal of the CAA? The paper analyzes four exclusion criteria, focuses in on air pollution from dust storms, and draws on a case study of Lamar, Colorado. It returns to the original questions to argue, first, that the rule allows common events to be excluded from the dataset, and second, works against the ultimate goal of the CAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core aim of this manuscript is to recommend analytical tuning rules to regulate and control the air supply pressure moving from the supply manifold (SM) to the electrode (cathode) of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). This is done to have an optimal oxygen excess ratio in the fuel cell for enhanced energy generation. The higher order dynamics of PEMFC is approximated to be non‐integer first‐order stable plus time delay model. A simple proportional ‐integral/proportional‐integral‐derivative (PI/PID) control scheme is designed for a specific maximum sensitivity (Ms) using analytical tuning rules. This, in turn, enhances its dynamic performance by regulating the SM pressure. The proposed integer order PI/PID control technique is compared with the other fractional order IMC‐PI control techniques that are recently published. The simulation results obtained prove that the proposed tuning rules provide a good response compared with fractional order controllers and thereby maintaining the SM pressure. The robustness of the novel controller is analyzed by introducing perturbations and noise to the dynamic model. The tuning rules proposed are applicable for two maximum sensitivity values of 1.4 and 2 as a measure of robustness. To measure system performance, few time domain metrics and integral absolute error (IAE), integral square error (ISE), and TV metrics are used. For both the Ms values, the proposed techniques provide stable and improved responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays, facing the contradictory views of consumers of natural resources and. nature conservationists, it is not only important to make new insights, but also to take an in-depth look back into the history. About two thirds of Latvian folk songs are thematically related, to nature and its elements (forest with trees, plants, stones, water) and. living creatures (birds and. animals, insects, fish). In Latvian folklore, we find, more than 100 female spirits - Mothers, who supervised, various areas of human lives. The oldest of the Mothers were the ones who supervised the elements of nature and who were themselves the embodiments of these elements. Believing that Mothers were embodied, in nature, people treated, nature with reverence, sacrificing part of their benefits to individually selected trees, springs, stones, fire. Perhaps, this is how the idea of sacred, forests had developed., where only priests could, go (for example, holy birch groves of Curonian kings in Kurzeme), and. other shrines that were carefully demarcated, and. protected, from the eyes of strangers. Mother Earth, mentioned, in Latvian folklore, was the one who ruled, over the cyclical replacement of natural beings and objects by giving birth to them, but, when the right time came, paving the way to the end of their lives. If Mother Earth inhabited, the bottom level of the cosmic space, then Mother Wind. and. Mother Air ruled, over the upper level of the Earth. The activity of Mother Thunder extended, from the upper part to the lower part of the cosmic space, taking care of the fertile rain coming from heaven to the earth. The non-cosmic part of nature is represented, in folklore by Mother Forest, who oversaw not only plants, animals, birds, but also people in the forest, who looked, for food or trees for felling. The functions of the guardian, including the care of people and. animals, are also attributed, to Mother Bush. It is believed, that ancient people expected, specific benefits and favor from Mothers of Hazelnuts, Berries, and. Mushrooms. Mother Sun, Mother Fog, Mother Snow, and. Mother Night, were related to specific season and. day or night time (sun, fog, snow and winter). Several Mothers (Mother Water, Mother Sea, Mother Lake, Mother River) were attributed to the element of water. It is believed, that sacrifices were given to Mother Fire, who embodied, the element of fire. Examining Latvian folk songs and. other folklore sources, Mothers embodying the forces of cosmic space, were seen not only as creators and. masters of nature objects, but. also as destroyers and. then rebirthers, symbolizing the cyclical phases of nature life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an efficient method for estimating the probability of conflict between air traffic within a block of airspace. Autonomous sense-and-avoid is an essential safety feature to enable unmanned air systems to operate alongside other (manned or unmanned) air traffic. The ability to estimate the probability of conflict between traffic is an essential part of sense-and-avoid. Such probabilities are typically very low. Evaluating low probabilities using naive direct Monte Carlo generates a significant computational load. This paper applies a technique called subset simulation. The small failure probabilities are computed as a product of larger conditional failure probabilities, reducing the computational load while improving the accuracy of the probability estimates. The reduction in the number of samples required can be one or more orders of magnitude. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by modeling a series of conflicting and potentially conflicting scenarios based on the standard Rules of the Air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission and contrail of flights at high altitude sector have a great impact on the environment. The paper establishes the multi-objective optimization method of high altitude sector operation based on environmental protection, which can reduce the impact of sector air traffic operation on the environment and enhance the operation efficiency of the high altitude sector. According to the operation characteristics of the sector, the aviation meteorological data of the sector are analyzed, and the forming conditions of the contrail are calculated. Considering the air traffic control rules and aircraft flight characteristics, a multi-objective optimization model of sector flight allocation strategy is established, and the influence of aviation meteorological conditions and different allocation strategy combinations on the optimal operation of sector is analyzed. To solve the multi-objective optimization model, the paper uses an evolutionary computation method in intelligence computing and takes non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-II with elitist strategy (NSGA-II). Shanghai Area No.20 sector (ZSSSAR20) is selected as the case in this paper. Example verification reveals that taking number of contrails, fuel consumption and flight delays as the optimization targets, aircraft are more likely to rely on altitude deployment strategy so as to better reduce the impact of air traffic operation en route on environment, and improve sector operation efficiency en route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering & Sustainable Development is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The background of this research was based on the continued development of international aviation in the world which was a challenge for the translator to find an equivalent sentence. The purpose of this thesis was to find the equivalence type used in translating the source language to the target language and find the dominant equivalence type used. For solving this problem, the writer used Nida and Taber theory that divided equivalence types into two types, namely formal equivalence or formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The method used was descriptive qualitative method. The data was obtained through systematic sampling method. Based on the analysis, the equivalence types of 53 of 66 samples (80%) were translated by using formal correspondence; 12 of 66 samples were translated using dynamic equivalence (18%) and only one sample (2%) did not neither involve in formal correspondence nor dynamic equivalence because SL text did not have translation in TL (reserved). The most dominant equivalence type used in the translation was formal correspondence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Ab initio pilot training for airport and traffic separation procedures is needed. • This study proposes a method for training in a naturalistic simulation environment. • Performance of VFR airport and traffic separation procedures improved after training. • Results can be applied to improve the efficiency and safety of learning to fly. Abstract The purpose was to evaluate a training method for ab initio student pilots to improve situational awareness, performance of airport procedures and of aircraft separation during Visual Flight Rules (VFR) flight in a simulated naturalistic environment. Loss of separation between aircraft is a frequent cause of accidents involving instructional flights. There are no established simulator training methods for ab initio student pilots to develop these abilities. This study describes a simulator training method, which is evaluated in a pretest-training-posttest design with 53 ab initio student pilots (23 females) assigned to a training and a control group. The results show that in posttest the training group demonstrated superior situational awareness and performance, and reported lower workload related to airspace monitoring, building a mental picture of the traffic situation, and coordination with other aircraft in the traffic circuit than the control group. Student pilots evaluated the training materials (the flight simulation environment, radio communication, the briefing and the application on the tablet PC) as useful. This study shows benefits of simulator training for traffic conflict avoidance and VFR airport procedures which can be introduced early during the ab initio syllabus. This study provides a safe simulator method that is useful for both, the teaching and the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current Airlines Air Traffic Management (ATM), the Air Traffic Control Operators (ATCO), with the Air Traffic Control systems (ATC), operate air traffic paths with a small number of fixed routes. Problems of fixed routes appear such that even when they reduce the chance for conflict, they also produce flight paths plans that do not reduce flight time or fuel usage. In nowadays Airlines are heavily overloaded and anxious to minimize the aircrafts fuel usage costs, increase airplanes, and optimize the paths or the flight routes in order to find the most optimal suitable flight paths. This paper presents a new path planning method that deal with such problem effectively, the idea was to produce flights routes by allowing the ATCO, or the pilot to select better fuel-efficient routes with reducing flight time. This work has been done by using modified ‘Rapidly Exploring Random Tree’ (RRT) path planning algorithm in dynamic cluttered environment with collision avoidance. The experiment of the developed algorithm simulation experiment shows promising result for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the constant development and maturity of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the application of UAVs expands to more and more fields. In the meantime, the corresponding security risks, especially the potential security risks related to lower airspace, are brought by UAV. Therefore, the detecting, tracking, disturbing and capturing of amateur UAV (A-UAV) in specific airspace with strict security requirements (e.g., no-fly zone) are of urgent practical significance. In this paper, a monitoring of UAV (M-UAV) is proposed for that purpose. Moreover, the relevant design issues of A-UAV monitoring are discussed, the potential solutions are given, and finally, the feasible communication architectures adopted in cooperative work of multiple monitoring UAVs (MM-UAVs) for Anti-Abuse of Amateur UAV (AAAU) in no-fly zone are summarized. This paper has a significant reference value for design and realization of A-UAV monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by ground to control movement of all aircraft within a controlled airspace. This is done by using either Radar Control or Procedural Control depending on the availability of radar system in the area. In Peninsular Malaysia, these controlled areas are known as Kuala Lumpur Flight Information Region (KLFIR). These areas are divided into 6 Sectors that was assigned to a different team of controllers. As this research is aimed at examining the strategies used by Air Traffic Controller (ATCO) during Procedural Control, Lumpur Oceanic Sector or Lumpur Sector 4 was chosen as the participating controlled airspace. To gather insights on controller strategies, participants from Kuala Lumpur Air Traffic Control Centre (KLATCC) have volunteered to participate in Static Conflict Detection Exercise (SCDE). Based on the results, the most prominent issue that can be highlighted was on delays, where it is seen as unavoidable in regulating air traffic. However, it is also gathered that some minimum differences between Requested Cruising Altitude (FPL) and Assigned Cruising Altitude (XFL) can be achieved by pre-planning the traffic prior to Estimated Time of Departure (ETD). Also, by doing so, the controller workload may be reduced by 45% in average, as reported by the participants. As there are several control strategies that can be used, regards to the airlines operation cost is important in selecting the best strategy that may benefit both controller and airlines. Additionally, managing traffic would be more manageable as available cruising altitude will be known at any given time as a result from the pre-planning exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]