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The judicious selection of capping agents has been proven essential for the one-pot synthesis of high-purity two-dimensional noble-metal nanocrystals. In this study, we highlight the synergistic effect of using lauramidopropylamine oxide, a typical zwitterionic surfactant, in conjunction with the quaternary ammonium surfactant octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. This pairing facilitates the production of Au nanoplates distinguished by their reduced lateral dimensions (i.e., sub-50 nm) and distinctive atomic packing. This ability to vary the structural features enables the Au nanoplates to exhibit enhanced electrochemical activity for the ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) in an alkaline medium, characterized by improved reaction kinetics and prolonged cycling stability. DFT simulations suggested that the lower energy barrier of the rate-determining step on Au(211) compared to Au(111) and Au(100) indicates a higher electrochemical activity for the Au(211) surface. The present work underscores the potential of amine oxide-based zwitterionic surfactants in the controlled synthesis of two-dimensional Au nanocrystals, a method that could be potentially adapted for use with other noble metals and/or alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a class of semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) at tunable wavelengths, perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are attractive candidates for optoelectronic and light‐emitting devices. However, attempts to optimize PNC integration into such applications suffer from PNC instability and loss of PL over time. Here, we describe the impact of organic and polymeric N‐oxides when used in conjunction with PNCs, whereby a significant increase in PNC quantum yield is observed in solution, and stable PL emission is obtained in polymeric nanocomposites. Specifically, when using aliphatic N‐oxides in ligand exchange with CsPbBr3 PNCs in solution, a substantial boost in PNC brightness is observed (~40% or more PLQY increase), followed by an alteration of the perovskite chemistry. When N‐oxide substituents are positioned pendent to a poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) backbone, the optically clear flexible nanocomposite films obtained have bright PL emission and maintain optical clarity for months. X‐ray diffraction is useful for characterizing the PNC crystalline structure following exposure to aliphatic N‐oxides, while electron microscopy (EM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of the PNC‐polymer nanocomposites show this polymeric N‐oxide platform to cleanly disperse PNCs in flexible polymer films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher olefins (HO) are used primarily as intermediates in the production of other chemicals, such as polymers, fatty acids, plasticizer alcohols, surfactants, lubricants, amine oxides, and detergent alcohols. The potential toxicity of five HO (i.e., 1-Octene, Nonene, Decene, Hexadecene, and 1-Octadecene) with carbon ranging from C8 to C18 was examined in a combined repeated dose and reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study (OECD TG 422). These five HO were administered to Han Wistar rats by gavage at 0 (controls), 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. As a group of substances, adaptive changes in the liver (liver weight increase without pathological evidence), as well as increased kidney weight in male rats, were observed in HO with carbon numbers from C8 to C10. The overall systemic no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for all HO was determined at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In the reproductive/developmental toxicity assessment, offspring viability, size, and weights were reduced in litters from females treated with Nonene at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The overall no observed effects level (NOEL) for reproductive toxicity was considered to be 300 mg/kg bw/day for Nonene and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for the other four HO, respectively. These data significantly enrich the database on the toxicity of linear and branched HO, allowing comparison with similar data published on a range of linear and branched HO. Comparisons between structural class and study outcome provide further supportive data in order to validate the read-across hypothesis as part of an overall holistic testing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex, trichlorido(1,4,11-triaza-8-azoniatetracyclo[6.6.2.04,16.011,15]- hexadecane 1-oxide-κO)zinc(II) monohydrate, [ZnCl3(C12H23N4O)]⋅H2O, (I), has monoclinic symmetry (space group P21/n) at 120 K. The zinc(II) center adopts a slightly distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry and is coordinated by three chlorine atoms and the oxygen atom of the oxidized tertiary amine of the tetracycle. The amine nitrogen atom, inside the ligand cleft, is protonated and forms a hydrogen bond to the oxygen of the amine oxide. Additional hydrogen-bonding interactions involve the protonated amine, the water solvate oxygen atom, and one of the chloro ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of renewable fats or fatty acids into alkanes is a powerful measure to address energy and environmental crises. Molybdenum carbide-based catalysts are promising due to their platinum-like noble metal electronic properties. In this paper, Mo2C catalysts were prepared by one-step carbonization of amine molybdenum oxide (AMO) precursors using diamines with different carbon chain lengths as ligands. The physical and chemical properties and the HDO catalytic activity of the catalysts were investigated. The results indicate that as the carbon chain of diamines in the precursor increases, the carbon content of the catalysts in the surface and bulk phase increases. The Mo2C-12 catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance, with a palmitic acid conversion rate of 100% and an alkane selectivity of 96.6%, which are attributed to the smallest particle size, largest pore size, and synergistic effect of carbon. This work provides a simple and safe method for regulating the surface properties of Mo2C catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the ubiquitous presence of amine oxides in chemistry, there is no consensus about the nature of the NO bond in these compounds. In this work, we have used electron density analysis to investigate the nature of this bond in substituted amine oxides, R3NO, and have compared it with the nature of the NO bond in hydroxylamines, R2NOR, and model molecules that have well‐established chemical bond character. The results showed that the NO bond length and relative stability are proportional to the inductive effect of the substituents. Quantum chemical topology, natural bond orbitals (NBO), and natural resonance theory (NRT) analyses indicated that the NO bond is polar covalent in all the studied amine oxides, but the ionic contribution is different. NBO and NRT analyses revealed that molecules with more electronegative substituents have strongly delocalized NO and NR bonds, whereas molecules with electropositive substituents have localized bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the efficient flotation desilication of low-grade magnesite is of great significance for the sustainable development of magnesium resources. Traditional collectors usually have some disadvantages, such as poor selectivity, severe environmental pollution, and weak water solubility. To strengthen the desilication flotation process of magnesite ore, the biodegradable surfactant, cocamidopropyl amine oxide (CPAO), was first utilized as the collector for the separation of the magnesite and quartz. The selective adsorption behavior and mechanism of the quartz and magnesite with the CPAO as the collector were studied through the micro-flotation experiments of the single mineral and the artificially mixed mineral, contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The flotation results indicated that the CPAO showed good selectivity and could effectively separate magnesite and quartz. When the concentration of the CPAO was 10.0 mg/L in the natural pulp pH (about 7.2), the concentrates with 97.67% MgO recovery and 45.62% MgO grade were obtained. The contact angle and AFM measurements indicated that the CPAO could selectively adsorb on the quartz surface rather than the magnesite surface to improve the interface difference between them, especially its surface hydrophobicity. The results of the FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that the CPAO is selectively adsorbed on the surface of the quartz, mainly through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. In conclusion, the CPAO had good selectivity and great potential as an effective collector in the reverse flotation desilication progress of magnesite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of problems are caused by the presence of sodium oxalate in Bayer liquor in alumina plants. For instance, sodium oxalate reduces the production of alumina and increases the density, viscosity, specific heat and boiling point of the sodium aluminate solution. Meanwhile, it also increases production of fine-seed alumina and impurities in alumina. To reduce the precipitation of sodium oxalate in the gibbsite precipitation stage, the effects of surfactants, including lauryl dimethyl amine oxide, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and trime thyloctadecyl ammonium bromide, on sodium oxalate in Bayer liquor were investigated and characterized by ICS, FTIR, LPS, and SEM. In addition, the effects of the surfactant amounts and the quantities of seeds on the inhibition of sodium oxalate precipitation were also investigated. The ICS results showed that sodium oxalate precipitation can be inhibited by the surfactants mentioned. DTAB had the worst inhibition efficiency on sodium oxalate compared with the other three surfactants. Under the optimal conditions, that is, the amount of DTAB added was 20 mg/L, the quantity of seeds was 40 g/L, and the action time was 2 h, the precipitation of sodium oxalate was significantly inhibited with an inhibition efficiency of 61.5%. An increase in the quantities of seeds was not conducive to the function of the surfactants. The FTIR results revealed that the surfactants functioned as sodium oxalate via physical adsorption. The results of LPS and SEM analyses indicated that the addition of surfactant resulted in a significant reduction in fine-grained gibbsite, sodium oxalate agglomerated into clusters and the number of needle-like sodium oxalate decreased. This study provides new insights into the regulation of sodium oxalate in Bayer liquor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary and secondary amines selectively react with the lactone moiety of γ-valerolactone oxide (GVLO). Several primary amines afforded the resulting epoxyamides with an intact epoxy group. In some cases addition of two equivalents of amine resulted in additional epoxide opening to give α,γ-dihydroxy-β-amino-amides. The selective lactone-opening in GVLO was further corroborated by DFT-studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active transport of nanoparticles into the solid tumor through cell transcytosis has shown great promise in cancer nanomedicine, but it is challenging to develop efficient active transporting nanomedicines with the potential for clinical translation. Here, a type of tertiary amine oxide (TAO)‐containing zwitterionic liposomal nanocarriers is developed that can hitchhike red blood cells (RBCs) to tumor blood vessels and enter solid tumors through transcytosis. To boost the active‐transporting capability, a library of the TAO liposomes (TAOLs) with different chemical structures and particle sizes is constructed and screened by their stability and active transporting capability. Two types of TAOLs are identified that can induce efficient tumor cell transcytosis through rapid macropinocytosis and endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi‐involved exocytosis. It is found that these zwitterionic TAOLs can hitchhike RBCs to gain long blood circulation, get off the cell at the tumor site, effectively enter the tumor through transcytosis, and infiltrate the whole tumor. The chemotherapeutic drug‐loaded liposomes can stop the tumor progression of mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, exhibiting superior antitumor activity compared to the traditional liposomal drug. This study demonstrates a strategy to construct effective active transporting liposomal nanomedicines for efficient tumor entrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgalvanic activity of carbon steel API 5L X52 was investigated by scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). Two types of corrosion inhibitors were used for the protection of carbon steel. The first one is based on primary amine function with linear carbon chain (inhibitor A). The second one contains primary amine with Ethylene oxide branched chain (inhibitor B). The evolution of microgalvanic activity was studied at different imposed currents ranging up to 200 mA without and in the presence of 20 ppm and 50 ppm of each corrosion inhibitor. In absence of inhibitors, the maps given by SVET analysis showed a uniform microgalvanic activity with imposed currents ranging from 0 to 1 mA and tend towards less cathodic area. For high imposed currents (10mA, 25mA, 50mA, 100mA and 200mA); a clear evolution in the microgalvanic activity is noticed considering the presence of several anodic area. The dissolution of the carbon steel was accelerated and the microgalvanic potential tends to electronegative values. With the corrosion inhibitors, no anodic area was observed for weak currents ranging from 0 to 10mA. The best protection is assured by the inhibitor B due to the improvement of its solubility. Beyond 25 mA, the protection from corrosion decreases but inhibitor B still demonstrates a better efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent problem to be solved in heavy oil exploitation is to reduce viscosity and improve fluidity. Emulsification and viscosity reduction technology has been paid more and more attention and its developments applied. This paper studied the viscosity reduction performance of three types of viscosity reducers and obtained good results. The viscosity reduction rate, interfacial tension, and emulsification performance of three types of viscosity reducers including anionic sulfonate, non-ionic (polyether and amine oxide), and amphoteric betaine were compared with Daqing crude oil. The results showed that the viscosity reduction rate of petroleum sulfonate and betaine was 75–85%. The viscosity reduction rate increased as viscosity reducer concentration increased. An increase in the oil–water ratio and polymer decreased viscosity reduction. When the concentration of erucamide oxide was 0.2%, the ultra-low interfacial tension was 4.41 × 10−3 mN/m. When the oil–water ratio was 1:1, the maximum water separation rates of five viscosity reducers were different. With an increase in the oil–water ratio, the emulsion changed from o/w emulsion to w/o emulsion, and the stability was better. Erucamide oxide and erucic betaine had good viscosity reduction and emulsification effects on Daqing crude oil. This work can enrich knowledge of the viscosity reduction of heavy oil systems with low relative viscosity and enrich the application of viscosity reducer varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Ag nanoparticles immobilized heterogeneous composite (Ag/GO-NH 2) was synthesized by anchoring nitrogen-containing small molecule onto graphene. The prepared Ag/GO-NH 2 was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TEM, identifying its structure and composition. Remarkably, the Ag/GO-NH 2 composite emerged as a heterogeneous catalyst, they can promote the multi-component aminophosphinoylation of benzyl alcohols with amines and H-phosphine oxides. This heterogeneous catalytic system demonstrated good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope, affording various α-aminophosphine oxides in good yields. Additionally, the nanocatalyst can be recovered and reused without significant decrease performance of the reaction. It offers an alternative and promising strategy for the heterogeneous synthesis of α-aminophosphine oxides. [Display omitted] • Heterogeneous synthesis of α-aminophosphine oxides through aminophosphinoylation of benzyl alcohols. • Good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. • Ag/GO-NH 2 catalyst exhibits good recyclability and proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofiltration (NF) membranes have garnered attention for their potential in Mg2⁺/Li⁺ separation applications, particularly due to their positively charged nature and the versatility offered by the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique. However, these membranes often face significant challenges in balancing high ion selectivity with adequate water permeability. Addressing these limitations, this study introduces a novel approach by grafting a zwitterionic material, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), onto polyacrylamide hydrochloride (PAH), creating a new cationic polyelectrolyte (TPAH). By cyclically depositing sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and TPAH onto a polyethersulfone (PES) substrate, we have successfully fabricated a high-performance NF membrane (i.e. , (PSS/TPAH) n) that demonstrates enhanced Mg2⁺/Li⁺ selectivity with high water permeability. TMAO features shorter distances between its positive and negative charge groups and smaller dipoles compared to other zwitterions. These characteristics enhance its ability to resistance to salt effects and transfer charge from amine oxide to water molecule. Furthermore, the grafting of TMAO enhanced the hydrophilicity of TPAH and regulated the charge distribution of the polyelectrolyte. Compared to the control membrane (PSS/PAH) n , the optimized membrane (PSS/TPAH) n showed reduced rejection of LiCl from 60.9 ± 2.7 % to 35.9 ± 1.5 %, while that of MgCl 2 increased from 94.3 ± 1.6 % to 96.1 ± 0.7 %. Additionally, water permeability improved from 9.2 ± 0.9 LMH/bar to 16.1 ± 0.5 LMH/bar. Notably, the membranes exhibited an improved selectivity for Mg2+/Li+ ions in synthetic saline, reaching a maximum of 30.5 ± 1.5, highlighting its potential for practical separation applications. Density functional theory simulations indicate that TMAO not only enhances Donnan effect and intensify ion dehydration of polyelectrolyte multilayers NF membranes but also increases their hydrophilicity. In general, these polyelectrolyte multilayers NF membranes exhibit considerable promise for multiple applications, such as seawater pretreatment, groundwater softening and lithium extraction. [Display omitted] • Polyelectrolyte multilayers nanofiltration membranes were prepared by TMAO grafting. • The modified membrane demonstrated increased water permeability and improved rejection of divalent cations. • Li+/Mg2+ selectivity was achieved benefit by the enhanced Donnan effect and intensive ion dehydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report discusses the reactivities of hydroxylamines with a family of nickellacyclic complexes prepared by C–H nickellation of aryl phosphinites. Treating the dimeric complexes κC,κP-{2-OPR2,4-R′-C6H4}2Ni2(μ-Br)2 (R = i-Pr; R′ = H, Cl, OMe, NMe2) or their monomeric acetonitrile adducts κC,κP-{2-OPR2,4-R′-C6H4}Ni(Br)(NCMe) with hydroxylamines showed three types of reactivities depending on the Ni complex, the reaction solvent, and the substrate used: (1) the benzyl-protected substrate PhCH2ONH2 gave simple N-bound adducts with all Ni complexes; (2) the parent Ni dimer (R′ = H) reacted with Et2NOH and (PhCH2)2NOH in CH2Cl2 to give, respectively, the zwitterionic amine oxide κC,κP-{2-OPR2-C6H5}Ni(κO-ONHEt2)Br and the bidentate aminoxide (i-R2POPh)Ni{κO,κN-ON(CH2Ph)2}Br; (3) the analogous reaction of substituted Ni complexes (R′ = Cl, OMe, NMe2) with hydroxylamines in acetonitrile gave adducts of imines derived from dehydration of Et2NOH and (PhCH2)2NOH. The latter reactivity proceeds optimally in acetonitrile, but it also occurs to a lesser extent in C6D6 if the reaction is allowed to go for more than 24 h. Different mechanistic scenarios have been considered to rationalize the observed hydroxylamine → imine transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quartz fiber has good high-temperature resistance, but the poor dispersion of quartz fiber in water limits the application of quartz paper in thermal insulation materials. As a technique that can solve the problem of fiber flocculation, foam forming provides a new approach to the formation of quartz fibers. This paper investigated the influence of fiber characteristics on foam properties and the dispersing effect of different foam systems on quartz fiber. Eventually, we constructed an evaluation model for the evenness of foam-formed quartz paper, and the foam forming mechanisms of quartz fibers were analyzed. The results show that quartz fiber with a hydrophobic surface has a stronger ability to refine the bubble sizes, and the half-life time of the foam system generally increases as the bubble size becomes smaller. The dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2) foam system is the most suitable one for the foam forming of quartz fiber. When the forming concentration reaches 1.6%, the formation index of the quartz paper (fiber length 6 mm) is less than 150. It is found that with fiber length increasing to 48 mm, quartz paper (forming a concentration of 0.6%) still has excellent uniformity. Under the suitable turbulence effect of aqueous foam and the physical barrier effect of bubbles, the foam-formed quartz paper has a good formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene (C60) has been regarded as an effective radical scavenger for many years, but the highly hydrophobic nature strongly limits its application in biological fields. Herein, a simple and green strategy for synthesizing water-soluble fullerene derivative was reported, in which intrinsic C60 was grafted by amine oxide functional group (AO-C60). In addition to its excellent aqueous dispersion, AO-C60 exhibited extremely low toxicity to mice macrophage cell RAW264.7. Further experiments have confirmed the prominent antioxidative ability of AO-C60 towards typical free radicals including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical (•OH) and nitric oxide (•NO) without the help of metal loading, while the IC50 could be as low as 0.09 mg/mL. Our work will shed light on the development of anti-oxidative nanoagents with both effectiveness and bio-safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The N -oxidation of tertiary amines was achieved by using electrochemically generated peroxodicarbonate solutions as sustainable oxidizers. The presence of EDTA and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone as a mediator was found to be crucial for converting water-insoluble substrates. Various tertiary amines were converted into their corresponding N -oxides in yields of up to 98%. The scope includes economically important surfactants and potential platform oxidizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osme bonds have been recently defined as the attractive interaction between an element of group 8 acting as an electrophile and any atom or group of atoms acting as a nucleophile. To date, the known examples of osme bonds in X-ray structures involve mostly the highly reactive OsO4 and amines and amine oxides. In this work, evidence supporting the existence of osme bonds in osmium(VI) derivatives is reported. In particular, nitrido-osmium(VI) complexes that present square-pyramidal geometries are well disposed to participate in osme bonds opposite to the Os≡N bond. By using a combination of experimental and theoretical results, the existence and importance of this new class of σ-hole interactions is demonstrated in the solid state of several nitrido-osmium(VI) derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional Staudinger reductions of organic azides are sluggish with aryl or bulky aliphatic azides. In addition, Staudinger reduction usually requires a large excess of water to promote the decomposition of the aza-ylide intermediate into phosphine oxide and amine products. To overcome the challenges above, we designed a novel triaryl phosphine reagent 2c with an ortho-SO2NH2 substituent. Herein, we report that such phosphine reagents are able to mediate the Staudinger reduction of both aryl and alkyl azides in either anhydrous or wet solvents. Good to excellent yields were obtained in all cases (even at a diluted concentration of 0.01 M). The formation of B-TAP, a cyclic aza-ylide, instead of phosphine oxide, eliminates the requirement of water in the Staudinger reduction. In addition, computational studies disclose that the intramolecular protonation of the aza-ylide by the ortho-SO2NH2 group is kinetically favorable and responsible for the acceleration of Staudinger reduction of the aryl azides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two kinds of long‐chain amine oxide surfactants, erucamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide (EAOS) and oleamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide (OAOS) were synthesized and compounded with different mass ratios. The rheological tests show that there is a synergistic effect between EAOS and OAOS, and this effect reaches the strongest at the EAOS/OAOS solution with α = 0.7 (α is the mass fraction of EAOS in the mixed surfactant). Through the synergistic effect between EAOS and OAOS, the temperature resistance of amine oxide surfactant solutions can be effectively improved. EAOS/OAOS (α = 0.7) solutions with total surfactant mass fractions of 3, 4, and 5 wt% show good high‐temperature resistance at 130, 140, and 150°C, respectively. After shearing for 60 min at 100 s−1, 160°C, the remaining viscosity of the 5 wt% EAOS/OAOS (α = 0.7) with 1 wt% KCl solution is 30 mPa s, meeting the demand of viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The membrane can be transformed from ultrafiltration to nanofiltration through a facile oxidation process. • The O-PASS/ATA membranes showed excellent harsh organic solvents resistance and nanofiltration performance. • The membranes were found to have good fouling resistance with F rr of 92.6%–98.7% and F ir less than 1.1%–7.5%. The development of membrane materials that are fouling-resistant and capable of achieving molecular separation from organic solvents is essential for industrial development. The strategy of introduction of zwitterionic compound amine oxide (AO) was proved to be an effective route. So, in this study, TA unit was introduced into polyarylene sulfide sulfone (PASS) molecular chain, then a facile one-step oxidation was conducted to convert the tertiary amine (TA) units in the membrane molecular chain to AO units. Through the oxidation treatment, the anti-fouling performance of the membranes was greatly improved with the Frr up to 95 % and F ir down to 10 %, indicating the potential for long-term filtration. Interestingly, with the oxidation process, the thioether (−S–) units in the polymer chain were found to oxidize to strong polar sulfone groups (−SO 2 –). Thus the rigidity of the molecular chain and the intermolecular interaction was significant enlarged, and the solvent resistance of the membrane was further enhanced. Also it is interesting that the membranes were transferred from ultrafiltration to loose nanofiltration membranes after the oxidation treatment. Then the oxidized membranes were conducted to organic solvent nanofiltration. The O-PASS/ATA membrane demonstrated a notable retention effect for dyes in ethanol, N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The retention of Congo red was maintained at a level exceeding 95 %, while the permeance remained stable at a range of 7–16 L m−2h−1 bar−1. This work presents an effective method for the preparation of nanofiltration membranes for organic solvents and demonstrates significant potential for achieving molecular separation in organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The amine oxide membrane pore size was found to be reversibly tunable. • The "trade-off" effect of the membrane was interestingly eliminated by the introduction of side amine oxide. • These membranes showed good anti-fouling properties and stability after multi-acid/alkali cycle treatment. Creating advanced polymer membranes with adjustable pores for various separation methods has been challenging because of the lack of new materials with adaptable and reversible chemical structures. In this study, we designed membranes using polyarylene ether sulfone/amide tertiary amine (PAES/ATA) copolymerized with polyarylene ether sulfone and polyamide tertiary amine. These membranes incorporated amine oxide units into their molecular chains by oxidizing the TA unit in the PAES/ATA copolymer chain. Applying the oxidation process improved antifouling properties, with the oxidized membrane showing a permeance recovery rate (Frr) of 95.48 % and a total fouling ratio (R t) of 9.35 %. These units also functioned as switches, altering their charge in different pH environments, thereby allowing pore size adjustment in the membranes. Notably, with the formation of amine oxide, these membranes exhibited properties distinct from the traditional "trade-off" effect, which is a persistent challenge in membrane technology development. The permeance and rejection rate of these membranes demonstrated the "simultaneous rise phenomenon" following a facile oxidation treatment to form amine oxide. This study presents a novel approach to develop membranes with new functional and tunable filtration capabilities, potentially applicable in various separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radicals generated by ionizing radiation (IR) can drive specific chemical reactions. This phenomenon underpins radiation-dependent prodrugs (RPDs), which are specifically activated by IR. RPDs thus represent a novel approach to enhance the therapeutic index of antineoplastic drugs by harnessing the spatial targeting potential of radiotherapy. Independent research groups have shown the effectiveness of RPDs in various animal tumor models, highlighting their translational potential. Despite the expanding array of IR-sensitive linkers, critical questions remain. In this work, we investigate the impact of clinically relevant factors including radiation energy and dose rate on cleavage efficiency across distinct linker chemistries. We confirmed the chemical structures of radio-conversion substrates via NMR and mass spectrometry. Radiation-induced activation was examined across four linker chemistries: dimethoxy benzyl alcohol (DMBA), phenyl azide (Az), amine oxide (NO), and quaternary ammonium (QA), all integrated with a common quenched fluorochrome core structure for standardized comparison and sensitive detection. Gentisic acid served as the reducing radical quencher, with tert-butanol and sulfuric acid as the oxidizing counterpart. We evaluated radiation-induced conversion efficiency by quantifying the dose-dependent release of probes across various radiation doses and conditions. Radiation was applied using a 320kV X-ray irradiator, and a 6MV clinical beam, with dose rates ranging from 10 to 600 cGy/min. Solid water phantoms (5 and 10 cm) simulated treatment depth. Payload release was measured by calibrated LC/MS analysis of product mixtures post-irradiation. Using radical species quenchers, we determined the specific radical species dependence for each probe's radioconversion. The DMBA conversion was driven by oxidizing radicals, whereas the Az, NO, and QA linkers primarily depended on reducing radicals, aligning with both existing literature and predicted reaction mechanisms. Our evaluation of conversion efficiencies revealed two key insights: first, linkers reliant on reducing radicals demonstrated superior conversion efficiencies (69.6 nM/Gy for DMBA vs 131-183 nM/Gy for Az, NO and QA); second, across a spectrum of radiation dose rates, energies, and treatment depths, conversion efficiencies remained comparable for each linker chemistry. Importantly, unirradiated linker stability was variable across linker moieties, highlighting the potential need to balance sensitivity and specificity in RPD activation. Our results highlight linker chemistry and radical-species dependence as particularly important factors in determining conversion efficiency. Moreover, we note comparable conversion efficiencies across a range of radiation conditions extending to those of clinical relevance. This work offers insight into the design of future RPDs and their translation into clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing functional membranes with switchable pores for the separation of contaminants with different sizes has been challenging due to the lack of novel materials with adaptable and adjustable structures. Polymers containing the tertiary amine (TA) unit can be transformed via oxidation into amine oxide (AO) structure that can modulate the membrane pore size. In this study, new monomers containing pH-responsive TA units and diacyl chloride containing reducible thioether (-S-) groups were used to yield pore-size-adjustable membrane resin polyarylene sulfide sulfone amide/amide tertiary amine (PASSA/ATA) at room temperature. By varying the polymerization ratio of the reaction solution, membranes could be prepared directly through non-solvent induce phase separation (NIPS) method without extra treatment. By oxidizing the TA units to AO through acid condition (H 2 O 2 /H 2 SO 4 /CH 3 COOH), the PASSA/ATA membrane can be switched from ultrafiltration to loose-nanofiltration with the rejection of RO16 and rhodamine B increased from 18.4% to 34.3 % (pristine membrane) to 91.7 % and 98.5 %. The permeance and rejection rate of the oxidized membrane were found to recover to the initial state after alkali-treatment. The mechanism of the switchable pore size was elucidated by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. Interestingly, the oxidized PASSA/ATA membrane showed good organic solvent resistance and in nanofiltration performance, as it was capable of retaining about 95 % of Congo red in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with permeance of about 10 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. This work presents a facile and low-carbon approach to develop novel membranes with multiple filtration capabilities, potentially applicable in various separation processes. Switchable polyaryl sulfide sulfone amide membrane containing tertiary amine unit: oxidation and reversible acid-base treatment. [Display omitted] • PASSA/ATA membranes were fabricated with a facile and low-carbon route. • The membrane pore size could be reversibly adjusted from ultrafiltration to nano-filtration with different pH value. • The membranes were found to have good organic solvent resistance and nanofiltration performance after facile one-step oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In order to establish stability indicating techniques to comprehend the degradation behavior of drug under stress environments and to establish degradation pathway for drug substance, forced degradation is a potential tool employed more frequently in pharmaceutical developments. The sole need of present research was to establish stability and forced degradation pathway profiling of sofosbuvir. Methods: The stability of sofosbuvir has been validated by RP-HPLC method, where mixture of Methanol: Water with 0.1 % formic acid (50:50 % v/v) was used as mobile phase at 1.0 mL/min in gradient method. Different stress conditions were employed as per ICH guidelines. Results: Total three degradation products (DPs) were observed. In acidic and alkaline conditions hydrolysis product was found to be DP I at a Rt 4.2, with m/z 488 and DP II at a Rt 3.6, with m/z, 393.3 respectively. In oxidative state with H2O2 as oxidizing agent, DP III at RT 3.2, with m/z at 393. Discussion and Conclusion: Sofosbuvir showed degradation in acidic, basic and oxidative medium. No degradation was observed in thermal, UV light and neutral conditions. 23% degradation was seen in acidic medium and DP I with m/z value of 487 could be due to removal of C(CH3)2 from methoxy end of molecular structure. 50% degradation was observed in alkaline conditions and DP II with m/z value of 488 was seen in ESI source in MS. Oxidative degraded products could be formed due to formation of amine oxide which may be formed from tertiary amines by hydrogen peroxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains a common disease with a significant health and economic burden worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) and bile acids (BAs), which play important roles in the gut-liver axis, have been confirmed to jointly participate in the development of NAFLD. GM not only regulate bile acids' synthesis, transport, and reabsorption by regulating other metabolites (such as trimetlyl amine oxide, butyrate), but also regulate dehydrogenation, dehydroxylation and desulfurization of bile acids. Meanwhile, disordered bile acids influence the gut microbiota mainly through promoting the bacterial death and lowering the microbial diversity. Although weight loss and lifestyle changes are effective in the treatment of NAFLD, the acceptability and compliance of patients are poor. Recently, increasing natural plants and their active ingredients have been proved to alleviate NAFLD by modulating the joint action of gut microbiota and bile acids, and considered to be promising potential candidates. In this review, we discuss the efficacy of natural plants in treating NAFLD in the context of their regulation of the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and bile acids, the crosstalk of which has been shown to significantly promote the progression of NAFLD. Herein, we summarize the prior work on this topic and further suggest future research directions in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of polysorbate 80 on zinc oxide flotation was investigated with an amine collector. The results indicated that the pretreatment of amines with polysorbate 80 enhanced the Zn grade and recovery obtained using zinc oxide flotation. Desliming prior to flotation is not suggested based on the results of this study. The appropriate temperature for flotation was as low as 8 °C, and this flotation method also could be applied to different types of zinc oxide ores. Under optimum flotation conditions, a concentrate with a Zn grade of 48.34% and a Zn recovery of 95.97% was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to provide information regarding the influences of pH and inorganic salts on the surface activity of the amido Gemini amine oxide surfactants, the formula of which was CnH2n+1CONH(CH2)2N+O-(CH3)-(CH2)2-(CH3)N+O-(CH2)2NHCOCnH2n+1 (n=11, 13, 15, and 17). Their biodegradability was also investigated. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the corresponding surface tension (γCMC) changed regularly with the increase of the mass concentration of NaCl and CaCl2. The optimal CMC and γCMC can be obtained by adjusting the inorganic salt content. Besides, the CMC near the isoelectric point of the surfactant is higher than the CMC within the isoelectric point. Furthermore, the biodegradability test revealed that the prepared surfactants had good biodegradability which was above 96% after 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to create fish kobeba samples from mackerel tuna, shrimp and squid meat. Three treatments were manufactured KTU (kobeba from tuna meat in the external and internal filling), KSH (kobeba from tuna meat in the external filling and shrimp meat in the internal filling) and KSQ (kobeba from tuna meat in the external filling and squid meat in the internal filling). Physicochemical, cooking properties, microbiological examination and sensory qualities were evaluated. After looking at the results of this study, it was clear that total volatile nitrogen, tri methyl amine and thiobarbituric acid means were 13.49 mg/100g, 5.06 mg/100g and 0.577 mg malonaldehyde / kg at the end of storage period. KTU was better in value of pH and WHC, but the KSH was better in plasticity. The results of cooking loss, cooking yield, fat retention and moisture retention were 22.71, 77.29, 135.14 and 77.66%. The result of aerobic plate count in KTU 2.11×103, KSH 2.29×103 and KSQ 2.13×103 cfu/g while psychrophilic bacteria 3.15×102, 3.12×102 and 2.39×102, respectively but Salmonella and Total Coliform not detected in all samples. Fish kobeba samples were considered sensory satisfactory at the end of storage period. It can be commercial manufactured, with high-quality marine food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic photovoltaics (OPV) that possibly convert ambient lights to electric energy are under the spotlight as a power supplier for portable, wearable, and Internet of Things devices. In order to enable the commercialization of ambient light harvesters, it is imperative to design and synthesize device components that offer cost-effectiveness, uniform deposition, and efficient charge extraction/collection. Here, we introduce a simple cathode interlayer (CIL) named EtNO for OPV-based ambient light harvesters. EtNO is designed with a chemical structure that does not require complicated conjugated units and is synthesized through a one-step procedure. EtNO CIL shows efficient reductions in the work function of electrodes, attributed to an interfacial dipole induced from an interaction between amine oxide group of EtNO and electrodes. Furthermore, EtNO forms a uniform layer through solution-processing without deteriorative effects on the surface of photoactive layer in OPVs. Therefore, the OPV with EtNO CIL exhibits an improved performance with an output power density of 79.2 μW cm–2 under light emitting diode illumination (1000 lx, 254 μW cm–2) compared to the device with conventional PDINO CIL (73.1 μW cm–2). Studies conducted on OPVs under halogen light illumination and on large-area devices further demonstrate the significant potential of EtNO as a CIL. [Display omitted] • A simple and cost-effective EtNO was synthesized for cathode interlayer. • EtNO showed efficient reductions in work function of electrodes. • EtNO formed a uniform layer without deteriorative effects on photoactive layer. • Organic photovoltaics with EtNO showed high power generations under ambient light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a series of thermooxidation stabilizers was investigated in poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) during processing by multiple extrusion at 190°C. The issue was to find out if PHB may be processing stabilized or not. Phenols of different steric hindrance, phosphites, amine oxide, hydroxylamine, lactone, hindered amine and carbodiimide were tested as potential stabilizers and their efficiencies compared with non‐stabilized polymer as a reference. Multiple extrusion data was evaluated using the processing degradation index (PDI) formerly designed for polypropylene. Changes in molecular weight were monitored as well. The results have shown that none of the stabilizing structures, currently successfully used in other polymers, have the ability to protect PHB. This indirectly implies that no radical chain scission takes place during PHB processing, i.e. no thermooxidation takes place. Moreover, nearly all of the tested structures act as prodegradants in PHB, some of them very strong. The strongest ones contain P or N atoms with asymmetrical free electron pairs in their molecules that evidently accelerate the main degradation mechanism of PHB—thermally induced cis‐elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Gut microbiota dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes an increase in the metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) that contributes to increased cardiovascular disease risk and exacerbates hyperglycemia. Aim The aim of this study was to assess serum TMAO and its relation with insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular risk indices in type 2 diabetic patients. Patients and methods This case–control study was conducted on 60 type 2 diabetic patients and 28 healthy ageand sex-matched individuals. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting serum insulin, and serum TMAO were measured. Assessment of IR index by using Homeostatic Model Assessment HOMA-IR was done. Neck ultrasound was done to assess carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Results All diabetic patients had significantly elevated TMAO values than controls. TMAO levels correlated positively with fasting serum insulin and HOMA-IR in IHD-diabetic patients, and correlated negatively with CIMT in diabetic patients both with and without IHD. Conclusion Serum TMAO levels were significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients than controls. TMAO showed a positive correlation with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in the IHD-diabetic patients and a negative correlation with CIMT in diabetics both with and without IHD. Serum TMAO more than 7 ng\ml may be considered a potential diagnostic biomarker for T2DM with IHD in Egyptians with T2DM. HOMA-IR level of more than 1.25 can be used for the diagnosis of IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review continues Part 1, which considered current trends in the processing of linear alpha olefins to ethylene copolymers, and anionic and nonionic surfactants. This review also briefly outlines such importnant trends in the processing of LAOs as alkylation to linear alkylbenzenes, the oligomerization of alpha olefins into poly alpha olefins, sulfonation to alpha olefin sulfonates, and other large-scale processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple one-pot method for the synthesis of 2-aminoethyldiphenylphosphine oxides is developed based on readily available diphenyl(2-phenoxyethyl)phosphine oxide and amines of different types under phase transfer catalysis conditions using anhydrous cesium carbonate as a base in acetonitrile or DMSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a probabilistic risk assessment for seven nitrosamines (i.e., N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodibuthylmine (NDBA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-nitrosomorpholone (NMOR) and N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA)) to assess the cancer risk posed by dietary intake of nitrosamines for Korean people. The estimated cancer risks were the highest in the order of NDMA, NDEA, NDBA, NPYR, NPIP, NMOR and NMEA. The cancer risks of NPYR, NPIP, NMOR and NMEA was estimated to be lower than de minimis risk (i.e., a cancer risk of 10−6), and thus, can be ignored. The derived cancer risks of NDEA and NDBA exceeded de minimis risk, but did not exceed de manifestis risk (i.e., a cancer risk of 10−4), meaning that no imminent action is required for either chemical. However, because the high-end cancer risk (i.e., > 90th percentile) by NDMA intake exceeded de manifestis risk owing to its strong carcinogenicity and high daily intake rate, action to reduce the cancer risk from dietary intake of NDMA is strongly warranted. Because NDMA formation in foods is an unavoidable chemical reaction between NDMA precursors (i.e., nitrogen oxides and organic amines), we recommend focusing on reducing the contents of NDMA precursors in foods as a best management practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous mixtures of anionic and nonionic/cationic surfactants can form non-trivial self-assemblies in solution and exhibit macroscopic responses. Here, we investigate the micellar phase of pure and mixed aqueous solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Dimethyldodecyl Amine Oxide (DDAO) using a combination of Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and rheological measurements. We examine the effect of temperature (0–60 °C), on the 20 wt% SDS micellar solutions with varying DDAO (⩽ 5 wt%), and seek to correlate micellar structure with zero-shear solution viscosity. SANS establishes the formation of prolate ellipsoidal micelles in aqueous solutions of pure SDS, DDAO and SDS/DDAO mixtures, whose axial ratio is found to increase upon cooling. Elongation of the ellipsoidal micelles of pure SDS is also induced by the introduction of the non-anionic DDAO, which effectively reduces the repulsive interactions between the anionic SDS head-groups. In FTIR measurements, the formation of elongated mixed ellipsoidal micelles is confirmed by the increase of ordering in the hydrocarbon chain tails and interaction between surfactant head-groups. We find that the zero-shear viscosity of the mixed surfactant solutions increases exponentially with decreasing temperature and increasing DDAO content. Significantly, a master curve for solution viscosity can be obtained in terms of micellar aspect ratio, subsuming the effects of both temperature and DDAO composition in the experimental range investigated. The intrinsic viscosity of mixed micellar solutions is significantly larger than the analytical and numerical predictions for Brownian suspensions of ellipsoidal colloids, highlighting the need to consider interactions of soft micelles under shear, especially at high concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovations in surfactant structures are a feasible way to prepare unique molecular aggregates with interesting properties. Herein, taking dehydroabietic acid as the starting material, a new amine oxide surfactant, abbreviated as R-8-AO, was synthesized. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) images and circular dichroism (CD) spectra reveal that at suitable concentrations, R-8-AO molecules form rarely discovered right-handed chiral wormlike micelles, which have a cross-sectional diameter of 5–6 nm. The overlap concentration of R-8-AO is approximately 8 mM, above which the wormlike micelles began to entangle in solutions. Due to the strong van der Waals forces between R-8-AO molecules, the scaling law gives an exponent of 7.88, which is higher than the theory predicted value. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized in-situ by irradiating mixed solutions of HAuCl 4 and wormlike micelles formed by R-8-AO with UV light. These ultrasmall spherical gold nanoparticles, which are located at the surface of wormlike micelles, have a uniform particle size of 3 ± 1 nm, as observed by TEM. In addition, the gold nanoparticles form a worm-like morphology induced by the wormlike micelles, showing soft-aggregate-directed nanoparticle assembly. This work is first to reveal the effectiveness of preparing ultrasmall gold nanoparticles with new morphological wormlike micelles as soft templates. The resulting organic-inorganic hybrid aggregates are also expected to find applications in catalysis and electronic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anionic copolymerization of acrylonitrile with methyl acrylate under the action of the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane–ethylene oxide initiating system was studied. Similarly to the anionic homopolymerization of acrylonitrile, the copolymerization is accompanied by the intra- and intermolecular chain transfer to the polymer. The influence of the copolymerization conditions on the intensity of the chain transfer leading to the formation of highly branched and hyperbranched copolymers was examined. The acrylonitrile–methyl acrylate copolymerization constants were determined: r1 = 1.25 ± 0.06 and r2 = 0.18 ± 0.07. Quantum-chemical calculations of the thermodynamic parameters of the copolymerization were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite oxide (GO) exhibits selective sorption of di -butylamine from a mixture of butylamine, di- butylamine and tri -butylamine. The selectivity is attributed to the higher basicity of di -butylamine in comparison to butylamine and tri -butylamine. Reaction of GO with a mixture of hexylamine and cyclohexylamine, two amines of similar basicity but different structures, suggests that in alkylamines, selectivity is predominantly due to the basicity of the amine with structural differences playing almost no role. However, when GO reacts with a mixture of aniline and cyclohexylamine (amines with a large difference in basicity) no selectivity is observed. The π-π interaction between the aromatic amine, aniline, and the aromatic regions of GO causes the sorption of aniline in its non-protonated form as much as cyclohexylamine with a far higher basicity. Image 10702 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three‐component reaction of p‐quinone monoacetals, amines and diarylphosphine oxides is developed to afford m‐(diarylphosphinyl)anilides in moderate to high yields. The reaction may proceed via a process involving phospha‐nucleophilic addition to an iminoquinone acetal intermediate and/or carbonyl‐amine condensation with a phosphinyl enone intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with traditional papermaking, foam forming is a new papermaking technology that uses foam instead of water to disperse fibres, which can effectively solve the problem of poor evenness of ceramic paper, but the instability of foam itself affects the application of foam forming technology. Herein, a highly stable foaming agent for foam forming technology was prepared via physical reaction of lauryl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2) with filamentous nanocellulose (cellulose nanofiber (CNF-C) and bacterial cellulose (BC)). Then, the quartz paper was prepared by foam forming technology. Firstly, hydrogen bond interactions between hydroxyl groups of the filamentous nanocellulose and hydrophilic moieties on OB-2 enabled the formation of a 3D nanonetwork layer on the surface of the bubble, which extended the half-life of the bubble and effectively prevented the bubble from bursting or coalescing. Then, the foam was extruded and cracked, and the filamentous nanocellulose was retained on the quartz fibres to prepare filamentous nanocellulose/quartz fibre paper by foam forming technology. The quartz paper exhibited excellent evenness and mechanical properties. In conclusion, the research of foam forming technology is of great significance to the application and development of special paper. [Display omitted] • Filamentous nanocellulose was first used in the foam forming technology. • The addition of filamentous nanocellulose extended the lifetime of the foam. • Fluorescent labeling revealed the adsorption of the nanocellulose on the bubble surface. • Filamentous nanocellulose enhanced the mechanical properties of the quartz paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employed the foam scanning method to investigate the foam properties of erucamide propyl amine oxide under various conditions, including different concentrations, temperatures, mineralization levels, salts, polymers, and weak alkaline conditions. The study covered aspects such as foaming ability, foam stability, foam carrying liquid capacity, drainage rate, and foam morphology. The research results indicated that as the concentration of the surfactant increased, the foaming ability and foam-carrying liquid capacity of erucamide propyl amine oxide increased, while foam stability and drainage rate remained relatively stable. With an increase in temperature, the foaming ability, maximum carrying liquid capacity, and drainage speed gradually increased significantly, while foam stability slightly decreased. The maximum carrying liquid capacity and drainage speed of the system increased nearly nine-fold. Different levels of mineralization, salt, and sodium carbonate had little impact on the foaming ability and foam stability of the foam system but increased the foam carrying liquid capacity and drainage rate. At the same salt concentration, the magnesium chloride system exhibited better foaming ability and foam stability but lower carrying liquid capacity and drainage rate compared to the sodium chloride system. As the temperature increased, the number of foams initially increased and then decreased, and 55°C was identified as a critical point. With the increase of time, the number of small bubbles decreased, the size of the foam increased, and the size became more uniform. The number of bubbles with a radius greater than 0.1 mm was almost unchanged with temperature increased at 200 s after N2-blowing. Therefore, erucamide propyl amine oxide exhibited excellent foam properties and demonstrated good salt and weak alkaline resistance. However, it was significantly influenced by temperature and polymers. This work provided data support for its application in the fields of daily chemicals, agriculture, medicine, and energy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Different variants of green synthesis based ZnO are fabricated by using lemon grass. • ZnO range from 25 to 100 nm in size is best for latent finger print development. • ZnO nanoparticles interact with fingerprint residue give distinctive fingerprint. • These nanomaterials possess unique properties that enhance fingerprints development. • Alternative to other hazardous conventional fingerprint development technique. Here we are presenting a promising approach for the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials by using lemon grass with minimal environmental impact. The fabricated zinc oxide (ZnO) doped with different dyes ranging from 25 −100 nm were applied to read the minutiae points of finger prints that can lead for person identification. In this model project, we doped different dyes on ZnO and used for the development of latent finger prints on different surfaces and at time duration (1 h to 24 h). The linkage between nanomaterials and fingerprint residues is among oxide group and amine group. We presented that these designed materials have the ability to develop fingerprints on variety of substrates. We displayed that with the passing of time the chroma index and intensity reduce but still at 24 h we can read the minutiae details. This research opens a new era to enhance and quantifying contrast between surface and applied material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is widely employed as an antibiotic, while its residue in environment has become a common public concern. Using 100 mg/L SMX as the sole nutrient source, the acclimated sludge obtained by this study displayed an excellent SMX degradation performance. The addition of SMX resulted in significant microbiological differentiation within the acclimated sludge. Microbacterium (6.6%) was identified as the relatively dominant genera in metabolism group that used SMX as sole carbon source. Highly expressed proteins from this strain strongly suggested its essential role in SMX degradation, while the degradation of SMX by other strains (Thaurea 78%) in co-metabolism group appeared to also rely on this strain. The interactions of differentially expressed proteins were primarily involved in metabolic pathways including TCA cycle and nitrogen metabolism. It is concluded that the sulfonamides might serve not only as the carbon source but also as the nitrogen source in the reactor. A total of 24 intermediates were identified, 13 intermediates were newly reported. The constructed pathway suggested the mineralizing and nitrogen conversion ability towards SMX. Batch experiments also proved that the acclimated sludge displayed ability to biodegrade other sulfonamides, including SM2 and SDZ and SMX-N could be removed completely. [Display omitted] • Mineralization rate of SMX by acclimated sludge was high to 98.4%. • Microbacterium might simultaneously utilized SMX as carbon and nitrogen source. • Enzyme primary amine oxide connected ammonia oxidation and the degradation of SMX. • Abilities of sulfonamides biodegradation and nitrogen removal have been verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dramatic intensification of antimicrobial resistance occurrence in pathogenic bacteria concerns the global community. The revitalisation of inactive antibiotics is, at present, the only way to go through this health system crisis and the use of antimicrobial adjuvants is turning out the most promising approach. Due to their low toxicity, eco-friendly characteristics and antimicrobial activity, amphoteric surfactants are good candidates. This study investigated the adjuvant potentialities of commercial acyclic and newly cyclic N-oxide surfactants combined with therapeutically available antibiotics against MDR methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The safety profile of the new cyclic compounds, compared to commercial surfactants, was preliminarily assessed, evaluating the cytotoxicity on human peripheral mononuclear blood cells and the haemolysis in human red blood cells. The compounds show an efficacious antimicrobial activity strongly related to the length of the carbon atom chain. In drug–drug interaction assays, all surfactants act synergistically, restoring sensitivity to oxacillin in MRSA, with dodecyl acyclic and cyclic derivatives being the most effective. After evaluating the cytotoxicity and considering the antimicrobial action, the most promising compound is the L-prolinol amine-oxide C12NOX. These findings suggest that the combination of antibiotics with amphoteric surfactants is a valuable therapeutic option for topical infections sustained by multidrug-resistant S. aureus.

Wood products, especially those used in outdoor conditions, can be damaged by dimensional changes and decay fungi. It is therefore advised to use impregnation treatments to mitigate these hazards. While the potency of the chemicals employed in the treatments is important, characterization of the treatments is also crucial to ensure deep and durable protection. In this study, eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were impregnated with propiconazole and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) through diffusion. Instead of using pressure treatments, the samples were dipped in solutions containing amine oxides, which can diffuse into the wood. The treatments were characterized by the mass of fungicide impregnated, fungicide leaching, and the impregnation depths of both the fungicides and the amine oxides. It was found that the treatment impregnated slightly more than 0.040 kg/m³ of both fungicides, meeting EU standards. It was also shown that the presence of amine oxides slightly prevented the leaching of the fungicides in white pine. The penetration of the amine oxides was several millimeters deep in all directions, but the penetrations of the fungicides were much shorter and only longitudinal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were fabricated via Improved Hummers method. Then, the fabricated GO nanoparticles were modified by octadecyl amine (ODA) through multi-step procedure in order to improve their optoelectrical activity. In this case, modification of GO with ODA (GO-ODA) was conformed via FTIR analysis. Afterward, through the modified vacuum shock technique, nanocomposites containing Sasobit along with GO and GO-ODA were fabricated at different filler loadings. UV-Vis light spectroscopy results showed that the modification of GO with ODA can enhance the visible light absorption rate, while it can perfectly absorb UV beams. Despite, addition of Sasobit along with GO and GO-ODA can lead to significant increase in the whole UV-vis light region and overlap the low visible light absorption rate of both GO and GO-ODA. Eventually, with cost affordable materials such as Sasobit along with GO and GO-ODA, high absorption rate in the UV-Vis light region can be obtained. In fact, by development of these kinds of shields, practical barriers against harmful beams such as UV can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]