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Caring for the dead, remembering and showing respect are essential to any community. Those who do not know where their relatives and ancestors are buried, often feel disoriented and erased from history. This article discusses the impact of the (broken) relationship between the living and the dead on current conflicts over public colonial monuments. To understand the protests, this article examines the significance of the so-called ‘necropolitical space’ (Ruin 2018): the ongoing connection between the living and the dead that holds a community together. Monuments play an important role in this space. In the first section, I explain the meaning of necropolitical space by referring to the iconoclastic French revolutionaries in 1793 and the reburial of Civil War victims in present-day Spain. Then, using this concept, I focus on the controversy surrounding the colonial statue of J.P. Coen in the Netherlands. Its prominent location and visual language ignore the 1621 massacre on the Banda Islands by the Dutch, much to the dismay of the descendants who are demanding recognition for their culture. I conclude that the protests can also be interpreted as a call to restore the relationship with the ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controversy still surrounds recovered memories, centred around replacing the term repressed memory with dissociative amnesia. This study investigated whether exposure to these terminologies impacted legal opinions. In total, 886 participants were recruited across four experiments (1a/2a, followed by 1b/2b). In experiments 1a/1b, participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: Repressed Memory, Dissociative Amnesia, and Control. They tested whether reading a paragraph/watching a video about one of these terms would impact their opinions on the admissibility of recovered memories in court. Experiments 2a/2b focused on dissociative amnesia's inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Participants were randomly allocated to either Dissociative Amnesia or DSM-5 Authority. Again, participants read a paragraph/watched a video corresponding to their condition, ascertaining any significant differences in opinions on recovered memory admissibility. Experiment 1a found that the Dissociative Amnesia condition was significantly more likely to support recovered memory admissibility than those in the Control condition. Experiment 1b found a significant difference between the Repressed Memory and Control condition. Experiments 2a/2b yielded no significant results. These results suggest that different terminologies affect opinions regarding recovered memory admissibility in students compared to the public (repressed memory on the public; dissociative amnesia in students). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the eurocentrism of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) and its manifestation as colonial amnesia among European spatial planning academics. It examines how European planning scholars often overlook or ignore the imperial and colonial practices that historically financed European cities and regions, shaping their development through revenues from slavery, overseas plantations, and resource exploitation.

The hope for reconcilable bilateral relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh is still haunted by the traumatic split of East and West Pakistan in 1971 and the persistence of official lies. A historical reconstruction of the past is one of the markers that can begin the process of truthful remembering that allows for forgetting and reconciliation. I argue that Sorayya Khan’s novel Noor (2003) can be read as an attempt, what Paul Ricoeur expects from writers, to remember the sufferers of history, who are silenced through the dominant narrative of national history. I contend that Khan inextricably weaves a history of victimization and trauma into Noor, helping the Pakistani nation confront a violent history of invisible injuries – silence, suffering and loss, genocide denialism, and the violation of human rights. It is also argued that, apart from telling the past, the novel challenges the established denial mechanisms – the politics of denialism. In Pakistan, genocide denialism and historical amnesia persist, and the history of victimization is swept under the carpet. Since Pakistan’s literary and academic responses to 1971 have been scant, previous studies on Noor disregard the relationship between a history of victimization, trauma, and denialism. Through a post-conflict reading of the novel in relation to the 1971 conflict between West and East Pakistan, I explore a genocidal past that has been silenced through epistemic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a common symptom of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Galveston Amnesia and Orientation Test (GOAT) and Orientation-Log (O-Log) are commonly used assessment tools to evaluate PTA following TBI. In this study, we aimed to validate the Persian versions of both scales. The forward-backward translation method was used, and a panel of experts, including three neuroscientists, one epidemiologist, and four lay experts with TBI experience, evaluated the scales. A total of 140 mild TBI patients aged 12 years and older were subsequently assessed with scales. Reliability was assessed using two approaches including Cronbach's Alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The total ICCs were 0.870 (95% CI: 0.818–0.907) and 0.687 (95% CI: 0.564–0.776) for the GOAT and O-Log, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha values for the GOAT and O-Log were 0.64 and 0.75, respectively. A significant correlation was also found between the GOAT score and the O-Log (r = 0.729, p < 0.001). The Persian GOAT and O-Log were validated as reliable tools for monitoring TBI patients' orientation. The interviews revealed significant cultural considerations that must be considered when the scales are translated and validated to ensure their validity and reliability in diverse cultural contexts and prevent bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a reassessment of published literature on the question of whether retrograde amnesia data from patients with severe trauma supports the idea that there is ongoing consolidation of long-lasting memories. That is, memory consolidation continues for decades with older memories being increasingly consolidated, and, thus, more protected from forgetting. Our analysis was limited to patients with specific traumas rather than neurodegenerative conditions that can be complicated by the additional presence of significant anterograde amnesia. These constraints were used because trauma patients have a definitive start to their amnesia allowing comparison of their memories before this event, unlike when there is an undefined amnesia onset. Our results revealed that the standard account of retrograde amnesia only fits part of the data, with more than half not conforming to this account. Specifically, damage to different brain areas was associated with different patterns of retrograde amnesia. Those cases where the standard retrograde amnesia account was held tended to involve damage to the hippocampus and temporal lobes, as expected. Future directions to better understand the influence of retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovered COVID-19 patients frequently suffer of cognitive disorders. Several etiopathogenetic mechanisms have been considered for the brain complications in COVID-19 but results are uncertain. Amongst them, an olfactory route to SARS-CoV-2 brain infection might explain cognitive and memory disturbances in post-COVID-19 patients, given the cooccurrence of anosmia and possible underlying limbic involvement. The aims of the study are to investigate cognition of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome, and to find clinical factors predicting cognitive and memory impairments. 18 patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome underwent neuropsychological assessment and evaluation of clinical parameters. Stepwise regression analysis was used between clinical parameters as factors and cognitive global scores as dependent variables. Since only anosmia predicted memory performances, repeated measures ANOVA of memory scores was conducted between anosmic and non-anosmic patients. We found lack of association between clinical parameters and cognitive performances. Only anosmia was a good predictor for memory performances, with anosmic subjects showing a temporo-mesial amnesic profile. Our study shows novel findings of causal association between transient anosmia during COVID-19 and memory disorders with temporo-mesial dysfunction, probably sharing a common pathophysiological mechanism, and suggesting a possible SARS-CoV 2 infection of the limbic brain via the olfactory route. In contrast to previous studies, cognitive dysfunctions were not associated with respiratory distress, comorbidity, and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the treatment efficacy of a discourse-based working memory (WM) protocol for individuals with the amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method: The current study employed a randomised, single-blind design. Fourteen individuals with MCI participated in the study (n = 7 treatment group and n = 7 control group). The treatment protocol consisted of 10 sessions two times per week, and treatment was individually administered only to the treatment group. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to verify pre-post comparisons within each group. Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests were conducted to confirm the differences between the treatment and control groups for the post-treatment scores. Result: The treatment group demonstrated a significant increase in story-retelling outcomes for both the treated stories and untreated novel stories compared to the control group. Furthermore, the treatment group presented transfer effects for WM span measures and controlled word association tasks. Conclusion: The results indicated that a discourse-based WM treatment protocol is efficacious for the amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment with the effects transferred to frontal lobe functions, as measured by WM tasks and semantic word fluency measures. Further studies are needed to track the trajectory of performance across sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a clinical precursor to Alzheimer's disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) bears a considerably heightened risk of transitioning to AD compared to cognitively normal elders. Early prediction of whether aMCI will progress to AD is of paramount importance, as it can provide pivotal guidance for subsequent clinical interventions in an early and effective manner. Methods: A total of 107 aMCI cases were enrolled and their electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected at the time of the initial diagnosis. During 18-month follow-up period, 42 individuals progressed to AD (PMCI), while 65 remained in the aMCI stage (SMCI). Spectral, nonlinear, and functional connectivity features were extracted from the EEG data, subjected to feature selection and dimensionality reduction, and then fed into various machine learning classifiers for discrimination. The performance of each model was assessed using 10-fold cross-validation and evaluated in terms of accuracy (ACC), area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive predictive value (PPV), and F1-score. Results: Compared to SMCI patients, PMCI patients exhibit a trend of "high to low" frequency shift, decreased complexity, and a disconnection phenomenon in EEG signals. An epoch-based classification procedure, utilizing the extracted EEG features and k -nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, achieved the ACC of 99.96%, AUC of 99.97%, SEN of 99.98%, SPE of 99.95%, PPV of 99.93%, and F1-score of 99.96%. Meanwhile, the subject-based classification procedure also demonstrated commendable performance, achieving an ACC of 78.37%, an AUC of 83.89%, SEN of 77.68%, SPE of 76.24%, PPV of 82.55%, and F1-score of 78.47%. Conclusion: Aiming to explore the EEG biomarkers with predictive value for AD in the early stages of aMCI, the proposed discriminant framework provided robust longitudinal evidence for the trajectory of the aMCI cases, aiding in the achievement of early diagnosis and proactive intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately 20–25% of patients who survive medical treatment at an intensive care unit (ICU) develop post-traumatic stress symptoms. There is currently a gap in follow-up care for them. As part of the PICTURE study, general practitioners (GPs) carried out a brief interview-based intervention. The aim of this sub-study is to record the most distressing memories of ICU treatment from the patient's perspective and their evaluation of a GP-based brief psychological intervention. Methods: Participants were recruited from the intervention group of the main PICTURE study using selective sampling. All of them had experienced an ICU stay with mechanical ventilation and severe organ failure in the previous two years. They were interviewed about their experience of psychological stress during their ICU stay and their retrospective evaluation of the intervention. Semi-structured, guideline-based telephone interviews were conducted for this purpose, processed, and analyzed using the structuring qualitative content analysis based on Mayring. Findings: When asked N = 8 patients about the most stressful memory of their stay at ICU, the main themes were helplessness, pain, fixation, inability to communicate and sleep disturbances. The question of amnesia regarding the stay in the ICU was answered affirmatively by half of the interviewees but was not experienced as stressful. The brief trauma-focused intervention carried out by their GPs was well received by all respondents. Conclusions: The interviewees confirm that aversive traumatizing experiences are often associated with intensive care treatment and reinforce each other. These are due to the treatment setting but should be reduced wherever possible. In view of chronification and the lack of specific follow-up treatment options for these patients and the long waiting times for psychotherapy, the implementation of low-threshold treatment options by GPs appears to be ideally suited to closing this gap in care, particularly for patients with mild to moderate symptoms of a post-traumatic stress disorder. Trial registration: The main trial was registered at ClinTrials gov (NCT03315390) and at the German Register of Clinical Trials (DRKS, DRKS00012589) on 17/10/2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amnesia is a memory disorder marked by the inability to recall or acquire information. Hence, drugs that also target the neurogenesis process constitute a hope to discover a cure against memory disorders. This study is aimed at evaluating the antiamnesic and neurotrophic effects of the aqueous extract of Parkia biglobosa (P. biglobosa) on in vivo and in vitro models of excitotoxicity. For the in vivo study, 42 adult male rats were divided into six groups of seven rats each and treated daily for 30 days as follows: normal control group (distilled water, 10 mL/kg, po), negative control group (distilled water, 10 mL/kg, po), positive control group (piracetam, 200 mg/kg, po), and 03 test groups (extract, 44, 88, and 176 mg/kg, po). Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, ip) was administered once daily, 45 min after these treatments, for 14 days, except in the normal control group. The animals were then subjected to short‐term memory (new object recognition and T‐maze) and long‐term memory (radial arm maze) tests for 15 following days. Animals were then euthanized, and biochemical analyses (neurotransmitters, oxidative status, and neuroinflammation) were performed in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and serum. Histological analysis of these organs was also carried out. In the in vitro study, the effect of the extract (5, 10, 19, 40, 77, 153, 306, 615, 1225, and 2450 μg/mL) was assessed on the viability of primary cortical neurons exposed to L‐glutamate (0.1 mg/mL). Scopolamine induced memory impairment and increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss. P. biglobosa extract (44 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.001) short‐ and long‐term memory deficit. It also increased (p < 0.01) the concentration of acetylcholine, reduced (p < 0.001) that of malondialdehyde, and limited (p < 0.001) neuroinflammation and neuronal loss (p < 0.001). In addition, the extract (2450 μg/mL) increased (p < 0.001) the percentage of viable cells. These results suggest that the extract has effects on amnesia and neurogenesis. These effects seem to be mediated by antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory modulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential diagnosis of acute-onset amnesia includes transient global amnesia (TGA), transient epileptic amnesia (TEA), and functional (or psychogenic) amnesia. The most common of these, TGA, is a rare but well-described condition characterised by a self-limited episode of dense anterograde amnesia with variable retrograde amnesia. Although the clinical phenomenology of TGA is well described, its pathogenesis is not currently understood, thus preventing the development of evidence-based therapeutic recommendations. Here, TGA, TEA, and functional amnesia are considered in light of the historical engram conception of memory, now informed by recent experimental research, as disturbances in distributed ensembles of engram neurones active during memory formation and recall. This analysis affords therapeutic implications for these conditions, should interventions to reactivate latent or silent engrams become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a reliable retrospective link to early-life traumatic stress, dissociation has been formulated as a pathology of abnormal socioemotional development. Dissociation hence should be identifiable and diagnosable in childhood. This study aimed to address the extent to which current formulation and diagnostic criteria of adult dissociation is applicable to children. This case study documented and analyzed the potentially dissociative experiences and behaviors in a 11-year-old boy from a residential facility accommodating children from high-risk families. The first-person account from the child client about his potentially dissociative experiences and the observations of the clinician witnessing the targeted behaviors were documented, revealing a symptom profile similar to adult dissociation. Dissociation disrupted multiple domains of typically integrated mental functioning including memory, consciousness, and the sense of self. The child client presented unusual forgetfulness that was observed by others, while the child himself was able to describe experiences involving gaps in consciousness and a fragmented and disconnected sense of self. This case study renders support for the current formulation of dissociative pathology and its applicability to high-risk cases in early developmental stages. This finding also indicates the importance of trauma-informed care in child residential settings. With gentle guiding prompts, children are able to recognize and articulate unusual experiences, facilitating the early identification of dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on clinical practice guidelines for assessing and managing post-traumatic cognitive impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Topics include the severity grading of TBI based on the Glasgow Coma Scale; the role of psychiatric and cognitive assessments in developing treatment plans; and the importance of cognitive rehabilitation interventions in improving recovery outcomes.

The phytochemical composition and neuroprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Guaiacum officinale leaves against scopolamine-induced amnesia were investigated. Spatial memory was evaluated through the Morris water maze, while the entire brain was assessed for acetylcholinesterase (AchE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. The presence of glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins was detected in the ethanolic extract through phycological analysis. The findings suggested that the ethanolic extract alleviated scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairments caused by scopolamine and decreased the AchE activity. The study also detailed MDA, SOD, transfer latency periods, and acetylcholine esterase levels in both normal and extract-treated groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing is a powerful tool to enhance memory in healthy participants and patients with probable dementia. Here, we investigated whether the drawing effect could extend to patient CT, a young woman with severe anterograde amnesia. Following surgery for a midline tumor involving her septum pellucidium and extending down into her fornices bilaterally, CT experienced a severe case of sleep-related amnesia. She can remember information encountered throughout the day, but when waking up in the morning or following a nap she forgets information learned prior to sleep. Here, we tested CT and 21 age-matched controls in a 3-day within-subjects design, during which participants encoded words by either drawing or writing them down. Memory for encoded words was tested in two conditions that each followed a 12-h delay, once after a night of sleep, and once after 12 h of wake. Despite her severe memory impairment, CT showed a drawing effect that was comparable to controls in both sleep and wake conditions. Whereas CT's memory for written words was consistently impaired relative to controls, her memory for drawn words was at the lower control range following a waking delay and above chance following a sleep delay. We suggest that amnesic patients may benefit from the drawing effect due to the recruitment of brain regions outside of the hippocampal system for encoding and consolidation. Furthermore, in control participants, sleep benefited memory for written words, but not for drawn words, suggesting that sleep preferentially consolidates memories that are more dependent on the hippocampal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching within natural scenes can induce incidental encoding of information about the scene and the target, particularly when the scene is complex or repeated. However, recent evidence from attribute amnesia (AA) suggests that in some situations, searchers can find a target without building a robust incidental memory of its task relevant features. Through drawing-based visual recall and an AA search task, we investigated whether search in natural scenes necessitates memory encoding. Participants repeatedly searched for and located an easily detected item in novel scenes for numerous trials before being unexpectedly prompted to draw either the entire scene (Experiment 1) or their search target (Experiment 2) directly after viewing the search image. Naïve raters assessed the similarity of the drawings to the original information. We found that surprise-trial drawings of the scene and search target were both poorly recognizable, but the same drawers produced highly recognizable drawings on the next trial when they had an expectation to draw the image. Experiment 3 further showed that the poor surprise trial memory could not merely be attributed to interference from the surprising event. Our findings suggest that even for searches done in natural scenes, it is possible to locate a target without creating a robust memory of either it or the scene it was in, even if attended to just a few seconds prior. This disconnection between attention and memory might reflect a fundamental property of cognitive computations designed to optimize task performance and minimize resource use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital age, handwriting literacy has declined to a worrying degree, especially in non-alphabetic writing systems. In particular, Chinese (and also Japanese) handwriters have suffered from character amnesia (提笔忘字), where people cannot correctly produce a character though they can recognize it. Though character amnesia is widespread, there is no diagnostic test for it. In this study, we developed a fast and practical test for an individual's character amnesia rate calibrated for adult native speakers of Mandarin. We made use of a large-scale handwriting database, where 42 native Mandarin speakers each handwrote 1200 characters from dictation prompts (e.g., 水稻的稻, read shui3 dao4 de1dao4 meaning "rice from the word rice-plant"). After handwriting, participants were presented with the target character and reported whether their handwriting was correct, they knew the character but could not fully handwrite it (i.e., character amnesia), or they did not understand the dictation phrase. We used a two-parameter Item Response Theory to model correct handwriting and character amnesia responses, after excluding the don't-know responses. Using item characteristics estimated from this model, we investigate the performance of short-form tests constructed with random, maximum discrimination, and diverse difficulty subsetting strategies. We construct a 30-item test that can be completed in about 15 min, and by repeatedly holding out subsets of participants, estimate that the character amnesia assessments from it can be expected to correlate between r = 0.82 and r = 0.89 with amnesia rates in a comprehensive 1200 item test. We suggest that our short test can be used to provide quick assessment of character amnesia for adult Chinese handwriters and can be straightforwardly re-calibrated to prescreen for developmental dysgraphia in children and neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hippocampus plays an essential role in long-term episodic memory by supporting the recollection of contextual details, whereas surrounding regions such as the perirhinal cortex support familiarity-based recognition discriminations. Working memory - the ability to maintain information over very brief periods of time - is traditionally thought to rely heavily on frontoparietal attention networks, but recent work has shown that it can also rely on the hippocampus. However, the conditions in which the hippocampus becomes involved in working memory tasks are unclear and whether it contributes to recollection or familiarity-based responses in working memory is only beginning to be explored. In the current paper, we first review and contrast the existing amnesia literature examining recollection and familiarity in episodic and working memory. The results indicate that recollection and familiarity contribute to both episodic and working memory. However, in contrast to episodic memory, in working memory the hippocampus is particularly critical for familiarity-based rather than recollection-based discrimination. Moreover, the results indicate that the role of the hippocampus in working memory can be obscured due to criterion-induced process-masking because it primarily supports intermediate-confidence recognition decisions. We then report results from a new working memory study examining the ability of amnesics to detect global and local changes in novel complex objects (i.e., fribbles), which indicates that the hippocampus plays an especially critical role in working memory when the task requires the detection of global rather than discrete changes. We conclude by considering the results in light of neurocomputational models and proposing a general framework for understanding the relationship between episodic and working memory.

Amnesia is characterized by memory deficits linked to various neurodegenerative pathologies and can be induced by the administration of scopolamine, a cholinergic antagonist. Scopolamine-induced amnesia is a well-studied pharmacological animal model that simulates memory impairment caused by aging, brain illnesses, neuropathologies, and trauma. However, the molecular mechanism of amnesia, more importantly in terms of microRNA (miRNA) regulation, is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze miRNA profiles in the hippocampus of both control mice and those treated with scopolamine (amnesic mice). Initially, a short cDNA library was prepared for each sample and then sequenced on the Illumina platform. Among the total differentially expressed miRNAs, 113 were significantly upregulated and 96 were downregulated in the scopolamine group in comparison to the control group. Ten upregulated and ten downregulated miRNAs were validated to confirm the reliability of the sequencing results using qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR). Furthermore, we performed a target prediction analysis intersecting the results from TargetScan, miRDB (miRNA database), and Miranda to analyze the targets of the dysregulated miRNAs. We also conducted a pathway analysis to investigate the molecular, cellular, and biological functions of these targets. miRNA‒target interactions were found to play roles in various signaling pathways during amnesia. These results provide an initial insight for the contribution of miRNAs to scopolamine-induced amnesia, as well as their possible application as markers of disease pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Dissociative amnesia, a disorder characterized by impairments in multiple memory areas, is frequently associated with trauma. Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is marked by mood dysregulation, negative self-concept, and impaired interpersonal relationships, in addition to the classic symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The relationship between CPTSD and dissociative amnesia, as well as whether CPTSD should be considered a dissociative subtype, remains uncertain in the literature. Individuals diagnosed with CPTSD tend to exhibit higher levels of dissociative symptoms than those diagnosed with PTSD. Clinical presentation We present the clinical report of a 42-year-old male who, after a car accident, exhibited core symptoms of PTSD along with symptoms of self-organization disorders. While these symptoms persisted, the patient developed dissociative amnesia years after the trauma. Neuroimaging studies, psychometric tests, reviewed hospital records, and clinical interviews were conducted to speculate on the differential diagnosis of organic psychiatric conditions and potential diagnoses. The possible relationship between dissociative amnesia and complex post-traumatic stress disorder was examined. Conclusion This case demonstrates the complexity of differentiating dissociative amnesia from organic conditions. Discussing the possible shared mechanisms between CPTSD and dissociative amnesia could contribute to a better understanding of both conditions.

A cornerstone of memory science is the finding that the medial temporal lobe plays a critical role in supporting episodic long-term memory. However, the role that this brain region plays in supporting other forms of memory such as working memory is controversial. In this selective review, we describe some of the key studies that have informed our current understanding of the role that the medial temporal lobe plays in working memory. We first describe the early studies that supported the idea that the medial temporal lobe is selectively important for long-term episodic memory function, then discuss the subsequent research that indicated that the hippocampus also plays a critical role in visual perception and visual working memory. We then review more recent work suggesting that the medial temporal lobe, and particularly the hippocampus, is critical in supporting a familiarity-based memory signal in working memory, and we propose that this function may not be limited to the visual domain, but rather may support familiarity for auditory working memory as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dissociative amnesia, a disorder characterized by impairments in multiple memory areas, is frequently associated with trauma. Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is marked by mood dysregulation, negative self-concept, and impaired interpersonal relationships, in addition to the classic symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The relationship between CPTSD and dissociative amnesia, as well as whether CPTSD should be considered a dissociative subtype, remains uncertain in the literature. Individuals diagnosed with CPTSD tend to exhibit higher levels of dissociative symptoms than those diagnosed with PTSD. Clinical presentation: We present the clinical report of a 42-year-old male who, after a car accident, exhibited core symptoms of PTSD along with symptoms of self-organization disorders. While these symptoms persisted, the patient developed dissociative amnesia years after the trauma. Neuroimaging studies, psychometric tests, reviewed hospital records, and clinical interviews were conducted to speculate on the differential diagnosis of organic psychiatric conditions and potential diagnoses. The possible relationship between dissociative amnesia and complex post-traumatic stress disorder was examined. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the complexity of differentiating dissociative amnesia from organic conditions. Discussing the possible shared mechanisms between CPTSD and dissociative amnesia could contribute to a better understanding of both conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I analyze the relation of commemorations to the Confederacy and to lynching as they form architectures for racial terror. I analyze the memorializing of both Confederate monuments and victims of lynching, focusing on how the Hayes and Mary Turner's lynching and memorial spaces are intertwined with the relation to the spaces in which Robert E. Lee and other Confederate 'heroes' are memorialized, and argue that the violence of Confederate memorials is present in ways that the destruction and displacement of memorials to lynching are absent. By developing a relational aesthetics between them, I argue that they point to a more fundamental structure in which sovereignty based on architectures of racial terror and reproduced in the spatiality of lynching and Jim Crow amnesia and that this amplifies the need for forming a collective memory grounded in a collective sense of dissent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brain has been shown to undergo progressive atrophy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, more evidence is needed to elucidate how the brain structure changes during the progression to AD. Here, we observed differences in the cerebral structure among patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and patients with AD. Methods: A total of 46 participants were selected and divided into AD, aMCI, and healthy control (HC) groups. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) was performed on all participants. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) techniques were utilized to analyze sMRI data so as to identify significant differences among the specific brain regions of these three groups. Then, a correlation analysis was performed on the characteristics of the identified brain regions and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cognitive assessment scores. Results: The volume of the left precuneus region, which was identified by voxel-based morphometry, and the thickness of both sides of the inferior parietal, which was identified by surface-based morphometry, were shown to be less in AD/aMCI patients, compared to those of the HC. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant differences between the volume of the left precuneus region and the MMSE/MoCA scores, as well as between the thickness of the left and right sides of the inferior parietal region and the MMSE/MoCA scores. Conclusion: The sMRI characteristics of the identified brain regions were considered to be potential predictive diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Systematic review registration: Identifier: ChiCTR2400092593. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Managing symptoms, notably psychiatric symptoms, in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is complex, affecting both patients and caregivers. People with DLB often react poorly to antipsychotics, limiting treatment options. Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)'s potential for DLB is acknowledged, evidence is scarce owing to limited studies. This study investigated ECT's effectiveness and safety for DLB and prodromal DLB with antecedent psychiatric symptoms. Methods: This retrospective study investigated people with DLB (N = 12) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with LB (N = 13), a prodromal form of DLB, who underwent ECT for psychiatric symptoms and had abnormal findings confirmed using dopamine transporter single‐photon emission computed tomography and 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy. We reviewed these patients' medical records and determined the severity of psychotic symptoms before and 1 week after the final ECT session with the Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale (CGI‐S). Improvement in psychotic symptoms was evaluated approximately 1 week after the final ECT session using the CGI Improvement Scale (CGI‐I). Additionally, we assessed cognitive function and dementia severity before and after ECT, as well as any adverse events caused by ECT. Results: ECT significantly improved psychiatric symptoms, as assessed using the CGI‐S, with CGI‐I reports in the order of 60% "very much improved," 20% "much improved," 16% "minimally improved," and 4% "no change." Parkinsonism improved (Hoehn and Yahr: 1.76 ± 1.2 before vs. 1.04 ± 0.7 after, p < 0.001) as did dementia severity (Clinical Dementia Rating, p = 0.037). Adverse events included delirium in 24% of patients and amnesia in 4% of patients. ECT did not worsen cognitive function. Conclusions: ECT for DLB and MCI with LB with antecedent psychiatric symptoms appears safe and effective in managing psychiatric symptoms and Parkinsonism. Further large‐scale multicenter studies are warranted to conclusively establish its effectiveness and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Non-fatal intimate partner strangulation is a common condition presenting to the ED. • Anoxic brain injury due to non-fatal strangulation can result in LOC with amnesia. • Nearly half of events denied LOC but reported hypoxia symptoms followed by amnesia. • ED Providers should screen for amnesia using a standardized assessment. A paucity of literature exists dedicated to the identification of anoxic brain injury in patients that survive non-fatal intimate partner strangulation (NF-IPS). While some individuals report experiencing symptoms of brain hypoxia followed by a loss of consciousness, other individuals report symptoms of brain hypoxia prior to amnesia, rendering some unable to recall loss of consciousness (LOC). Using a standardized clinical assessment tool, the purpose of this retrospective analysis is to describe anoxic brain injury symptom prevalence in a sample of patients reporting NF-IPS. One hundred and ninety-one unique patients, reporting a total of 267 strangulation events, were assessed by a member of the Shasta Community Forensic Care Team utilizing the Strangulation Hypoxia Anoxia Symptom TBI Assessment (SHASTA) tool. The sample is 98% female and includes adult patients ages 18–68. Examination records were categorized based on the presence or absence of hypoxia and anoxia symptoms. This manuscript utilizes the STROBE checklist. Amnesia was reported in 145 of the 267 strangulations (54.3%). Of those, 74 reported LOC (51.0%) while 71 did not recall LOC (49.0%). Within our sample, 49% of patients with amnesia did not recall losing consciousness, demonstrating that LOC is an imperfect measure of anoxia for patients following NF-IPS. Healthcare providers examining NF-IPS patients should inquire about additional symptoms of hypoxia and amnesia, which can be captured on the SHASTA tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mechanisms underlying generalized forms of dissociative ('psychogenic') amnesia are poorly understood. One theory suggests that memory retrieval is inhibited via prefrontal control. Findings from cognitive neuroscience offer a candidate mechanism for this proposed retrieval inhibition. By applying predictions based on these experimental findings, we examined the putative role of retrieval suppression in dissociative amnesia. Methods: We analyzed fMRI data from two previously reported cases of dissociative amnesia. Patients had been shown reminders from forgotten and remembered time periods (colleagues and school friends). We examined the neuroanatomical overlap between regions engaged in the unrecognized compared to the recognized condition, and the regions engaged during retrieval suppression in laboratory-based tasks. Effective connectivity analyses were performed to test the hypothesized modulatory relationship between the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (raDLPFC) and the hippocampus. Both patients were scanned again following treatment, and analyses were repeated. Results: We observed substantial functional alignment between the inhibitory regions engaged during laboratory-based retrieval suppression tasks, and those engaged when patients failed to recognize their current colleagues. This included significant activation in the raDLPFC and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and a corresponding deactivation across autobiographical memory regions (hippocampus, medial PFC). Dynamic causal modeling confirmed the hypothesized modulatory relationship between the raDLPFC and the hippocampus. This pattern was no longer evident following memory recovery in the first patient, but persisted in the second patient who remained amnesic. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with an inhibitory mechanism driving down activity across core memory regions to prevent the recognition of personally relevant stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective memory decline (SMD) might represent the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and has been reported in epileptic amnesia associated with accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). We investigated ALF in SMD subjects by means of RAVLT recall and recognition and ROCF recall after 1-week retention and compared with a control group. Two-way ANOVAs for RAVLT and ROCF were conducted, and stepwise regression analysis was administered considering EMQ and DASS-21 as factors. SMD subjects performed significantly worse than controls at 1-week delay on RAVLT recall and recognition, but not on ROCF, and not associated with depression or memory complaints. SMD patients showed ALF, which is usually associated with temporomesial dysfunctions, representing a cognitive marker to assess objectively memory problems in SMD, and to undisclose initial neurodegenerative disease involving temporal structures usually compromised in AD. Therefore, SMD might no longer be "subjective," but rather a specific and defined clinical entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe sex differences in concussion characteristics in US Service Academy cadets. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Four US service academies. Participants: 2209 cadets (n = 867 females, n = 1342 males). Independent Variable: Sex. Outcome Measures: Injury proportion ratios (IPR) compared the proportion of injuries by sex (females referent) for injury situation, certainty of diagnosis, prolonged recovery, recurrent injuries, mental status alterations, loss of consciousness (LOC), posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), retrograde amnesia (RGA), motor impairments, delayed symptom presentation, and immediate reporting. Main Results: Concussions from varsity/intercollegiate sports [IPR of 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43–2.10] and intramurals (IPR of 1.53, 95% CI 1.02–2.32) accounted for a larger proportion in males, whereas concussions outside of sport and military activities accounted for a smaller proportion among males (IPR of 0.70, 95% CI 0.58–0.85). The proportion of concussions with prolonged recovery was lower among males (IPR of 0.69, 95% CI 0.60–0.78), while concussions with altered mental status (IPR of 1.23, 95% CI 1.09–1.38), LOC (IPR of 1.67, 95% CI 1.17–2.37), PTA (IPR of 1.94, 95% CI 1.43–2.62), and RGA (IPR of 2.14, 95% CI 1.38–3.31) accounted for a larger proportion among males. A larger proportion of concussions that were immediately reported was observed in males (IPR of 1.15, 95% CI 1.00–2.31). Proportions of other characteristics (e.g., recurrent injuries) were not different between sexes. Conclusions: A higher proportion of concussions occurred outside of sport and military training for female cadets, who also displayed proportionally longer recovery times than males, despite males demonstrating a higher proportion of LOC, PTA, and RGA. Possible factors may include different mechanisms of injury outside of sport and military training, different biopsychosocial states associated with sex or injury context, and delayed injury reporting when outside of an observed environment, possibly secondary to perceived stigma about reporting injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) contains a dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) characterized by depersonalization and derealization. Yet, there is evidence that dissociative symptoms in PTSD go beyond this kind of detachment dissociation and that some patients present with additional compartmentalization dissociation in the form of auditory-verbal hallucination, amnesia, and identity alteration. Methods: Hence, in this study, we examined latent profiles of childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), PTSD (Impact-of-Event Scale-Revised), and pathological dissociation (Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon; DES-T) in a large sample of severely traumatized inpatients with PTSD (N = 1,360). Results: Results support a three-class solution of the latent profile analysis with a PTSD class, a dissociative subtype class, and a third class characterized by more complex and more severe dissociative symptoms. Importantly, in our inpatient sample of patients with severe PTSD, the latter class was found to be the most prevalent. Both the exploratory character of our retrospective analysis of clinical routine data and the use of the DES-T limit the generalizability of our findings, which require methodologically more rigorous replication. Conclusion: In severe PTSD, dissociative symptoms beyond detachment are highly prevalent. Diagnostic and treatment implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most fundamental and longstanding debate in corporate law--the purpose of the corporation--has found new energy in connection with broader discussions about the power of modern corporations and their role in society. Companies have increasingly embraced the consideration of employees, communities, and other stakeholders in the course of everyday business. However, these same considerations are virtually non-existent in merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions. Elon Musk's recent acquisition of Twitter provides an illustration of this stark disconnect. Prior to the transaction, Twitter pursued numerous stakeholder-centric goals. In contrast, Musk had taken a skeptical, if not hostile, stance toward stakeholder governance. When Twitter negotiated its sale to Musk, the board succumbed to "stakeholder amnesia"--overlooking its stakeholder commitments in favor of the high-premium all-cash offer from Musk. Twitter is not alone: stakeholder amnesia is a widespread phenomenon in M&A. In this Article, we argue that corporate boards have the legal and practical ability to consider stakeholder interests in their dealmaking. We examine three of the most significant barriers that might prevent a board from incorporating their stakeholder-related objectives into transactions--fiduciary duties, negotiation leverage, and contractual feasibility--and demonstrate that, outside of the Revlon context, none of these are compelling barriers. Rather, boards that consider stakeholder interests in their dealmaking can be acting consistently with their fiduciary duties. Moreover, boards often have the negotiation leverage and capability to incorporate stakeholder protections into their contractual agreements. We conclude that stakeholder considerations can pervade all aspects of managerial decision-making, including decisions about the sale of the company. In doing so, we also provide specific recommendations for courts, boards, and transaction planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following bilateral hippocampal damage caused by an acute stroke superimposed on an old, previously undiagnosed stroke, Mr. S, a 54-year-old man with narcissistic-psychopathic traits and a long-standing history of pathological lying, was admitted to our ward. He presented with anterograde amnesia and claimed he had lost his ability to lie. Mr. S underwent extensive neuropsychological testing and psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy one to two times per week. His emotional responses fluctuated between perceiving the stroke as both his salvation and his punishment, viewing the therapist as either caring or punitive, and regarding himself as omnipotent yet helpless. The medical team was similarly divided, with some viewing the patient as a malingerer and others perceiving him as severely impaired. We interpreted these polarized responses both from the patient and the medical team as consistent with a paranoid-schizoid position. From a neurofunctional perspective, we propose that these fluctuations were linked to the patient's fragmented perception across multiple domains, including memory, time, space, body, and self, alongside an impairment in his body's structural representation. Dynamically, we suggest that the patient's inability to lie revealed his underlying difficulty in tolerating the depressive position without the protective shield provided by his habitual pathological lying. We conclude that hippocampal function plays a crucial role in the psychopathology of pathological lying. Specifically, we propose that the creation of pathological lies relies on the same anatomical structures involved in memory formation. Dynamically, we argue that pathological lies serve a similar function to the manic defense, protecting against an unbearable depressive position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complaint of transient impairment or loss of memory as an attendant feature in some migraine attacks has long been recognised. In some cases, migraine may be a trigger or precipitating factor for the syndrome of transient global amnesia (TGA); however, the exact frequency of this concurrence is unknown. Here, the authors present three cases of TGA in the context of migraine headache, consider possible reasons why this concurrence might be under‐recognised, review possible shared pathogenetic mechanisms and suggest a new terminology—'migramnesia'—which may encourage clinicians to address the possible significance of migraine in the context of an episode of TGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates surrounding the origin of recovered memories of child abuse have traditionally focused on two conflicting arguments, namely that these memories are either false memories or instances of repressed memories (i.e., reflecting the idea that people can unconsciously block traumatic autobiographical experiences and eventually regain access). While scientific evidence for the first is clearly established, the second is the subject of a controversy in the academic, clinical, and legal fields. This controversy rages on today. In this introductory article to our topic "Beyond Repressed Memory: Current Alternative Solutions to the Controversy," we present alternative and more parsimonious explanations for repressed memories that we sorted into three categories: cognitive, motivational, and biological factors. Our aim is to provide a timely overview to help clinical and legal professionals, academics, and the general public to move beyond the idea that traumatic memories can be unconsciously repressed. There is an ongoing debate about the origin of recovered memories, traditionally viewed as either false or repressed memories. While false memories are scientifically supported, repressed memories remain controversial. We propose alternative explanations categorized into cognitive, motivational and biological factors to explain recovered memory cases.A [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissociative amnesia is a diagnosis category that implies a proposed mechanism (often called dissociation) by which amnesia is caused by psychogenic means, such as trauma, and that amnesia is reversible later. Dissociative amnesia is listed in some of the most influential diagnostic manuals. Authors have noted the similarities in definition to repressed memories. Dissociative amnesia is a disputed category and phenomenon, and here I discuss the plausibility that this cognitive mechanism evolved. I discuss some general conditions by which cognitive functions will evolve, that is, the relatively continuous adaptive pressure by which a cognitive ability would clearly be adaptive if variation produced it. I discuss how adaptive gene mutations typically spread from one individual to the whole species. The article also discusses a few hypothetical scenarios and several types of trauma, to examine the likely adaptive benefits of blocking out memories of trauma, or not. I conclude that it is unlikely that dissociative amnesia evolved, and invite further development of these ideas and scenarios by others. Dissociative amnesia is a presumed memory phenomenon involving the storage of traumatic experiences, followed by a period of no conscious awareness, with later recall possible. It is also a diagnostic category in the influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This current paper questions whether this extraordinary type of memory mechanism could have evolved in humans, by examining several different scenarios. The article is unable to identify a plausible consistent advantage that would have led to dissociative amnesia genes to spread throughout a population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the possibility of practitioners who mistake organic memory loss for dissociative amnesia. It starts with the case of a young man with complete retrograde amnesia due to a traumatic head injury. Because he did not show any gross neurological abnormalities, a neurologist thought his amnesia had a psychological origin. An extensive neuropsychological examination revealed that the man did have an organic reason for his amnesia. Next, the existence of dissociative memory loss as well as isolated organic retrograde amnesia is considered. While cases of organic memory loss are well‐documented, there is hardly any evidence for dissociative amnesia. It is argued that organic memory loss might be mistakenly taken for dissociative amnesia. In line with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, practitioners are advised to rule out the possibility of organic memory loss, before diagnosing a patient with dissociative amnesia. A patient with autobiographical memory loss but without gross neurological abnormalities may be diagnosed with dissociative amnesia, i.e., amnesia with a psychological origin. In this article, I argue that the absence of apparent neurological symptoms does not mean that a patient's amnesia is caused by psychological factors. Only when a medical history, neuropsychological testing, and brain scans rule out a neurological origin of the memory loss, a patient may genuinely suffer from dissociative amnesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]