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The potential of using long in vitro culture (LIVC) of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from early antral follicles (EAFs) as an assisted reproductive technology in cattle has shown promising results. This study explored the feasibility of applying this technology to sheep as seasonal breeding animals. Ovaries from sheep were collected during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons. COCs were isolated from EAFs (350–450 μm) and cultured in TCM199 medium supplemented with 0.15 μg/mL Zn sulfate, 10−4IU/mL FSH, 10 ng/mL estradiol, 50 ng/mL testosterone, 50 ng/mL progesterone, and 5 μM Cilostamide. After five days of LIVC, the COCs were submitted to an in vitro maturation procedure. The results indicate successful in vitro development of COCs, evidenced by a significant increase in oocyte diameter (p < 0.000) and the preservation of gap junction communication between oocyte and cumulus cells. The gradual uncoupling was accompanied by a progressive chromatin transition from the non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) to the surrounded nucleolus (SN) (p < 0.000), coupled with a gradual decrease in global transcriptional activity and an increase in oocyte meiotic competence (p < 0.000). Maintenance of oocyte-cumulus investment architecture, viability, and metaphase II capability was significantly higher in COCs collected during the breeding season (p < 0.000), suggesting higher quality than those obtained during the non-breeding season. In conclusion, our study confirms LIVC feasibility in sheep, emphasizing increased effectiveness during the breeding season in isolating higher-quality COCs from EAFs. These findings can influence improving the LIVC system in mammals with seasonal reproduction. • LIVC protocol promotes efficient oocyte growth from sheep EAFs in the breeding season. • LIVC supports chromatin transition, reduces transcriptional activity, and enhances meiotic competence. • Cultured COCs showed higher viability, morphological integrity, and open gap junctions during the breeding season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provenance is becoming increasingly important in meat supply chains as it lends products higher perceived quality. However, its precise definition and interpretation along with its associated characteristics factors have remained somewhat elusive. This review meticulously defines meat provenance while dissecting the essential factors and associated quality attributes that constitute its essence and are subsequently employed to establish pertinent markers for provenance. Meat provenance emerges as a multi‐dimensional construct stemming from the adept management of a constellation of factors relating to geographical origin, farm production system, traceability, and authenticity. Through intricate interactions, these factors unveil innate originality that not only forges a distinct reputation but also imparts a unique typicity to the meat product. Gaining insights into a meat product's provenance becomes attainable by scrutinizing its pertinent composition and organoleptic quality traits. Trace elements and stable isotopes stand out as provenance markers, forging a direct connection to both geographical origin and dietary sources. While somewhat less direct in linkage, other markers such as plant biomarkers, fatty acid composition, pH levels, flavour and aromatic compounds along with organoleptic characteristics contribute to the overall understanding of provenance. Additionally, the identification of animal species and breeds serves as key markers, particularly in the context of protected geographical indications. The study findings are useful for the various stakeholders of how the information for meat provenance can be linked with intrinsic and extrinsic factors for meat quality and protecting the integrity of the supply chain with special reference to traceability and authenticity. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiaquatic animals breed in environments with a mix of aquatic and terrestrial features, each requiring appropriate types of locomotion with differential energetic demands and containing different suits of predators. We surveyed calling locations of male Eastern Gray Treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) at our study pond to assess average composition of land/water substrates available to females during mate choice. We also conducted acoustic playback trials to examine whether the mate choice behavior of females was affected by approach substrate; that is, whether females had to swim or walk towards a potential mate. We found that mate preferences were not strongly affected by the substrate of movement: the preferred call duration (“peak preference”) was similar in both treatments, but females showed somewhat stronger discrimination against values deviating from their peak preference (higher “preference selectivity”) in the water treatment. By contrast, other aspects of phonotaxis behavior were clearly different and consistent with females perceiving water as a more dangerous environment: in the water treatment, females took longer to leave the dry release point, jumped further when leaving the release point, and took advantage of features of the playback setup (i.e., the aquatic arena was surrounded by walls) to leave the water and approach the speaker “on land”. This suggests that females do not compromise mate preferences but adjust associated behaviors to minimize risk, and that environmental heterogeneity has little influence on sexual selection regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Horse body conformation is an important aspect to evaluate in sport horse selection since the overall body shape determines the limits of the range of movement and function of the horse and, ultimately, its future performance. The genetic improvement of this breed is under the control of the National Association of Maremmano Breeders (ANAM), the first Italian association to use a continuous evaluation scale to evaluate the horses enrolled in the Studbook in the early 1990s. Morphological scoring is a common evaluation method for domestic animals. People employed in this type of role must be able to translate their judgements regarding certain features of the animal's body into numbers or letters, thus avoiding the need to measure the animal. Only a few aspects of the horse's body conformation are actually measured since this activity is difficult and expensive. This study proposes an easier approach to horse scoring in order to obtain genetic proof of morphological traits and, consequently, to support breeders in making targeted selection decisions. Three new factors were computed and summed through an unique New Estimated Breeding Value (NEBV1), with the purpose of supporting breeders in adopting an easier and more accurate selection approach. Morphological scoring is a common evaluation method for domestic animals. The National Association of Maremmano Breeders (ANAM) has provided a dataset containing the records of 600 horses, four metric measurements (cm) and 24 traits with a continuous evaluation scale, each one with 15 classes. Moreover, a body condition score (BCS) with five classes is included. In this study, factor analysis was conducted to create a small number of informative factors (3) obtained from these traits, and a new BLUP-AM-MT index was established. The New Estimated Breeding Value (NEBV1) of each horse was computed by adding the genetic indexes of the three factors, with each one multiplied using a coefficient indicated by ANAM. The practical feasibility of the NEBV1 was evaluated through Spearman correlations between the rankings of the NEBV1 and the rankings of the BLUP-AM-MT, estimated through the four biometric measures and the morphological score (MS) assigned to each horse by the ANAM judges. The factorial analysis was used to estimate three factors: the "Trunk Dimension", "Legs" and "Length". As the explained variance was only 32%, the model was rotated, and the heritability of the three factors were 0.51, 0.05 and 0.41, respectively. After rotation, the estimated correlations between the new NEBV1 and the biometric measures were improved. These results should encourage breeders to adopt a breeding value index that takes into consideration the factors derived from all the variables observed in the morphological evaluation of the Maremmano. In this way, breeders can use it to select the best animals for breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: In Switzerland, the importance of transparency in animal experimentation is emphasized by the Swiss Federal Council, in recognition of the public's great interest in this matter. Current Swiss law requires institutions and the government to inform the public about various aspects, such as the number of animals used in experiments, their species, or the severity of harm of the experiment. However, much relevant information is missing, such as the number of breeding or surplus animals, the fate of the animals (both in facilities and after an experiment), and how the balancing of animal harm and human benefits has been performed to justify a particular experiment. Considering that the Swiss government has a duty to provide information on animal experimentation conducted on the public's behalf, such information should be disclosed. If Switzerland is to move toward more transparency in public information on animal experimentation, an update of the legal requirements is needed. In this article, we give recommendations for Swiss law to move toward more transparency in public information. In Switzerland, the importance of transparency in animal experimentation is emphasized by the Swiss Federal Council, recognizing the public's great interest in this matter. Federal reporting on animal experimentation indicates a total of 585,991 animals used in experiments in Switzerland in 2022. By Swiss law, the report enables the public to learn about many aspects such as the species and degree of suffering experienced by the animals, but some information of interest to the public is missing, such as the fate of the animals at the end of the experiment (e.g., euthanized, rehomed in a private home, reused in another experiment). When it comes to animals bred in facilities but not used in experiments, further information of interest is not required to be made public according to Swiss law, for example, the number and fate of "surplus" animals (i.e., animals bred but not used in experiments for a variety of reasons such as not carrying the phenotypical properties needed). Considering that the Swiss government has a duty to provide a full accounting of animal experimentation conducted on the public's behalf, further relevant information should be disclosed. While efforts toward transparency, such as the STAAR Agreement, have been made in the scientific community, these mostly reflect the legal requirements already in force. If Switzerland is to move toward more transparency in public information on animal experimentation, an update of the legal requirements is needed. In this article, we give recommendations for Swiss law to move toward more transparency in public information on seven aspects: (1) the fate of the animals at the end of the experiment; (2) the sources of funding for animal experimentation; (3) the harm-benefit analysis performed by researchers and ethics committees to justify an experiment using animals; (4) the number of breeding/surplus animals; (5) the fate of breeding/surplus animals; (6) the harms experienced by animals in facilities; and (7) the funding of animal facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative approaches in nanotechnology provide a potentially promising alternative to untreatable cases of mastitis caused by genus Prototheca spp. algae infections. Drying of the teats of the affected animals or culling are typically the outcomes of mastitis in dairy cattle caused by these pathogens. A major issue in both veterinary medicine and animal breeding is the Prototheca species' widespread resistance to the current methods of managing infections and the available drugs, including antibiotics. Commercial antifungal preparations are also ineffective. Nanotechnology, an emerging discipline, has the potential to create an effective alternative treatment for protothecal mastitis. The aim of the paper is to combine the literature data on the use of nanotechnology in the control of mastitis, taking into account data on combating mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. infections. The databases employed were PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, focusing on literature from the last 20 years to ensure relevance and currency. Studies conducted in vitro have demonstrated that nanomaterials have significant biocidal activity against mastitis infections of different etiologies. Analyzed research papers show that (NPs), such as AgNPs, CuNPs, AuNPs, etc., may not negatively impact various cell lines and may be effective agents in reducing the pathogens' viability. However, it is also critical to assess the risks involved in using nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play an important role in all living organisms under stress conditions by acting as molecular chaperones. The expression of different HSPs during stress varies depending on their protective functions and anti-apoptotic activities. The application of HSPs improves the efficiency and decreases the economic cost of animal breeding. By upregulating the expression of HSPs, feed supplements can improve stress tolerance in farm animals. In addition, high expression of HSPs is often a feature of tumor cells, and inhibiting the expression of HSPs is a promising novel method for killing these cells and treating cancers. In the present review, the findings of previous research on the application of HSPs in animal breeding and veterinary medicine are summarized, and the knowledge of the actions of HSPs in animals is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic improvement of complex traits in animal and plant breeding depends on the efficient and accurate estimation of breeding values. Deep learning methods have been shown to be not superior over traditional genomic selection (GS) methods, partially due to the degradation problem (i.e. with the increase of the model depth, the performance of the deeper model deteriorates). Since the deep learning method residual network (ResNet) is designed to solve gradient degradation, we examined its performance and factors related to its prediction accuracy in GS. Here we compared the prediction accuracy of conventional genomic best linear unbiased prediction, Bayesian methods (BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, and Bayesian Lasso), and two deep learning methods, convolutional neural network and ResNet, on three datasets (wheat, simulated and real pig data). ResNet outperformed other methods in both Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) and mean squared error (MSE) on the wheat and simulated data. For the pig backfat depth trait, ResNet still had the lowest MSE, whereas Bayesian Lasso had the highest PCC. We further clustered the pig data into four groups and, on one separated group, ResNet had the highest prediction accuracy (both PCC and MSE). Transfer learning was adopted and capable of enhancing the performance of both convolutional neural network and ResNet. Taken together, our findings indicate that ResNet could improve GS prediction accuracy, affected potentially by factors such as the genetic architecture of complex traits, data volume, and heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In point‐of‐care diagnostics, the continuous monitoring of sweat constituents provides a window into individual's physiological state. For species like horses, with abundant sweat glands, sweat composition can serve as an early health indicator. Considering the salience of such metrics in the domain of high‐value animal breeding, a sophisticated wearable sensor patch tailored is introduced for the dynamic assessment of equine sweat, offering insights into pH, potassium ion (K+), and temperature profiles during episodes of heat stress and under normal physiological conditions. The device integrates a laser‐engraved graphene (LEG) sensing electrode array, a non‐invasive iontophoretic module for stimulated sweat secretion, an adaptable signal processing unit, and an embedded wireless communication framework. Profiting from an admirable Truth Table capable of logical evaluation, the integrated system enabled the early and timely assessment for heat stress, with high accuracy, stability, and reproducibility. The sensor patch has been calibrated to align with the unique dermal and physiological contours of equine anatomy, thereby augmenting its applicability in practical settings. This real‐time analysis tool for equine perspiration stands to revolutionize personalized health management approaches for high‐value animals, marking a significant stride in the integration of smart technologies within the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal movement and population connectivity are key areas of uncertainty in efforts to understand and predict the spread of infectious disease. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in South America poses a significant threat to globally significant populations of colonial breeding marine predators in the South Atlantic. Yet, there is a poor understanding of which species or migratory pathways may facilitate disease spread. Compiling one of the largest available animal tracking datasets in the South Atlantic, we examine connectivity and inter‐population mixing for colonial breeding marine predators tagged at the Falkland Islands. We reveal extensive connectivity for three regionally dominant and gregarious species over the Patagonian Shelf. Black‐browed albatrosses (BBA), South American fur seals (SAFS) and Magellanic penguins (MAG) used coastal waters along the Atlantic coast of South America (Argentina and Uruguay). These behaviours were recorded at or in close proximity to breeding colonies and haul‐out areas with dense aggregations of marine predators. Transit times to and from the Falkland Islands to the continental coast ranged from 0.2–70 days, with 84% of animals making this transit within 4 days ‐ a conservative estimate for HPAI infectious period. Our findings demonstrate BBA, SAFS and MAG connectivity between the Falkland Islands and mainland South America over an expansive spatial network and numerous pathways, which has implications for infectious disease persistence, transmission and spread. This information is vital in supporting HPAI disease surveillance, risk assessment and marine management efforts across the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), observed in many flat-faced dog breeds, is one of the most urgent welfare problems in pedigree dogs. Various breeding schemes against BOAS have been implemented in many countries during recent years, but their impact on breed health remains unknown. The BOAS breeding test, used by the Finnish Kennel Club (FKC), includes an exercise component with a recovery assessment, BOAS grading by a veterinarian that evaluates upper respiratory signs before and after exercise, and a nostril stenosis assessment. The aim of our study was to evaluate BOAS breeding test results and estimate the heritability of the BOAS grade using parent–offspring regression from FKC data collected during 2017–2022. Results: The majority (80%) of dogs (n = 957) participating in FKC BOAS testing were English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Pugs. In 2022, 89–100% of the litters from these three breeds registered with the FKC had at least one parent tested for BOAS. The proportion of dogs failing the exercise test was highest in English Bulldogs (11%), followed by French Bulldogs (4%) and Pugs (3%). In these three breeds, moderate to severe BOAS signs were reported in 28%, 22% and 30% of dogs, respectively. The proportion of moderate to severe nostril stenosis was highest (71%) in Pugs, followed by French Bulldogs (55%), and English Bulldogs (40%). Estimates of heritability for BOAS grade were separately calculated for these three breeds and for all dogs, and the estimates were moderate to high, ranging from 0.39 to 0.58. Conclusions: The exercise test alone did not sufficiently identify dogs with moderate to severe BOAS signs. To better consider the complex nature of BOAS and breed differences, exercise tolerance, the severity of upper respiratory signs (BOAS grade) and nostril stenosis should all be assessed together in breeding animals. The heritability estimates for veterinary-assessed BOAS grade indicated that BOAS grade could be used in selective breeding to obtain less-affected offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In livestock breeding, single nucleotide polymorphism arrays have become a cornerstone of modern livestock breeding. SNP arrays facilitate the identification of genetic markers linked to economically important traits and provide a powerful tool for predicting breeding values. However, conventional breeding programs often overlook additional genomic features contained in the SNP array data that can provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity, copy number variation, inbreeding levels and potential challenges in breeding lines. Here we present genomeprofile, a tool using SNP array‐based genomic data, offering a comprehensive profile of breeding animals including the identification of copy number variants and runs of homozygosity, and screening for aneuploidy. By integrating these features into the breeding landscape, genomeprofile enables a more comprehensive picture of genomic variation, ultimately enhancing precision breeding strategies. To illustrate the practicality and efficacy of genomeprofile, we applied the tool to a dataset of four pig breeding lines. The genomeprofile tool is a user‐friendly tool that processes genotype data in finalreport or plink ped format efficiently into useful output. The output contains copy number variations, runs of homozygosity, selection signatures, aneuploidy and inbreeding per individual and across populations. This allows breeding companies and researchers to identify unique individuals or regions in the genome of interest based on routinely collected data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 requires the availability of zygotes that implies animal breeding, superovulation schemes, and embryo collection. Vitrification of zygotes may allow having ready-to-use embryos and to temporally dissociate the workload of embryo production from microinjection. In this study, fresh (F group) or vitrified (V group) zygotes were microinjected with CRISPR/Cas9 system to test the hypothesis that vitrified zygotes could be a suitable source of embryos for microinjection. In Experiment 1 (in vitro evaluation), B6D2F1/J zygotes were microinjected and cultured until blastocyst stage. Embryo survival and cleavage rates after microinjection were similar between groups (~50% and ~80% respectively; P = NS). Development rate was significantly higher for F than V group (55.0% vs. 32.6%, respectively; P<0.05). Mutation rate did not show statistical differences among groups (P = NS). In Experiment 2 (in vivo evaluation), C57BL/6J zygotes were microinjected and transferred to recipient females. Embryo survival was significantly lower in fresh than in vitrified zygotes (49.2% vs. 62.7%, respectively; P<0.05). Cleavage rate did not show statistical differences (~70%; P = NS). Pregnancy rate (70.0% vs. 58.3%) and birth rate (11.9% vs. 11.2%) were not different between groups (F vs. V group; P = NS). Offspring mutation rate was higher for F than V group, in both heterodimer analysis (73.7% vs. 33.3%, respectively; P = 0.015) and Sanger sequencing (89.5% vs. 41.7%, respectively; P = 0.006). In conclusion, vitrified-warmed zygotes present a viable alternative source for CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection when the production of fresh embryos is impeded by limited technical support. The possibility of zygote cryobanking to perform microinjection sessions on demand seems to be a suitable alternative to avoid the breeding and maintenance of animals all over the year, enhancing the implementation of CRISPR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traits such as meat quality and composition are becoming valuable in modern pork production; however, they are difficult to include in genetic evaluations because of the high phenotyping costs. Combining genomic information with multiple‐trait indirect selection with cheaper indicator traits is an alternative for continued cost‐effective genetic improvement. Additionally, gut microbiome information is becoming more affordable to measure using targeted rRNA sequencing, and its applications in animal breeding are becoming relevant. In this paper, we investigated the usefulness of microbial information as a correlated trait in selecting meat quality in swine. This study incorporated phenotypic data encompassing marbling, colour, tenderness, loin muscle and backfat depth, along with the characterization of gut (rectal) microbiota through 16S rRNA sequencing at three distinct time points of the animal's growth curve. Genetic progress estimation and cross‐validation were employed to evaluate the utility of utilizing host genomic and gut microbiota information for selecting expensive‐to‐record traits in crossbred individuals. Initial steps involved variance components estimation using multiple‐trait models on a training dataset, where the top 25 associated operational taxonomic units (OTU) for each meat quality trait and time point were included. The second step compared the predictive ability of multiple‐trait models incorporating different numbers of OTU with single‐trait models in a validation set. Results demonstrated the advantage of including genomic information for some traits, while in some instances, gut microbial information proved advantageous, namely, for marbling and pH. The study suggests further investigation into the shared genetic architecture between microbial features and traits, considering microbial data's compositional and high‐dimensional nature. This research proposes a straightforward method to enhance swine breeding programs for improving costly‐to‐record traits like meat quality by incorporating gut microbiome information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describing breeding phenology (the timings of reproductive events) is central for studying individual fitness and population dynamics. While fundamental differences in breeding strategies between different biomes (e.g. tropics and temperate regions) have long been identified, detailed descriptions based on long-term studies of individually marked birds are biased towards the bird populations in North America and Europe. As a result, crucial information on bird breeding phenology remains scarce in bird diversity hotspots such as southern Africa, an area that is also highly threatened by climate change. In most arid regions of the Southern Hemisphere, especially in southern Africa and Australia, rainfall patterns are often erratic, leading to variation in the duration of the conditions suitable for breeding within and between years. These dynamic environmental conditions select for flexible and opportunistic breeding strategies. Consequently, breeding seasons vary from year to year in both length and intensity — from skipping breeding to prolonged breeding with multiple attempts per pair. Here, we report on the highly variable breeding cycle of the Sociable Weaver Philetairus socius, a colonial cooperatively breeding passerine from the arid savannahs of the Kalahari region of southern Africa. We monitored the reproduction of an individually marked population over 11 years. Breeding activity usually started at the end of winter, but varied greatly in the starting date as well as duration (from 4 to 11 months). The percentage of active nests also changed greatly within and between seasons. As a result, the number of clutches laid annually per female varied markedly between years, with some extreme cases, such as a single female that laid 8 clutches in a year, and others suspected to lay up to 13 clutches, which is one of the highest numbers reported for wild bird species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review explores the importance of sperm DNA integrity in assisted reproductive technologies used in both livestock production and human fertility treatments. Assisted reproductive technologies have revolutionised animal breeding by enabling the widespread dissemination of elite male genetics and overcoming human infertility challenges, with male-factor infertility being a significant concern. Traditional semen quality assessments focus on parameters like volume, concentration, motility and morphology; however, DNA integrity, a potential key parameter in assessing semen quality, is not included despite being studied for many years. Various assays are used to measure sperm DNA fragmentation, but results on its impact on fertility are inconsistent, resulting in a lack of standardisation of assessment methodology. This review consolidates findings across species and DNA integrity assays into a comprehensive table, highlighting DNA integrity as a potential biomarker for male infertility and predictive value for assisted reproductive technology outcomes in livestock and humans. Sperm DNA integrity is increasingly considered a useful measure of semen quality in mammalian reproduction. However, the definition of DNA integrity, the ideal means by which it should be measured, and its predictive value for fertility remain a topic of much discussion. With an emphasis on livestock species, this review discusses the assays that have been developed to measure DNA integrity as well as their correlation with in vitro and in vivo fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic methods of population genetics and animal breeding and mathematical methods of machine learning used in animal breeding are analyzed. CatBoost library models were trained on the example of two domesticated species—horse (Equus caballus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Data from microsatellite panels of loci 16 and 17, respectively, were used to train the model using data on domesticated and wild reindeer, European and Russian horse breeds. The standard indicators (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1) were calculated, and confusion matrices were constructed to assess the success of the model. New possibilities for identifying animal breed affiliation are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In seasonally breeding animals, the costs and benefits of territorial aggression should vary over time; however, little work thus far has directly examined the scope and adaptive value of individual-level plasticity in aggression across breeding stages. We explore these issues using the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), a single-brooded bird species in which females compete for limited nesting sites. We measured aggressiveness in nearly 100 females within 3 different stages: (1) shortly after territory-establishment, (2) during incubation, and (3) while caring for young chicks. Based on the timing, direction, and magnitude of behavioral changes between stages, we used k-means clustering to categorize each female's behavior into a "plasticity type." We then tested whether plasticity type and stage-specific aggression varied with key performance metrics. About 40% of females decreased aggressiveness across consecutive breeding stages to some degree, consistent with population-level patterns. 33% of females exhibited comparatively little plasticity, with moderate to low levels of aggression in all stages. Finally, 27% of females displayed steep decreases and then increases in aggression between stages; females exhibiting this pattern had significantly lower body mass while parenting, they tended to hatch fewer eggs, and they had the lowest observed overwinter survival rates. Other patterns of among-stage changes in aggressiveness were not associated with performance. These results reveal substantial among-individual variation in behavioral plasticity, which may reflect diverse solutions to trade-offs between current reproduction and future survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Deleterious recessive alleles causing inbreeding depression may be eliminated from populations through purifying selection facilitated by inbreeding. Providing evidence of this phenomenon (i.e., inbreeding purging) is of great interest for conservation biologists and animal breeders. Ballou's ancestral inbreeding coefficient ( F B A L − A N C ) is one of the most widely used pedigree-based measurements to detect inbreeding purging, but the theoretical basis has not been fully established. In this report, the author gives a mathematical formulation of F B A L − A N C and proposes a new method for estimation based on the obtained formula. A stochastic simulation suggests that the new method could reduce the variance of estimates, compared to the conventional gene-dropping simulation. Inbreeding is unavoidable in small populations. However, the deleterious effects of inbreeding on fitness-related traits (inbreeding depression) may not be an inevitable phenomenon, since deleterious recessive alleles causing inbreeding depression might be purged from populations through inbreeding and selection. Inbreeding purging has been of great interest in conservation biology and animal breeding, because populations manifesting lower inbreeding depression could be created even with a small number of breeding animals, if inbreeding purging exists. To date, many studies intending to detect inbreeding purging in captive and domesticated animal populations have been carried out using pedigree analysis. Ballou's ancestral inbreeding coefficient ( F B A L − A N C ) is one of the most widely used measurements to detect inbreeding purging, but the theoretical basis for F B A L − A N C has not been fully established. In most of the published works, estimates from stochastic simulation (gene-dropping simulation) have been used. In this report, the author provides a mathematical basis for F B A L − A N C and proposes a new estimate by hybridizing stochastic and deterministic computation processes. A stochastic simulation suggests that the proposed method could considerably reduce the variance of estimates, compared to ordinary gene-dropping simulation, in which whole gene transmissions in a pedigree are stochastically determined. The favorable property of the proposed method results from the bypass of a part of the stochastic process in the ordinary gene-dropping simulation. Using the proposed method, the reliability of the estimates of F B A L − A N C could be remarkably enhanced. The relationship between F B A L − A N C and other pedigree-based parameters is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the breeding activity of three sympatric rodent species: Stenocephalemys albipes, Mastomys awashensis, and Acomys cahirinus, in the semi-arid region of Tigray in northern Ethiopia, using mark-recapture data, to determine the influence of rainfall on their breeding patterns within exclosure (i.e., protected area from livestock grazing). Breeding activities of S. albipes and M. awashensis commenced during the wet season, continued into the early dry season, and ceased during the subsequent dry season. The proportion of breeding females reached its peak during the wet season, gradually declining until the dry season. In contrast, A. cahirinus exhibited a different breeding strategy, with year-round breeding, including during the dry season, a period characterized by limited resources. A significant difference in the proportion of breeding females among the three species was observed across seasons. Furthermore, all species shared a common trend of heightened breeding activity, particularly at the conclusion of the wet season and the onset of the early dry season. These findings enhance our understanding of the interplay between rainfall and seasonal breeding within exclosures, while other variables remain constant. Moreover, the region's future plans for managing rodents and the establishment of exclosures must take this information into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymorphisms identified on the BMPR1B, BMP15, and GDF9 genes tend to increase multiple birth and ovulation rates in sheep. In the planned study, the productivity records of the flocks (approximately 41.000) collected from 2016 to 2022, belonging to the Public Breeding of Kangal Akkaraman Sheep in Sivas province TAGEM/58KAK2012-08 subproject of the Public Animal Breeding National Project, were used. Accordingly, the ear numbers of sheep that gave birth to at least two twins (n=96) and at least two singletons (n=96) were determined from 15 different farms relevant records. According to similar feeding characteristics, environmental variables were grouped as location, year-round feeding type, and seasonal feeding type. DNA groups were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method for BMPR1B (FecB), BMP15 (FecXB, FecXG, FecXI, FecXH) and GDF9 (FecG) alleles. Accordingly, among the 6 SNPs examined, only the GDF9 gene-FecB SNP was determined polymorphic. Genotypic effect (FecB allele) and environmental effect variables (location, year-round feeding type, seasonal feeding type ) were also examined with a logistic model. It was determined that the relevant alleles and environmental variables did not have a statistically significant effect on the twinning phenotype. According to the results obtained, it was thought that the genes associated with multiple births in Kangal Akkaraman breed may have different variants specific to the breed. In addition, it is suggested that this character, which is affected by multiple genes, should be included in the planned breeding studies by considering the interaction of environmental variables and determining the variation of the related genes. In this respect, it is concluded that our study will guide the sequencing studies and multivariate analyses to be planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of calving season and parity on the reproductive performances of CI (calving interval) and DP (dry period) in Anatolian buffaloes raised under farm conditions in Bartın province of Turkey between 2015 and 2020. For this purpose, 1251 records of 616 Anatolian buffaloes were evaluated to determine CI and DP from the reproductive performances of Anatolian buffaloes. In the analysis of the data obtained in the study, the effects of calving season and parity, which are environmental factors, on DP and CI, which are reproductive parameters, were calculated by the "Least Squares Method". Statistical significance of mean values was determined by analysis of variance, and statistical differences between means were evaluated using the Tukey test. Within the framework of the study, the values of CI and DP, the reproductive characteristics of Anatolian buffaloes, were determined as 423.84 ± 3.06 days and 149.55 ± 2.81 days, respectively. In the work, the effect of parity and calving season on CI and DP was found to be statistically significant. At the same time, high positive phenotypic correlations were found between CI and DP (r: 0.722, p<0.001). In this study, the highest reproductive performance in Anatolian buffaloes was obtained in the third and fourth parities, with those calving in the spring season. In the study, it was concluded that taking into consideration the CI and DP factors, which are found to be important and affecting productivity in the selection of breeding animals by breeders will contribute to farm efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a personal account by Gerda Kück, who grew up in Nueva Germania, Paraguay, in a German family. Kück discusses the difficult living conditions and hard work faced by German descendants in Nueva Germania, who primarily work in agriculture and animal breeding. The article also explores the significance of religion and social gatherings in the community. Kück reflects on the reserved nature of the older generation, attributing it to their lifestyle and lack of education, but emphasizes that German descendants are kind, hospitable, and hardworking people with valuable cultural values. The text also shares the author's experiences living in Germany and Canada, highlighting the challenges of insecurity, dangers, and fear. The author mentions the importance of being cautious and aware due to surrounding injustice, corruption, and restlessness. However, the text also emphasizes the happiness and contentment of the people in Germany, who live fulfilling lives with little. The article concludes with the author's decision to return to Canada and reunite with their family. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: The study aimed to estimate growth curves and genetic parameters for Nellore cattle using a random regression methodology. The dataset included 6974 calves raised in Pantanal, MS, Brazil, and 53,233 weight records, with at least four weighings per individual. The model considered direct and maternal genetic additive effects and maternal permanent environmental effects at random. Cubic orthogonal Legendre polynomials were used to fit the growth curve, with fixed effects of sex, year of birth, farm, calf birth month, and cow age at calving. The mean weights at 120 and 205 days were 93.43 kg and 180.42 kg, respectively. Animals born in the dry season had higher average weights, leading to higher weights at 646 days. Direct heritabilities ranged from 0.35 to 0.75, while maternal heritabilities were low (0.03 to 0.08). Random regression effectively adjusts growth curves and aids in selecting superior animals for breeding. The objective was to estimate the growth curves and genetic parameters using random regression methodology for Nellore cattle raised in Pantanal, MS, Brazil (6974 calves; n = 53,233 weights), with at least four weighings per individual. The model considered direct and maternal genetic additives and maternal permanent environmental effects at random. Orthogonal Legendre polynomials of cubic order were used to fit the growth curve. Analyses of variance were performed using the GLM procedure. The model used contained the fixed effects of sex, year of birth, farm, and the covariates calf birth month (linear and quadratic) and cow age at calving (linear and quadratic). The adjusted mean weight at 120 days of age was 93.43 ± 19.78 kg, and for 205 days of age, it was 180.42 ± 26.58 kg. Animals born in the dry season had a higher average weight [kg] (219.57 vs. 211.78, 3.7% higher) and, consequently, had higher weights at 646 days of age. Estimates of direct heritabilities (h2a) ranged from 0.35 to 0.75 (high magnitudes), and maternal heritabilities (h2m) along the trajectory of low magnitudes ranged from 0.03 to 0.08, respectively. The use of random regression to evaluate beef animals allows for adjusting the growth curve and selecting the best animals to be the parents of future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultured meat, which involves growing meat in a laboratory rather than breeding animals, offers potential benefits in terms of sustainability, health, and animal welfare compared to conventional meat production. However, the cultured meat production process involves several stages, each with potential hazards requiring careful monitoring and control. Microbial contamination risks exist in the initial cell collection from source animals and the surrounding environment. During cell proliferation, hazards may include chemical residues from media components such as antibiotics and growth factors, as well as microbial issues from improper bioreactor sterilization. In the differentiation stage where cells become muscle tissue, potential hazards include residues from scaffolding materials, microcarriers, and media components. Final maturation and harvesting stages risk environmental contamination from nonsterile conditions, equipment, or worker handling if proper aseptic conditions are not maintained. This review examines the key microbiological and chemical hazards that must be monitored and controlled during the manufacturing process for cultured meats. It describes some conventional and emerging novel techniques that could be applied for the detection of microbial and chemical hazards in cultured meat. The review also outlines the current evolving regulatory landscape around cultured meat and explains how thorough detection and characterization of microbiological and chemical hazards through advanced analytical techniques can provide crucial data to help develop robust, evidence‐based food safety regulations specifically tailored for the cultured meat industry. Implementing new digital food safety methods is recommended for further research on the sensitive and effective detection of microbiological and chemical hazards in cultured meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wool plays an irreplaceable role in the lives of livestock and the textile industry. The variety of hair quality and shape leads to the diversity of its functions and applications, and the finer wool has a higher economic value. In this study, 10 coarse and 10 fine ordos fine wool sheep skin samples were collected for RNAseq, and coarse and fine skin/hair follicle RNA-seq datasets of other five animal breeds were obtained from NCBI. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that the common genes were clustered into eight modules. Similar gene expression patterns in sheep and rabbits with the same wool types, different gene expression patterns in animal species with different hair types, and brown modules were significantly correlated with species and breeds. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that, most genes in the brown module associated with hair follicle development. Hence, gene expression patterns in skin tissues may determine hair morphology in animal. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that 32 highly expressed candidate genes associated with the wool fineness of Ordos fine wool sheep. Among them, KAZALD1 (grey module), MYOC (brown module), C1QTNF6 (brown module), FOS (tan module), ITGAM, MX2, MX1, and IFI6 genes have been reported to be involved in the regulation of the hair follicle cycle or hair loss. Additionally, 12 genes, including KAZALD1, MYOC, C1QTNF6, and FOS, are differentially expressed across various animal breeds and species. The above results suggest that different sheep breeds share a similar molecular regulatory basis of wool fineness. Finally, the study provides a theoretical reference for molecular breeding of sheep breeds as well as for the investigation of the origin and evolution of animal hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Equine coital exanthema (ECE) is a contagious, sexually transmitted disease affecting horses. It manifests itself as painful papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genitalia in both mares and stallions. While widespread, the disease is generally not classified as reportable in most countries and is not considered a significant threat to the equine industry. ECE is endemic in horse breeding populations internationally. The absence of comprehensive epidemiological data can give a false sense of security, which increases the risk of local transmission. Lack of surveillance programmes or routine control in risk group (reproductive stallions and mares) leads to unawareness and lack of proper biosecurity measures. An outbreak in breeding facilities may result in significant economic consequences. Although ECE has not been officially confirmed in Poland, equine practitioners have noted isolated clinical cases resembling the disease in farm horses in the last decades. This study aims to confirm the presence of ECE in Poland. Clinical diagnosis has been made based on characteristic lesions. Positive diagnosis was confirmed in two out of four outbreaks by real‐time PCR on genital swabs. The presence of the disease has been confirmed in different regions in Poland in farm horses bred as meat animals. Confirming EHV‐3 infection in the Polish equine population through laboratory examinations marks a significant milestone. It is now crucial to raise awareness among owners, breeders and equine practitioners about the current epidemiological status of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Equine Squamous Gastric Disease and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease identify lesions in the two mucosae of the stomach. Different prevalences have been found in horses of different breeds engaged in different activities. Risk factors for the disease have been identified in some populations, with few studies evaluating pleasure horses. A cohort of 316 animals was sent for a gastroscopy to evaluate the presence and severity of lesions in either the mucosa or the stomach. A questionnaire about signalment, management, and health of the horses was given to the owners to identify possible risk factors for the two diseases. The prevalence of lesions of the squamous mucosa was similar to other reports and associated with signalment and management of the horses, especially the time and type of paddock, hay, and supplementary feed administered and time spent with the current owner or caretaker. Being used as a breeding animal was also a significant risk factor for ulcers in the squamous mucosa. In this population, the percentage of horses presenting lesions of the glandular lining was lower than in other studies, and of the parameters evaluated, they were associated only with the signalment of the horse, especially age and sex; management had a minimal effect on the development of ulcers in this part of the stomach. Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD) are two terms used to indicate the presence of lesions of the squamous and glandular mucosa of the stomach. Prevalences, pathophysiology, and risk factors are different, and the latter have been investigated in different populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of ESGD and EGGD in a cohort of pleasure, breeding, and retired horses in Italy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate such a diverse population of animals and the first one that includes a large number of animals in Italy. Gastroscopies were performed in 316 animals, with and without clinical signs of gastric ulcers, and a questionnaire about signalment, management, activity, and health was given to the owners or caretakers. Prevalence of ESGD was similar to the current literature reports in comparable populations, and the disease was associated with signalment, time with the current owner or caretaker, management (time and type of paddock, hay, and supplementary feed administered), and activity performed. In this population, EGGD was present in a lower percentage of animals and, of the parameters evaluated, was associated only with the signalment, while management does not seem to influence the development of lesions in the glandular mucosa in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging technologies such as genomic selection have been applied to modern plant and animal breeding to increase the speed and efficiency of variety release. However, breeding requires decisions regarding parent selection and mating pairs, which significantly impact the ultimate genetic gain of a breeding scheme. The selection of appropriate parents and mating pairs to increase genetic gain while maintaining genetic diversity is still an urgent need that breeders are facing. This study aimed to determine the best progeny allocation strategies by combining future-oriented simulations and numerical black-box optimization for an improved selection of parents and mating pairs. In this study, we focused on optimizing the allocation of progenies, and the breeding process was regarded as a black-box function whose input is a set of parameters related to the progeny allocation strategies and whose output is the ultimate genetic gain of breeding schemes. The allocation of progenies to each mating pair was parameterized according to a softmax function, whose input is a weighted sum of multiple features for the allocation, including expected genetic variance of progenies and selection criteria such as different types of breeding values, to balance genetic gains and genetic diversity optimally. The weighting parameters were then optimized by the black-box optimization algorithm called StoSOO via future-oriented breeding simulations. Simulation studies to evaluate the potential of our novel method revealed that the breeding strategy based on optimized weights attained almost 10% higher genetic gain than that with an equal allocation of progenies to all mating pairs within just four generations. Among the optimized strategies, those considering the expected genetic variance of progenies could maintain the genetic diversity throughout the breeding process, leading to a higher ultimate genetic gain than those without considering it. These results suggest that our novel method can significantly improve the speed and efficiency of variety development through optimized decisions regarding the selection of parents and mating pairs. In addition, by changing simulation settings, our future-oriented optimization framework for progeny allocation strategies can be easily implemented into general breeding schemes, contributing to accelerated plant and animal breeding with high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body weight is an important economic trait for sheep meat production, and its genetic improvement is considered one of the main goals in the sheep breeding program. Identifying genomic regions that are associated with growth-related traits accelerates the process of animal breeding through marker-assisted selection, which leads to increased response to selection. In this study, we conducted a weighted single-step genome-wide association study (WssGWAS) to identify potential candidate genes for direct and maternal genetic effects associated with birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) in Baluchi sheep. The data used in this research included 13,408 birth and 13,170 weaning records collected at Abbas-Abad Baluchi Sheep Breeding Station, Mashhad-Iran. Genotypic data of 94 lambs genotyped by Illumina 50K SNP BeadChip for 54,241 markers were used. The proportion of variance explained by genomic windows was calculated by summing the variance of SNPs within 1 megabase (Mb). The top 10 window genomic regions explaining the highest percentages of additive and maternal genetic variances were selected as candidate window genomic regions associated with body weights. Our findings showed that for BW, the top-ranked genomic regions (1 Mb windows) explained 4.30 and 4.92% of the direct additive and maternal genetic variances, respectively. The direct additive genetic variance explained by the genomic window regions varied from 0.31 on chromosome 1 to 0.59 on chromosome 8. The highest (0.84%) and lowest (0.32%) maternal genetic variances were explained by genomic windows on chromosome 10 and 17, respectively. For WW, the top 10 genomic regions explained 6.38 and 5.76% of the direct additive and maternal genetic variances, respectively. The highest and lowest contribution of direct additive genetic variances were 1.37% and 0.42%, respectively, both explained by genomic regions on chromosome 2. For maternal effects on WW, the highest (1.38%) and lowest (0.41%) genetic variances were explained by genomic windows on chromosome 2. Further investigation of these regions identified several possible candidate genes associated with body weight. Gene ontology analysis using the DAVID database identified several functional terms, such as translation repressor activity, nucleic acid binding, dehydroascorbic acid transporter activity, growth factor activity and SH2 domain binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted during January, 2022 to January, 2023 at the Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari, Gujarat, India to identify polymorphisms in HSP 70 gene. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) known as molecular chaperones are essential for cells' ability to recover from stress and serve as the primary defence mechanism within cells. They are extremely conserved and essential to the response to heat stress and cellular thermotolerance. Even though there are numerous HSP genes, in livestock species, heat tolerance is primarily associated with HSP 70. This gene polymorphisms have been linked to heat tolerance, milk production, fertility and cattle susceptibility to disease. They can be utilised as genetic markers to help choose animals that are more resilient to climate change, have stronger immune systems and perform better overall. A 220 bp fragment of bovine HSP 70 gene was subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique to identify the polymorphism. PCR-SSCP pattern was associated with the thermotolerance traits in Kankrej cattle using the univariate GLM model of SPSS 26. HSP 70 gene (220 bp fragment) was found to be monomorphic documented on SSCP gel which revealed only one genotype (AA) in all Kankrej cattle. It is concluded that genotype and its association with thermotolerance traits were found to be non-significant. However, The HSP 70 polymorphism is expected to strongly predict cattle heat tolerance, aiding in selection for thermotolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic prediction plays an increasingly important role in modern animal breeding, with predictive accuracy being a crucial aspect. The classical linear mixed model is gradually unable to accommodate the growing number of target traits and the increasingly intricate genetic regulatory patterns. Hence, novel approaches are necessary for future genomic prediction. In this study, we used an illumina 50K SNP chip to genotype 4190 egg-type female Rhode Island Red chickens. Machine learning (ML) and classical bioinformatics methods were integrated to fit genotypes with 10 economic traits in chickens. We evaluated the effectiveness of ML methods using Pearson correlation coefficients and the RMSE between predicted and actual phenotypic values and compared them with rrBLUP and BayesA. Our results indicated that ML algorithms exhibit significantly superior performance to rrBLUP and BayesA in predicting body weight and eggshell strength traits. Conversely, rrBLUP and BayesA demonstrated 2–58% higher predictive accuracy in predicting egg numbers. Additionally, the incorporation of suggestively significant SNPs obtained through the GWAS into the ML models resulted in an increase in the predictive accuracy of 0.1–27% across nearly all traits. These findings suggest the potential of combining classical bioinformatics methods with ML techniques to improve genomic prediction in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic selection (GS) is a groundbreaking statistical machine learning method for advancing plant and animal breeding. Nonetheless, its practical implementation remains challenging due to numerous factors affecting its predictive performance. This research explores the potential of data augmentation to enhance prediction accuracy across entire datasets and specifically within the top 20% of the testing set. Our findings indicate that, overall, the data augmentation method (method A), when compared to the conventional model (method C) and assessed using Mean Arctangent Absolute Prediction Error (MAAPE) and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), did not improve the prediction accuracy for the unobserved cultivars. However, significant improvements in prediction accuracy (evidenced by reduced prediction error) were observed when data augmentation was applied exclusively to the top 20% of the testing set. Specifically, reductions in MAAPE_20 and NRMSE_20 by 52.86% and 41.05%, respectively, were noted across various datasets. Further investigation is needed to refine data augmentation techniques for effective use in genomic prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We studied the nesting population trends of the colonially nesting heron species in Greece from 1988 to 2018, aiming to identify drivers of these trends and thus inform colony/wetland conservation measures. Two species (Cattle Egret and Squacco Heron) had a positive trend, while three species (Black-crowned Night Heron, Little Egret and Grey Heron) had a negative trend. The Purple Heron presented a stable trend. Our results suggest that: (a) The Natura 2000 network and the operation of the protected areas Management Authorities have positively affected heron species nesting population trend or range expansion, (b) national wetland restoration efforts have facilitated the expansion of most heron species' breeding range via the establishment of new colonies, and (c) colonies located outside protected areas were—especially in the case of the Grey Heron—most likely to have a declining nesting population trend. The drivers behind the observed population trends differed among species, even among those sharing the same breeding sites. This suggests that the nesting population trends could be due to ecological changes at both the breeding and at the wintering sites. Our results emphasize the importance of continuing wetland restoration efforts, developing heron-friendly farming practices, and adopting a systematic nationwide survey of colonies. Heron colonies are dynamic components of wetlands. Therefore, their systematic monitoring is important for the management of both birds and wetlands. During the period 1988–2018, we counted breeding pairs of seven colonial breeding heron species at 65 colonies across 37 wetlands in Greece. We considered as annual variables of a population: (a) years since 1988, (b) Natura 2000 network inclusion, (c) protected area management authority overseeing, (d) wetland type (new or restored), and (e) new colonies (established after 2003). The Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis and the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides had a positive breeding population trend. The Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, and Grey Heron Ardea cinerea had a negative trend, while the Purple Heron Ardea purpurea population was stable. The Great White Egret Ardea alba bred sporadically at only a few sites which precluded the evaluation of its population trend. The informative population variables differed among species, even of those at the same colony, which suggests trends are also affected by conditions at wintering grounds. The study highlights the need for the systematic monitoring of heron colonies and the protection of foraging/breeding areas in order to reverse the observed negative population trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The choice of the optimal sperm preservation method is an important consideration in animal breeding. Stored semen can be used for reproductive purposes to introduce new genotypes and prevent inbreeding, which poses a considerable problem in cervid farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of storage time and storage method (liquid state/epididymides) on the motility, morphology, and antioxidant status of European red deer sperm stored at 5 °C for up to six days (D0-D6). Sperm samples were assessed for motility, viability, morphology, activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; catalase, CAT), and lipid peroxidation (based on malondialdehyde, MDA, content). Significant differences between storage variants were noted on D2 in sperm morphology; on D4 in the percentage of progressively motile sperm, MDA content, and SOD and GPx activity; and on D6 in the percentage of motile and viable spermatozoa. Sperm motility, viability, and antioxidant status are more effectively preserved during liquid storage than epididymal storage. Morphological and functional abnormalities of sperm were observed earlier during epididymal storage, which suggests that spermatozoa can be stored for shorter periods of time in the epididymides than in a liquid state. The aim of this study was to evaluate the motility, morphology, and antioxidant status of European red deer sperm stored in a liquid state (variant I) and in the epididymides (variant II). Spermatozoa were harvested post-mortem from the cauda epididymis. Sperm samples in both variants were stored for up to six days (D6) at 5 °C. Spermatozoa were assessed for motility, viability, morphology, activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; catalase, CAT), and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA, content). Sperm samples were analyzed on storage days 0, 2, 4, and 6 (D0-D6). Storage time and storage method significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced the examined variables. On D2, a decrease in motility and acrosomal integrity was observed in both storage variants, whereas a decrease in viability and an increase in MDA content were noted in spermatozoa stored in the epididymides. On D4, higher values of SOD and GPx activity and MDA content were noted in variant I than in variant II. Catalase activity was very low. GPx is the key enzyme that participates in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide in sperm cells. Spermatozoa stored in a liquid state were characterized by higher motility and viability, improved morphology and antioxidant status than those stored in the epididymides; therefore, liquid storage is more recommended for short-term preservation of epididymal spermatozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Aubria subsigillata is such a highly valued, edible species for the citizens of Benin that over exploitation has led to a rarefaction of wild populations. Aims: The aim of captive breeding is to develop breeding protocols and farming practices for the species which will reduce hunting pressure on wild populations. Methods: The methodology consisted of determining the concentration of ovulatory hormone and its method of injection into the breeding stock, followed by in vitro fertilisation of the unfertilised eggs of the females by the spermic urine of the males to determine the optimum injection method, hormone concentration for ovulation and sperm collections, and the development of in vitro fertilisation protocols using gametes obtained via the aforementioned methodologies. Key results: Results indicated that 0.2I U/g concentration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist administered intrafemorally enabled spontaneous release of spermic urine and ova in the breeding animals. The latency time between injection and collection of gametes was 13 h in males and 27 h in females at a temperature of 28.5°C. Females laid an average of 172 eggs weighing 1 mg mass. Conclusions: Aubria subsigillata is a frog that reproduces using stimuli (hormone), and in vitro fertilisation resulted in a high rate of fertilised eggs. Implications: Artificial reproduction in A. subsigillata is carried out in five phases: (1) selection of mature broodstock; (2) hormonal injection; (3) gamete collection; (4) in vitro fertilisation; and (5) incubation. However, work should continue on improving the egg hatching rate. The frog Aubria subsigillata is an edible species that is highly valued in the human diet in Benin. However, a strong rarefaction of the species due to its uncontrolled exploitation is observed in the wild. The 0.2 IU/g of Ovulin hormone administered intrafemorally enabled collection of gametes at 13 h in males and 27 h in females, and 172 eggs of 1 mg were incubated after 167 h. A. subsigillata reproduction goes through five phases: (1) selection of mature broodstock; (2) hormonal injection; (3) gamete collection; (4) in vitro fertilisation; and (5) incubation. Photograph by Houénafa A. C. Gansa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of animal husbandry prompts producers to use modern technologies that are safe for humans and promote the welfare and health of animals. Despite the long time spent studying the effectiveness of probiotics, questions regarding the optimal composition and period of rational use of probiotic feed additives (PFA) for young animals, in particular as alternative to the use of antibiotics remain relevant. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a probiotic feed additive on clinical and biochemical parameters in healthy calves (Black-and-white breed, 1 day to 1 year of age) from different physiological groups and preventive efficiency. The use of PFA (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) at all stages of growing calves had a positive effect on growth indicators, increased live weight of animals and average daily weight gain, allowing for more efficient use of feed, mitigation of the production stress and obtaining greater profits from intensive animal breeding, sales of ecological products, and the reduction of costs for veterinary services. Thus, it is advised to feed PFA in the neonatal period for the formation of intestinal microbiocenosis; at the age of 1-2 months: in order to correct the immune reactivity; at the age of 3 months - to improve the processes of rumen formation. The PFA, additionally supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can correct the immune reactivity of 1-2 months old calves; improved the processes of rumen formation at the age of 3 months; and prepared heifers for mating at the age of 12 months. The obtained results experimentally substantiated the use of probiotics within the framework of the WHO Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance - it has been proven that the prevention of diarrhoea and/or bronchopneumonia as a result of the use of probiotics, even in one calf, allowed avoiding at least 4-6 days of antibacterial therapy that reduced the risks of formation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial clones, in particular zoonotic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for age at first calving in Charolais and Limousine cattle breeds using animal model. The reproduction traits are influenced by genetic factors and environmental factors. The genetic factors are breed, individual and environmental factors are: climate condition and nutrition. The data consisted on 239 records for Charolais breed and 309 records for age at the first calving for Limousine breed. The data were from Romanian Breeding Association for Beef cattle. The age at the first calving was 792.92±6.77 days for Charolais breed and 813.83±6.09 days for Limousine breed. The heritability value for age at the first calving was 0.273 for Charolais and for Limousine breed was 0.275. The breeding values of cows with records for age at first calving were between −30.697 and 40.929 for Limousine breed were between −46.64 and 42.65. For improvement the reproduction traits it is necessary to improve the environmental conditions and supervision of reproduction activity in the farms and the selection of the best cows. The selection based on the breeding values of the cows determined the improvement of age at first calving. Improvement the reproduction traits increase the profitability of farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research problem is whether the technical aspects of raising buffalo livestock in West Aceh Regency have been implemented properly and correctly in accordance with the DITJENNAK guidelines of 1992 by buffalo breeders in West Aceh Regency. This research aims to examine the implementation of technical aspects of local buffalo rearing in West Aceh Regency. The research locations covered 25 villages (5 villages each district), namely in 5 villages Johan Pahlawan, Mereubo, Kaway XVI and Samatiga District. This study used a survey method of 100 buffalo breeders using a questionnaire. The parameters were 1) aspects of breeding and reproduction, 2) food, maintenance management, 3) health, 4) cages and equipment. The sampling technique is random and the number of samples is determined deliberately taking into consideration the breeders who are willing to be interviewed. The data obtained is processed by calculating the percentage score and then compared with the categories set by the Directorate General of Livestock (1992). The results showed that the implementation of the technical aspects of raising buffalo rearing in West Aceh District was 41.71%, including the application of technical aspects of breeding and reproduction 57.72%, aspects of food 13.74%, aspects of maintenance management 38.58%, health aspects 67.27%, cage and equipment aspects 52.09%. It can be concluded that the implementation of technical aspects of buffalo farming in West Aceh Regency is poor category with the guidelines of the Directorate General of Livestock (1992). From these results it is recommended that the technical aspects of buffalo rearing in West Aceh Regency should be improved in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Also known as "resurrection biology", de-extinction is reviving extinct species. Once known as science fiction, bringing species back to once-extinct life has gained much media attention with technological advances like genetics, selective breeding, and cloning. The Pyrenean ibex (aka bucardo in Spanish) is one of the subspecies of Iberian wild goat or Iberian ibex, which went extinct in 2000 when the last female Pyrenean ibex died. Recent genomics and nuclear transfer advancements have enabled reviving of extinct species. This study will discuss the state of the art of various de-extinction technologies that can help revive extinct species like Pyrenean ibex and related challenges. This study will be based on secondary data collected from recent studies on de-extinction, Pyrenean ibex, and the revival of extinct species to fulfill this objective. Different processes are recommended for de-extinction, out of which cloning is widely proposed, even though selective breeding and genome editing have been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines the in vivo insecticidal activity of the antiparasitic drug "Superium Panacea" for cats. It has been established that the drug "Superium Panacea" has a pronounced insecticidal effect on wingless ectoparasitic insects Ctenocephalides felis and acaricidal effect on sarcoptoid ticks Otodectes cynotis. The duration of the protective effect of the drug was at least 28 days. The drug "Superium Panacea" with a wide spectrum of insecticidal and acaricidal action when applied to cats and kittens orally (peros), individually, once, during morning feeding with a small amount of feed or forcibly, according to the manufacturer's recommended schemes, is well tolerated by animals of different breeds and ages, which were used in the study and can be used for the treatment and prevention of mixed parasitosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is one of the key bacteria responsible for a variety of diseases in humans and livestock-associated infections around the globe. It is the leading cause of mortality in neonatal and weaned piglets in pig husbandry, causing diarrhea and significant harm to the industry. Furthermore, the frequent and intensive use of antimicrobials for the prevention of diseases, particularly gastrointestinal diseases, may promote the selection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. These resistant genotypes can be transmitted through the excrement of animals, including swine. It is common practice to use porcine manure processed by biodigesters as fertilizer. This study aimed to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of virulence genes frequently associated with pathotypes of intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC), and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of 28 E. coli isolates collected from swine manure fertilizers. In addition, the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) technique was used to investigate the genetic relationship among the strains. Using disk diffusion, the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the strains were determined. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 14 distinct virulence genes associated with the most prevalent diarrhea and intestinal pathogenic E. coli (DEC/InPEC) and five ARGs were analyzed. All isolates tested positive for multidrug resistance. There was no detection of any of the 14 virulence genes associated with InPECs, indicating the presence of an avirulent commensal microbiota. Molecular classification by ERIC-PCR revealed that the majority of isolates (27 isolates) coalesced into a larger cluster with a genetic similarity of 47.7%; only one strain did not cluster in this cluster, indicating a high level of genetic diversity among the analyzed isolates. Thus, it is of the utmost importance to conduct epidemiological surveillance of animal breeding facilities in order to determine their microbiota and formulate plans to reduce the use of antimicrobials and improve animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the last 399 years (1624–2023) on fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Mediterranean Sea was conducted, based on an extensive compilation of records published in the scientific literature, technical reports, public databases, journals, and social media. A total of 10,716 sightings and 575 mortality events have been computed, analysed by semesters and mapped in order to compare the summer–winter seasons especially and their implications on migration–residence. Visual and acoustic detections, feedings, migrations, primary production areas (chlorophyll), threats and causes of death and their relations have been addressed, and a mini-review on heavy metals and pollutants has been carried out on fin whales in the Mediterranean Sea. Mortality events were most frequent between November and April, coinciding with the decreased sighting period. Ship strikes posed the greatest threat, peaking between May and October, when marine traffic tends to increase in the Mediterranean Sea. Two populations coexist in the Mediterranean Sea, one resident and the other migratory, the latter using the Strait of Gibraltar for its biannual movements. Two areas with a presence of calves (up to 7 m in length) between October and February were detected: one scattered in the northern Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar and its surroundings. A critical zone for collisions has been established according to the results for fin whales in the Mediterranean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid the deepening imbalance in the supply and demand of allogeneic organs, xenotransplantation can be a practical alternative because it makes an unlimited supply of organs possible. However, to perform xenotransplantation on patients, the source animals to be used must be free from infectious agents. This requires the breeding of animals using assisted reproductive techniques, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer, embryo transfer, and cesarean section, without colostrum derived in designated pathogen-free (DPF) facilities. Most infectious agents can be removed from animals produced via these methods, but several viruses known to pass through the placenta are not easy to remove, even with these methods. Therefore, in this narrative review, we examine the characteristics of several viruses that are important to consider in xenotransplantation due to their ability to cross the placenta, and investigate how these viruses can be detected. This review is intended to help maintain DPF facilities by preventing animals infected with the virus from entering DPF facilities and to help select pigs suitable for xenotransplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress in farrowing sows is associated with the number of piglets crushed or attacked. Sow's behaviour is variable and heritable, therefore genetic selection can be a viable approach for improving pig's welfare. In this report, we used first parity litter records of Yorkshire sows to test a genetic evaluation model for piglet crushing. The data were split into training and validation to check the prediction accuracy of piglet crushing estimated breeding values (EBVs) for young sows. We found that the estimated heritability of piglet crushing was 0.07 ± 0.03. The difference in the EBVs in the validation set was equivalent to 0.15 more piglets crushed in the top 10% group than in the bottom group of sows. These results indicate that the genetic selection may be used to reduce piglet crushing which will improve the welfare of pigs as well as production efficiency. The average reliability of the estimated EBVs across all animals in the pedigree was (0.07; 0.0 to 0.72). More research on evaluation models and the genetics underlying sow stress and behaviour is warranted to improve the reliabilities of modeling and to identify robust genetic markers for animal breeding for the implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquaculture industry is a substantial user of wild‐sourced fish oil to supply omega‐3 (n‐3) long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs) in fish diets, which are required by many economically important farmed fish species, particularly Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish oil is commonly replaced with plant‐based oils as more environmentally and economically sustainable substitutes due to concerns regarding over‐fishing of wild stocks and increasing demand. One potential strategy to meet the physiological requirement for n‐3 LC‐PUFA is to improve n‐3 LC‐PUFA biosynthesis in salmon through selective breeding and strain enhancement. The objective of this review is to discuss strategies to supply sufficient levels of n‐3 LC‐PUFA to Atlantic salmon through the diet and de novo biosynthesis through selective breeding and salmon strain enhancement. This review provides an overview on the functions of n‐3 LC‐PUFA in Atlantic salmon, dietary requirements, source and supply of n‐3 LC‐PUFA in aquaculture feeds, and biosynthesis of n‐3 LC‐PUFA in fish. Several relevant studies have revealed the genetic influences on n‐3 LC‐PUFA biosynthesis and storage in Atlantic salmon. The results of the present review show that selective breeding of high n‐3 PUFA‐producing Atlantic salmon could be an effective strategy to improve the amount of EPA and DHA stored in tissues and reduce reliance on dietary sources of n‐3 LC‐PUFA such as fish oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In brief: Preantral follicles constitute the largest follicle reserve in the mammalian ovary. This study assesses a mechanical isolation method to maximize the number of follicles retrieved from a defined cortex volume. Abstract: Primordial, primary, and secondary follicles (collectively defined as preantral follicles) constitute the most abundant source of gametes inside the mammalian ovarian cortex. The massive isolation of preantral follicles and the refinement of stage-specific protocols for in vitro follicle growth would provide a powerful tool to boost the rescue and restoration of fertility in assisted reproduction interventions in human medicine, animal breeding, and vulnerable species preservation. Nevertheless, together with an efficient culture system, the most significant limitation to implementing in vitro follicle growth is the lack of an efficient method to isolate viable and homogeneous subpopulations of primordial, primary, and secondary follicles suitable for in vitro culture. Our study provides a strategy for high-yielding mechanical isolation of primordial, primary, and early secondary follicles from a limited portion of the ovarian cortex in the bovine animal model. In the first part of the study, we refined a mechanical isolation protocol of preantral follicles, adopting specific methodological strategies to separate viable and distinct subpopulations of primordial (oblate and prolate forms), primary, and early secondary follicles from 0.16 cm3 of the ovarian cortex. In the second part of the study, we tested the effectiveness of the isolation protocol, considering the individual’s age as a critical factor, bearing in mind the progressive decrease in the ovarian reserve that naturally accompanies the reproductive life span. Our study provides a way for designing quantitative and conservative fertility preservation approaches to preserve organ function and minimize the invasiveness of the interventions, also considering age-related differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic breeding programs have been paramount in improving the rates of genetic progress of productive efficiency traits in livestock. Such improvement has been accompanied by the intensification of production systems, use of a wider range of precision technologies in routine management practices, and high-throughput phenotyping. Simultaneously, a greater public awareness of animal welfare has influenced livestock producers to place more emphasis on welfare relative to production traits. Therefore, management practices and breeding technologies in livestock have been developed in recent years to enhance animal welfare. In particular, genomic selection can be used to improve livestock social behavior, resilience to disease and other stress factors, and ease habituation to production system changes. The main requirements for including novel behavioral and welfare traits in genomic breeding schemes are: (1) to identify traits that represent the biological mechanisms of the industry breeding goals; (2) the availability of individual phenotypic records measured on a large number of animals (ideally with genomic information); (3) the derived traits are heritable, biologically meaningful, repeatable, and (ideally) not highly correlated with other traits already included in the selection indexes; and (4) genomic information is available for a large number of individuals (or genetically close individuals) with phenotypic records. In this review, we (1) describe a potential route for development of novel welfare indicator traits (using ideal phenotypes) for both genetic and genomic selection schemes; (2) summarize key indicator variables of livestock behavior and welfare, including a detailed assessment of thermal stress in livestock; (3) describe the primary statistical and bioinformatic methods available for large-scale data analyses of animal welfare; and (4) identify major advancements, challenges, and opportunities to generate high-throughput and large-scale datasets to enable genetic and genomic selection for improved welfare in livestock. A wide variety of novel welfare indicator traits can be derived from information captured by modern technology such as sensors, automatic feeding systems, milking robots, activity monitors, video cameras, and indirect biomarkers at the cellular and physiological levels. The development of novel traits coupled with genomic selection schemes for improved welfare in livestock can be feasible and optimized based on recently developed (or developing) technologies. Efficient implementation of genetic and genomic selection for improved animal welfare also requires the integration of a multitude of scientific fields such as cell and molecular biology, neuroscience, immunology, stress physiology, computer science, engineering, quantitative genomics, and bioinformatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade‐offs between traits arise and reflect constraints imposed by the environment and physicochemical laws. Trade‐off situations are expected to be highly relevant for sessile plants, which have to respond to changes in the environment to ensure survival. Despite increasing interest in determining the genetic and molecular basis of plant trade‐offs, there are still gaps and differences with respect to how trade‐offs are defined, how they are measured, and how their genetic architecture is dissected. The first step to fill these gaps is to establish what is meant by trade‐offs. In this review we provide a classification of the existing definitions of trade‐offs according to: (1) the measures used for their quantification, (2) the dependence of trade‐offs on environment, and (3) experimental designed used (i.e. a single individual across different environments or a population of individuals in single or multiple environments). We then compare the approaches for quantification of trade‐offs based on phenotypic, between‐individual, and genetic correlations, and stress the need for developing further quantification indices particularly for trade‐offs between multiple traits. Lastly, we highlight the genetic mechanisms underpinning trade‐offs and experimental designs that facilitate their discovery in plants, with focus on usage of natural variability. This review also offers a perspective for future research aimed at identification of plant trade‐offs, dissection of their genetic architecture, and development of strategies to overcome trade‐offs, with applications in crop breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]