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The profound contamination of reservoirs triggered by industrial dyes and the growing phenomenon of antibiotic-resistant bacteria present substantial risks to both the environment and human health. Conventional approaches to water treatment and microbiological disinfection can frequently become ineffective, expensive, and detrimental to the environment, and this issue underscores the need for novel materials that possess refined photocatalytic and antibacterial characteristics that thrive efficiently in a setting of visible light. An innovative nanostructured nanocomposite, Mo-CeO 2 @C, was synthesized using a green chemistry method coupled with Mo-CeO 2 nanoparticles and pristine CeO 2. The impact of Ce, Mo, and carbon-based nanocomposites has been validated by leveraging XRD, FTIR, UV–vis spectra, and FE-SEM/EDX. The sunlight-mediated photodegradation performance of carbon-based nanocomposite exhibited a superior photodegradation efficiency of 99.5 %, higher than others. The photocatalytic activity of M.B. dye concentration, catalyst dosage, scavenger test, and recyclability were also conducted, which confirm the optimal catalyst loading of 20 mg, dye concentration 40 ppm, and pH 8 with reusability up to sixth cycles. The carbon-coated doped nanocomposite displays superior antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive S. aureus , gram-negative E. coli , and P. vulgaris bacteria in comparison to CeO 2 and Mo-doped CeO 2. This may be attributed to the combined effects of the generation of reactive oxygen species (R.O.S.) and the intrinsic characteristics of the dopant and carbon matrix. The results of our research emphasize the potential of carbon-based nanoparticles as versatile agents in the realms of environmental rehabilitation and biomedical research. These nanoparticles provide a method to achieve more efficient and resilient solutions in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, summarise the characterization and synthesis of the pure and Eu:WO 3 nanoparticles and their applications in photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. The monoclinic phase confirmed by the XRD analysis of the prepared specimens. SEM and HR-TEM scrutiny revealed nanoplate morphology scrutiny. EDS and XPS scrutiny confirmed the composition of elements of Eu, O, and W. FTIR analysis likely used for additional confirmation of functional groups. UV–Vis Analysis determined the band gap energy (Eg) of the nanoparticles, which decreased with raising the concentration of Eu doping. Optical properties of the band gap energy decreased with raising the concentration of Eu doping. Photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles exhibited high photocatalytic activity, with a 95.3 % methylene blue (MB) dye split when exposed to visible light. The Eu:WO 3 (7 wt%) nanoparticles showed the best photocatalytic property within 120 min. The Eu:WO 3 (7 wt%) nanoparticles showed the maximum antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus , with a zone of embarrassment of 19 mm. Overall, the study demonstrates the successful synthesis of Eu-doped WO 3 nanoparticles and their potential applications in photo catalysis and antibacterial activity, with promising results particularly at higher Eu doping concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc doped calcium phosphate biomaterials have recently attracted much attention. In this study, we have investigated the bioactivity, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of zinc doped calcium phosphate-sulfate hydroxyapatites Ca 9-x Zn x Na(PO 4) 5 (SO 4)(OH) 2 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5). The samples have been synthesized by the solid-state reaction at high temperature and then have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The surface analysis was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and Zeta-potential measurements. The bioactivity investigation involved immersing the samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF), providing valuable insights into the samples capability to stimulate the formation of an apatite layer similar to that found in bones. The antibacterial activity of the materials was studied using pathogenic bacteria. The assessment of sample cytotoxicity was involved using artemia salina as the experimental model. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the samples crystallize in the hexagonal system with the P 6 3 / m space group. The x = 0.2 material exhibited the best crystallinity and the highest negative Zeta potential, making it the most bioactive sample when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). SEM analysis confirmed that this sample effectively promotes the formation of a new apatite layer, highlighting its promising potential for biomedical applications. The results of the study highlight the significantly beneficial effect of doped hydroxyapatite (x = 0.2) on the biological properties, compared to the other samples analyzed in this study, thus underscoring the strong potential of this material for promising applications in the fields of bioengineering and tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the solution casting technique, polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) films including polyethylene oxide and chitosan (PEO/CS) doped with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as nanoceramic were successfully synthesized. The study investigated how varying TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations influenced the structural, optical properties, and antibacterial activity of the polymeric matrix. XRD patterns revealed an increase in the amorphous nature of the polymer blend as the content of TiO2 NPs inside the PEO/CS blend grew. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the interaction between TiO2 NPs and the PEO/CS blend. This confirmation is attributed to the observed vibrational changes upon the incorporation of TiO2 dopant into the polymer matrix. The UV–visible spectrum aided in the determination of optical energy band gaps (both direct and indirect), showing reductions in both Egd and Egin with higher TiO2 concentrations. SEM highlighted the partial compatibility between PEO/CS and TiO2, while transmission electron microscopy depicted spherical TiO2 NPs with diameters ranging from approximately 9 to 25 nm. Antimicrobial assessments indicated heightened efficacy in all nanocomposite samples compared to the pure PEO/CS composite, with a linear correlation to the quantity of TiO2 nanoparticles present. These findings strongly suggest the potential of these nanocomposites for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical anodization, under a constant voltage of 45 V and for 15, 30, and 45 min, was performed to fabricate highly ordered TiO 2 nanotubes. Depending on the processing paramters, the diameter of the TiO 2 nanotubes was found to be around 95 ± 6 nm, while the thickness of TNT layer exhibited a change with anodizing time, varying from 1 to 4 μm. Subsequent to the anodization α-Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 heterogeneous structure was created by the spin coating of iron precursor based solutions on TiO 2 nanotubes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were utilized to ascertain the phase structure and morphology of TiO 2 nanotubes. The change of optical band gap values depending on the processing parameters was calculated using UV–Vis spectrophotometer data. The photocatalytic performances of the samples, namely the degradation rates and kinetics, were evaluated by examining the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB). The (TC15) sample, obtained by anodizing for 15 min and decorated with α-Fe 2 O 3 , exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, with a degradation efficiency of 70 % at the end of 7 h of light exposure. On the other hand, the inhibition percentages of bacterial growth were examined and it was seen that the TC30 sample with the highest value was 88.89 % for E.coli bacteria and 70.57 % for S.aureus. To assess the mechanism of antimicrobial activity, ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) Analysis were perfomed on T30 and TC30 groups and the ROS amount of TC30 was higher than T30. According to the results of the L929 mouse fibroblast cytotoxicity experiment with indirect contact according to ISO 10993-5 standards, all samples showed a successful performance in terms of cell viability. The cell viability of TC15 was higher in comparison to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) of NiTi alloys has attracted significant attention for its exceptional forming precision and suitability for processing complex medical implant structures. However, challenges such as the excessive release of Ni2+, bioinertness, and insufficient antibacterial ability have emerged as primary factors impeding the application of NiTi alloy in the medical field. To address these issues, the silver-doped dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Ag-DCPD) coating is electrochemically deposited on the LPBF-NiTi alloy surface for the first time. The study investigates the effects of varying Ag doping content (2 %, 4 %, and 6 %) on morphology, corrosion resistance, biomineralization, and long-term stability of DCPD coating using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical analysis, and immersion tests. Results show that the 4Ag-DCPD coating exhibits the most uniform and dense surface morphology, excellent corrosion resistance, and biomineralization. The corrosion current density (I corr) is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the LPBF-NiTi alloy matrix (from 1.1 × 10−6 to 1.4 × 10−8), and a dense hydroxyapatite (HA) layer forms after immersion testing. In vitro cell experiments indicate that the 4Ag-DCPD coating maintains high cell viability, favorable cell morphology, and excellent biocompatibility. Additionally, the 4Ag-DCPD coating demonstrates effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (79.75 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (69.33 %), which reduces the risk of implantation infection. Overall, the 4Ag-DCPD coated LPBF-NiTi alloy shows promising clinical application potential as a medical implant. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic synthesis of iron and zinc nanoparticles from carob seed extract (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and their antibacterial activity were studied. The characteristics of the prepared nanoparticles were evaluated shapes and sizes by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis with mapping technique and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the functional group that contributes to the biogenic and antibacterial activity. The appearance of metal-oxygen bonds for both ZnO NPs and Fe2 O3 NPs in spectra and the presence of zinc, iron, and oxygen in varying proportions confirm the success of the biosynthesis of the nanoparticles. Ceratonia siliqua L. extract, iron, and zinc showed high effectiveness in removing bacteria from polluted water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) is popular because of its low cost, biodegradability, good processing properties, flexibility, and mechanical features. In this study, we explore the potential of PBAT‐based bioplastics by adding AgVO3 nanorods with PBAT to reduce costs. We produced nanocomposite films of PBAT reinforced with 1, 3, and 5 wt% of AgVO3 nanorods using solvent casting. The inclusion of AgVO3 in the structure of PBAT was investigated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The nanocomposite films demonstrate excellent properties, surpassing those of single‐component blends, enhancing mechanical properties, and improving the barrier properties of nanocomposite films. The water vapor transmission rate of AgVO3 reinforced (5 wt%) nanocomposite films improved by 42.45% compared to pure PBAT films. The tensile strength of the PBA‐3 film was 37.19 MPa, exhibiting higher strength than the films produced from clean PBAT (19.73 MPa). The AgVO3‐reinforced films demonstrated increased resistance to moisture and water, as indicated by their higher water contact angle values (88.04°). Food‐borne bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli have been stable to the antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites on the addition of AgVO3.The potential applications of these nanocomposite films in food packaging are promising, offering a sustainable and effective solution to food preservation. Highlights: The AgVO3‐filled poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) nanocomposite films exhibit superior mechanical, barrier, and resistance to moisture and water compared to neat PBAT films.The water vapor transmission rate of the film is significantly enhanced, with a 42.45% enhancement in films reinforced with 5 wt% AgVO3.AgVO3‐filled PBAT nanocomposites demonstrate effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this study, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanomaterials were synthesized using a co‐precipitation one‐pot method that uses ethanol, methanol, and water as solvents for the precursors (2‐methylimidazole and Zinc nitrate hexahydrate), resulting in yields of 66.77%, 73.14%, and 68.12%, respectively. The as‐synthesized ZIF‐8 nanomaterials were thoroughly characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystallite size of ethanol‐based ZIF‐8 (24.76 ± 1.67 nm) was smaller than those synthesized in water (26.92 ± 1.89 nm) and methanol (31.39 ± 1.03 nm). However, methanol‐based ZIF‐8 exhibited lower crystallinity (85.93%) than water‐based ZIF‐8 (91.48%) and ethanol‐based ZIF‐8 (92.71%). Zeta potential studies revealed that ethanol‐based ZIF‐8 had a larger surface charge (+37 mV) than water‐based ZIF‐8 (+35 mV) or methanol‐based ZIF‐8 (+24 mV). Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed particle sizes of 54.35 ± 2.11 nm for ethanol‐based ZIF‐8, 57.91 ± 2.26 nm for water‐based ZIF‐8, and 63.25 ± 4.12 nm for methanol‐based ZIF‐8. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated thermal stability up to 800 °C, with mass losses of 55.98% for ethanol‐ZIF‐8, 50.12% for water‐based ZIF‐8, and 65.36% for methanol‐based ZIF‐8 by 600 °C. In antibacterial studies, water‐based ZIF‐8 exhibited the largest zone of growth inhibition (17.30 ± 0.26 mm) against Escherichia coli compared to ethanol‐based ZIF‐8 (15.57 ± 0.32 mm) and methanol‐based ZIF‐8 (14.70 ± 0.20 mm). Pearson's correlation study revealed that zeta potential, crystallinity, and antibacterial activity are positively related. Furthermore, water‐based ZIF‐8, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/100 μL, confirmed evident cell membrane disruption. Molecular docking experiments revealed ZIF‐8's significant binding affinity for the E. coli protein 5AZC, supporting its robust antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, triazole derivatives were prepared by a three-step mild reaction using carbon disulfide as starting material. In face of microbial threats, we found that compound 3-cyclopropyl-[1,2,4]triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-6-thiol (C2) has good antibacterial activity, inhibition and clearance ability against biofilms, low hemolytic activity and toxicity, good anti-inflammatory activity. At the same time, we found that B and C series compounds have good metal ion scavenging ability, with removal rates of C series ranging from 47% to 67% and B series ranging from 67% to 87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop the inclusion complex of 2, 4‐diamino‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine (DHP) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) using an inclusion process, and to investigate the effect of inclusion on the photo stability and bioactivity of DHP. The formation of DHP‐β‐CD inclusion complex has been examined by means of physicochemical as well as spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, FT‐IR, PXRD and SEM) suggesting the successful inclusion of the DHP molecule into the β‐CD cavity. The 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complex was validated through Job's plot. β‐CD displayed a fairly strong affinity (Ka =889.67 M−1) for DHP, indicating that the binding process is thermodynamically feasible. A molecular docking study speculated the most preferred orientation of DHP molecule within the binding pocket of β‐CD cavity. The photostability of DHP was found to improve on complexation with β‐CD. In vitro antibacterial activity test demonstrated that the DHP‐β‐CD inclusion complex displayed better activity than pure DHP. DHP‐β‐CD inclusion complex (IC50 =240.04 μM) also exhibited relatively significant in vitro cytotoxic activity than pure DHP towards the human kidney cancer cell line (ACHN). These results reveals that the inclusion of DHP using β‐CD could lead to stabilization of DHP and efficient display of its bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biocompatible magnesium oxide (MgO) nanostructures were synthesized using an aqueous solution of Piper betle leaf methanolic extract. The color change during the synthesis process, i.e., colorless to dark brown solution, indicates the formation of MgO nano structures which is further confirmed through UV–Visible spectrum that exhibited characteristic absorption band at 329 nm. Results obtained from morphological analysis reveal that MgO nano flakes (MgO NFs) are present as triangular and polyhedral shapes having an average size ranging between 150 and 200 nm with clear lattice fringes. Secondary metabolites were clearly identified from the FTIR spectrum, and they helped in reduction and stabilization during the synthesis of MgO NFs. The XRD pattern displayed Braggs planes of (111), (220), (220), (311), and (222) with a face centered cubic (FCC) structure, which was further confirmed from the SAED pattern using HRTEM analysis. The as-synthesized MgO NFs manifested profound antimicrobial activity against gram positive as well as gram-negative bacteria with favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore, methylene orange dye was degraded almost completely (98.36 %) in the presence of MgO NFs photo catalysts within 1 h of sunlight illumination. In addition, MgO NFs displayed high level of antioxidant properties with recorded IC 50 value of 15.89 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramics are widely used materials for orthopaedic applications, offering enhanced cellular adhesion and differentiation. However, the lack of antibacterial features makes the HA biomaterials prone to bacterial infections in in-vivo conditions. The osteomyelitis-like conditions are often treated with prolonged doses of antibiotics and may require surgical removal. Such problems can be tackled by inducing the antibacterial characteristics in the biomaterials which prevent such infections. Various research studies have been conducted to improve the mechanical and antibacterial characteristics of biomaterials like HA through doping. The present study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial study of Zn and Fe doped HA (ZFHAp) for application in the treatment of osteomyelitis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based Central Composite Design (CCD) approach was used to optimize the process parameters using the Design Expert software. The analyses indicated the presence of Calcium Iron Hydrogen Phosphate (CIHP) and Parascholzite (PS) as major phases. The optimized experimental conditions were estimated as 0.09 M Zn and 0.04 M Fe at 65 °C, corresponding to 71.29 % and 28.71 % of the CIHP and PS phases, respectively. The synthesized nanopowder showed mixed morphology comprising spherical and rod-shaped particles due to biphasic composition. The ZFHAp sample showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with IC 50 values of 4.02 mg/ml and 4.79 mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus , respectively. The optimized sample showed excellent biocompatibility with the osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) with improved biomineralization properties. The antibacterial and osteoinductive characteristics of the synthesized biphasic Fe and Zn doped HA suggest its potential application against osteomyelitis-related conditions. • Biphasic composite was prepared with Fe containing CIHP and Zn containing PS phases. • RSM-CCD optimization process suggested conditions as 0.09 M Zn and 0.04 M Fe at 65 °C. • Excellent alkaline phosphatase activity with increased cell proliferation. • Broad spectrum antibacterial activities with IC 50 values less than 5 mg/ml. • Decreased surface energy of ZHHAp than HA indicating increased surface hydrophobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria poses a serious threat to public health. The limited effectiveness of current antibiotics motivates the search for new antibacterial compounds. In this study, a novel strain, RG-5, was isolated from desert soil. This strain exhibited potent antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. Through phenotypical characterizations, 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified as Streptomyces pratensis with 99.8% similarity. The active compound, RG5-1, was extracted, purified by reverse phase silica column HPLC, identified by ESI-MS spectrometry, and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR analysis as 2,5-Piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(2-methylpropyl), belonging to cyclic peptides. This compound showed interesting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 04 to 15 µg/mL and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs 50%) of ½ MIC against the tested bacteria. Its molecular mechanism of action was elucidated through a molecular docking study against five drug-protein targets. The results demonstrated that the compound RG5-1 has a strong affinity and interaction patterns with glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase at − 6.0 kcal/mol compared to reference inhibitor (− 5.4 kcal/mol), medium with penicillin-binding protein 1a (− 6.1 kcal/mol), and LasR regulator protein of quorum sensing (− 5.4 kcal/mol), confirming its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. The compound exhibited minimal toxicity and favorable physicochemical and pharmacological properties. This is the first report that describes its production from Streptomyces, its activities against biofilm-forming and multidrug-resistant bacteria, and its mechanism of action. These findings indicate that 2,5-piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(2-methylpropyl) has the potential to be a promising lead compound in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeysuckle, a traditional Chinese medicine, holds significant medicinal value, making it ubiquitous in the medical field. However, the efficient extraction of chlorogenic acid from Chinese herbal medicine while maintaining its pharmacological activity remains a pressing challenge. To address the issues of environmental pollution and inefficient extraction using traditional solvents, there is a need to develop a novel solvent. Due to their low cost, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly characteristics, deep eutectic solvents can be used for extracting traditional Chinese medicinal materials while preserving the activity of their active ingredients during the extraction process. In this study, we examined the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid, a key component of honeysuckle, after extraction using a deep eutectic solvent. We gained preliminary insights into the antibacterial activity of the extract against various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, we analyzed the antibacterial activity of extracts of different concentrations in liquid medium, and the morphology of the bacteria after inhibition was analyzed. These findings suggest that deep eutectic solvent (DES) is an efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost‐effective method for extracting the active components of honeysuckle. Moreover, the active components extracted using DES retain robust physiological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of rosehip vinegar and propolis extract, separately and as a mixture, were investigated on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The organoleptic properties and tissue integrity of sardine fish treated with this mixture were evaluated. The propolis extract was found to have a higher inhibitory effect (>80%) on S. aureus (up to the 5th dilution) than on E. coli O157:H7 (only at the first dilution). A potential synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of the mixture was observed with an inhibition ratio of ≥50%. This mixture may extend the shelf life of sardines as a natural antibacterial/antibiofilm preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several bacterial strains have developed resistance against commercial antibiotics, and interestingly, supramolecular nanomaterials have shown considerable advantages for antibacterial applications. However, the main challenges in adopting nanotechnology for antibacterial studies are random aggregation, compromised toxicity, multi-step preparation approaches, and unclear structure-function properties. Herein, we designed the amphiphilic tripeptide that acts as a reducing and capping agent for silver metal to form silver-peptide colloidal nanohybrids with the mild assistance of UV light (254 nm) through the photochemical reduction method. The nanohybrids are characterized by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, and non-covalent molecular interactions between metal and peptide building blocks confirm their central role in the formation of nanohybrids. The tripeptide is biocompatible and can reduce the toxicity of silver ions (Ag+) by reducing to Ag0. These colloidal nanohybrids showed antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains, and the possible mechanism of killing bacterial cells could be membrane disruption. This synthetic strategy is facile and green, which helps avoid using toxic chemicals or reagents and complicated methods for colloidal nanohybrid preparation for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile synthetic routes to access some new heterocyclic systems containing potent pharmacophoric groups such as pyrazole, pyrazolo[5,1-c]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazino[4,3-a]benzimidazole, and pyridine moieties linked to pyridine-carboxamide moiety are reported. Construction of the target compounds was achieved via reaction of 3-oxo-butanamides 1a,b with hydrazonoyl halides, heterocyclic diazonium salts, and malononitrile derivatives, respectively. The structures of the new products were confirmed by all possible spectral and elemental analyses. The antibacterial assessment showed that one product was moderately active against both K. pneumonia and S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs), are excellent candidates for antibacterial agent development as they are cost-effective. Nitrogen-doped CQDs (N-doped CQDs) exhibit antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. However, investigation of N-CQDs and their efficacy against the selected bacterial strains under visible light irradiation has not been carried out. Here, we aimed to evaluate N-CQDs for their efficacy as a photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). N-CQDs were synthesized using the hydrothermal method with 1,3,6-trinitropyrene (TNP) as the nitrogen and carbon source. Antimicrobial tests of N-CQDs were conducted against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis NCIB 3610, Staphylococcus aureus Newman, and S. aureus USA300) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli K12) bacteria at different concentrations (0–100 mg/L). The N-CQDs exerted a moderate growth-inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria in the dark. However, in the presence of white light generated using 20-W light-emitting diode, N-CQDs could completely kill the bacteria at a low concentration of 20 mg/L. The minimal inhibitory concentration of N-CQDs for the two S. aureus strains (Newman and USA300) was 20 mg/L under light conditions, whereas that for B. subtilis was 100 mg/L. The results demonstrate that N-CQDs may be used as a photosensitizer in aPDT and as an antibacterial agent. [Display omitted] • Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were produced by the hydrothermal method. • N-CQDs exerted moderate growth-inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria in dark. • Incubation with N-CQDs under the white light could completely kill the bacteria. • N-CQDs may be used as an antibacterial agent in antibacterial photodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopeptides have favorable biological activity and thus have great potential to serve as replacements. Whole genome sequencing was used in this work to pinpoint the gene clusters in Bacillus subtilis that code for secondary metabolites that have antibacterial qualities. Afterwards, the metabolic pathways responsible for the production of these compounds were clarified, and the lipopeptides were separated and identified using a combination of chromatography and spectroscopy methods, such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Bacillus subtilis mainly synthesized surfactin homologs with carbon chain lengths ranging from C13 to C16 ([M+H]+: 994.6418; 1008.6586; 1022.6730; 1036.6896) and fengycin homologs with carbon chain lengths of C15 and C16 ([M+H]+: 1449.7937, 1463.8046). The isolated lipopeptides exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , with minimum inhibitory doses of 12.50 mg/L and 6.25 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, lipopeptides demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus. The findings from SEM and SYTO 9/PI staining demonstrate that lipopeptides function by compromising the integrity of bacterial cell membranes. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of lipopeptides as antibacterial agents against foodborne pathogens, indicating their potential as substitutes for traditional antibiotics. [Display omitted] • Lipopeptides in the secondary metabolites of B. subtilis was predicted by WGS. • Different lipopeptides families were obtained by characterization. • Lipopeptides have antibacterial activity against E. coli and S.aureus. • Lipopeptides has the potential to work as a new type of antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a novel magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) based on pyridine successfully prepared by a two-step reaction pathway. The prepared MIL was recognized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible and Raman spectroscopies, thermal analysis (TGA and DTG), magnetic susceptibility measurement, mass spectra (MS), proton NMR ( 1 H NMR ), carbon NMR ( 13 C NMR ), Hammett acidity, and CHN elemental analysis. The MIL was shown to be efficient in the synthesis of xanthenediones under solvent-free conditions. In addition, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the MIL was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate peel waste is a valuable reservoir of heat‐sensitive total hydrolysable tannins (THT), with potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals. Preserving THT is challenging due to degradation post‐extraction. We explore ionic gelation as an encapsulation method to optimize THT utilization. RESULTS: Through external gelation, we optimized the process variables using Box–Behnken design. At 40 g kg−1 sodium alginate, 25 g kg−1 calcium chloride, and 300 g kg−1 pomegranate peel extract (PPE), we achieved an 83.65% encapsulation efficiency. Compared to spray drying, external gelation demonstrated superior performance, with enhanced release percentages and stability. Physical, phytochemical, and release profiles of encapsulates were extensively analysed. External gelation achieved an 87.5% release in 30 min, outperforming spray‐dried counterparts (69.7% in 25 min). Encapsulated PPE exhibited robust antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) in powdered infant formula, with a 32 ± 0.01 mm zone of inhibition and 300 μg mL−1 minimum inhibitory concentration. Insights into S. aureus growth curves underlined the mechanism of action via membrane potential alterations. The results of carried investigations also showed that the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PPE extracts against the targeted organism was identical to the antibacterial activity exhibited by synthetic antibiotics used generally to kill microorganisms in food. Therefore, from the findings, it can be concluded that the PPE encapsulate produced using the external gelation technique at the optimized condition displayed superior storage stability possessing strong antimicrobial activity when compared to encapsulate produced using the spray drying technique. CONCLUSIONS: External gelation emerges as a potent technique for developing effective encapsulates enriched with natural antimicrobials or antibiotics. This approach holds promise for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals, enhancing stability and efficacy while reducing reliance on synthetic antibiotics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms are structured microbial communities encased in a matrix of self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and pose significant challenges in various industrial cooling systems. A nuclear power plant uses a biocide active-bromide for control of biological growth in its condenser cooling system. This study is aimed at evaluating the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of active-bromide against planktonic and biofilm-forming bacteria that are commonly encountered in seawater cooling systems. The results demonstrated that active-bromide at the concentration used at the power plant (1 ppm) exhibited minimal killing activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic cells. The bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity assay using Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa indicated that Triton-X 100 significantly decreased the hydrophobicity of planktonic cells, enhancing the susceptibility of the cells to active-bromide. Biofilm inhibition assays revealed limited efficacy of active-bromide at 1 ppm concentration, but significant inhibition at 5 ppm and 10 ppm. However, the addition of a surfactant, Triton-X 100, in combination with 1 ppm active-bromide displayed a synergistic effect, leading to significant biofilm dispersal of pre-formed P. aeruginosa biofilms. This observation was substantiated by epifluorescence microscopy using a live/dead bacterial assay that showed the combination treatment resulted in extensive cell death within the biofilm, as indicated by a marked increase in red fluorescence, compared to treatments with either agent alone. These findings suggest that active bromide alone may be insufficient for microfouling control in the seawater-based condenser cooling system of the power plant. Including a biocompatible surfactant that disrupts established biofilms (microfouling) can significantly improve the efficacy of active bromide treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, flexible polymeric nanocomposite film of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PVA–PEG) blend filled with aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanoparticles has been successfully synthetized and characterized. The solution casting technique was used to prepare pure PVA–PEG polymeric blend and polymeric blend nanocomposite (PNC) films filled with different concentrations of AZO nanoparticles. The morphological, structural and optical properties of AZO NPs and PNC films were investigated using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) spectroscopy and UV–VIS–NIR spectrophotometer. The XRD results shows that nanoparticles are well distributed in the host blend matrix. TEM observation reveals an average particle size about 49 nm. The contact angle analysis was carried out for PNC films to investigate the effect of AZO filling upon the nanocomposite water wettability. Loading PNC with nanopowder AZO influences their electrical optical properties. The addition of AZO nanoparticles in the polymeric blend reduces its band gap and increases its DC electrical conductivity. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposite films was tested against various pathogenic bacteria including two types of gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus) and two types of gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)). The assay results suggested that the pure blend film has no activity against all types of bacteria. While filled PNC films exhibit a significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Bacillus and P. aeruginosa bacteria, they have no any activity against E. coli bacteria. This activity is improved with increasing the filler concentrations in blend matrix. Finally, the obtained results suggest that the prepared PNC films can be a potential multifunctional candidate for different applications, especially optoelectronic devices and biomedical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyamide-imide:ZnO nanocomposites (PAI:ZnO nanocomposites) were synthesized using ultrasonic cavitation technique. Meanwhile, ZnO NPs were synthesized using co-precipitation method and modified with diacid (DA) as coupling agent for enhancement in polymer–filler interaction. PAI was formed via microwave-assisted direct polycondensation of N-trimellitylimido-1-phenylglycine (DA) with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (diamine) by adding tetra-n-butylammonium bromide and triphenylphosphite as ionic liquid and condensing agent, respectively. The resulting polymer and modified ZnO NPs were employed to make PAI:ZnO nanocomposites and subjected to various characterizations [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)]. The synthesized ZnO NPs were found to be spherical in shape with monodispersed form, which is evidenced from FESEM. TGA result reveals enhancement in thermal stability of nanocomposites with increase in amount of ZnO NPs loadings. Optical properties of nanocomposites show enhancement in-between ultraviolet region with amount of loadings. Moreover, the antibacterial studies have been carried out and found to be improved with increase in amount of ZnO NPs loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since conventional antibiotics are almost ineffective on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, designing their antibacterial alternatives is necessary. Besides, the use of vancomycin is applied for specific detection of the bacteria. Silver-incorporated vancomycin-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs@Van@Ag NPs) were designed for detection and treatment of MRSA bacteria. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were synthesized through the template method, modified with vancomycin, and finally incorporated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The MSNs@Van@Ag NPs with a homogenously spherical shape, average size of 50-100 nm, surface area of 955.8 m2/g, and thermal stability up to 200°C were successfully characterized. The amount of Ag incorporated into the MSNs@Van@Ag was calculated at 3.9 ppm and the release amount of Ag was received at 2.92 ppm (75%) after 100 h. The in vitro antibacterial susceptibility test showed the MIC of 100 μg mL−1 for MSNs@Van and 50 μg mL−1 for MSNs@Van@Ag, showing in vitro enhanced effect of Ag and vancomycin in the bactericidal process. An in vivo acute pneumonia model was performed and biochemical assays and pathological studies confirmed the nanomedicine's short-term safety for in vivo application. Cytokine assay using ELISA showed that MSN@Van@Ag causes a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and bacterial proliferation leading to alleviation of inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eclipta prostrata is traditionally used in Asian medicine to treat skin diseases. Given the side effects and bacterial resistance of conventional treatments, especially in aging populations, alternative therapies are needed. This study assesses the antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of E. prostrata extracts, focusing on optimizing extraction and fractionation methods for better efficacy. Dried whole plants were extracted with ethanol. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Antioxidant activity was assessed using a DPPH radical scavenging assay, and cytotoxicity was tested in Vero cells using an MTT assay. The MIC values for crude ethanol extracts ranged from 1.56 to 3.12 mg/ml, and from 0.78 to 1.56 mg/ml for fractionated compounds, indicating increased antibacterial efficacy in fractionated compounds. Antioxidant assays showed an IC50 of 0.666 mg/ml for crude extracts and 0.174 mg/ml for fractionated compounds, indicating higher antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content was 23.25±2.03 mg GAE/g for crude extracts and 95.56±1.09 mg GAE/g for fractionated compounds. Cytotoxicity assays showed IC50 values of 0.10±0.02 mg/ml for crude extracts and 0.06±0.01 mg/ml for fractionated compounds. This study advances extraction and fractionation methods, yielding extracts with significantly increased antibacterial and antioxidant properties. E. prostrata extracts, particularly fractionated compounds, show promising therapeutic potential, though high cytotoxicity in some fractions requires further investigation. These findings support the potential of E. prostrata in modern pharmaceutical formulations for treating skin conditions, especially those associated with aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, molecular identification of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus v390 was performed using 16S rRNA gene analysis with FYM27 and R1492 primers. The viability of the strain was assessed under acidic conditions at pH 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5, and resistance to bile at concentrations of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% was investigated. Antioxidant activity, cholesterol absorption, hydrophobicity, potential for DNase enzyme production, biogenic amines, hemolytic activity, and resistance to common therapeutic antibiotics were evaluated. The antimicrobial effect of the strain against pathogenic bacteria (Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis) was examined using the well and disk diffusion method. The results showed that the L. pentosus v390 strain had the ability to survive at different pH levels, but after three hours of storage at pH 2.5, the bacterial count decreased. The strain demonstrated growth capability at various bile salt concentrations. L. pentosus v390 was intermediate to the antibiotic Nitrofurazone, resistant to Nalidixic and Imipenem antibiotics, and sensitive to Vancocin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Penicillin, and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics. The hydrophobicity, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), and cholesterol absorption of the strain were 46.50 ± 0.38%, 37.20 ± 0.40%, 39.90 ± 0.45%, and 36.50 ± 0.47%, respectively. No DNase enzyme production, biogenic amines, or hemolytic activity were observed from the strain. L. pentosus v390 exhibited stronger antimicrobial effects against Gram -positive bacteria. The results indicated that L. pentosus v390 has desirable probiotic properties that require further research to confirm its application potential in food product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palladium (Pd)-doped rGO/ZnO nanocomposite was prepared using the hydrothermal method. The nanocomposite underwent various analytical assessments to determine its structural, optical, and morphological properties. The analytical results confirmed the successful formation of the Pd-doped rGO/ZnO composite. This composite, referred to as Pd-rGO/ZnO, was employed for the photocatalytic degradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (CBR) dye. The prepared photocatalyst, Pd-rGO/ZnO, exhibited a remarkable 93% efficiency in degrading CBR dye within 150 min under UV light. The enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities were achieved by modifying rGO and introducing Pd, which effectively increased the reactive surface area and facilitated electron transfer. Moreover, the composite also displayed significant antibacterial activity in a dose-dependent manner. Dye degradation over Pd-rGO/ZnO photocatalyst under UV light irradiation (DM – Dye molecules). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel amide alkaloid, bursatamide A (1), featuring an unprecedented propyl-hexahydronaphthalene carbon framework, was isolated from the infrequently studied sea hare Bursatella leachi , alongside a new 3-phenoxypropanenitrile alkaloid, bursatellin B (2), and twelve known compounds. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses, while their relative and absolute configurations (ACs) were established through total synthesis and a series of quantum chemical calculations, including calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) methods, and DP4+ probability analyses. Bursatamide A (1) demonstrated inhibitory effects against the human pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio cholerae. Erythro -bursatellin B (21), a diastereoisomer of 2 , exhibited notable antibacterial activity against the fish pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus parauberis FP KSP28, with an MIC 90 value of 0.0472 μg·mL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present investigation focused on the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Halymenia dilatata seaweed aqueous extract. The biosynthesized CuONPs were successfully characterized using UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX, HRTEM, and zeta potential analysis. The ultraviolet visible spectrum reflects maximum absorbance in the scale of 270 nm. The biosynthesized CuONPs had crystalline nature and were investigated using XRD. The FT-IR spectrum of CuONPs showed flavonoids and phenolic compounds could reduce the Cu2+ ions to CuONPs. SEM results indicated the nanoparticles were spherically shaped and 60 nm in size. The antimicrobial activity of H. dilatata mediated CuONPs was tested against six human pathogenic bacteria, and the highest growth inhibition was observed in B. subtillis (7.5 ± 0.4), S. aureus (6.8 ± 0.1), and K. pneumoniae (5.4 ± 0.8). The anticancer activity of HeLa cell line indicates a significant outcome with IC50 value (147.51 lg/ml) after 48 h treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the production of biosurfactant was studied from the bacterial strains isolated from the marine sponge Clathria sp. sample collected from oil-contaminated coastal region of V.O. Chidambaranar Harbour, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Six morphologically distinct biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains (SJ1-SJ6) isolated on oil agar plates were further screened for biosurfactant production (BP). Based on the screening results, the isolate SJ2 showed a surface tension reduction value of 31.6 mN m−1, oil displacement zone of 26 mm and positive results of drop collapse test with the emulsification index percentage (EI24%) of 68.14%, and the bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon percentage of 79.2% was selected as the most potential BP strain, and it was identified as Enterobacter cloacae using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Growth and BP optimization revealed 36 h of incubation period, 150 rpm agitation, pH 7.5, 37 °C temperature, 1% salinity, 2% glucose as carbon source and 1% yeast extract as nitrogen source were the ideal conditions with the biosurfactant yield of 2.61 g L−1. FTIR and MALDI-TOF–MS analysis of the biosurfactant showed the presence of functional groups, and it was a rhamnolipid. This rhamnolipid biosurfactant showed antibacterial activity against tested bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious diseases of skin wound–based bacteria are a considerable issue that often hinders the wound closure, thereby delaying the healing process. The use of wound dressing based-renewable polymers with natural essential oil could overcome the deficiencies of skin wounds. In this work, wound dressings from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/quaternized starch (MS-Q188) in presence antimicrobial cinnamon essential oil (CIEO) nanoemulsion were prepared. Three variable ratios of CIEO (i.e., 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) in nanoemulsion forms were used to fabricate CMC/MS-Q188 bionanocomposites. The resulting bionanocomposites were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. The mechanical, hydrophilicity, and barrier properties were evaluated, the outcomes of which demonstrated the tensile properties were achieved. However, the hydrophilicity, water vapor, and oxygen barrier properties were affected when the CIEO nanoemulsion added to the matrix. The migration of polymer components to the skin tissue and cytotoxic effect were investigated by cytotoxicity assays. The outcomes showed that the cell viability was located in the range of ~ 92–100% even at all studied concentrations, indicating there was no cytotoxicity to the cells. The inhibitory effects of CIEO nanoemulsion ratios on different pathogenic microbes were also verified. The developed bionanocomposites open opportunities for their use in smart skin wound dressings and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant challenge to public health; This is partly due to the lack of advancements in the development of novel antibiotics and the pressing need for alternative treatment options. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) possess secretory components that enhance the immune response and peptides that disrupt the bacteria constitution. The isolation of various human tissues has facilitated the investigation of the diverse potentials of MSC and their components. Further research is needed to fully understand the spectrum and efficacy of these elements and their differences. The primary aim of this study was to perform a thorough review of the current literature related to the antimicrobial properties of MSC and their associated components. The objective was to establish an insight into the results and effects of utilizing MSC in relation to bacterial colonization, and to present an overview of previously documented findings. Methods: This systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Data on the effect of MSC or their derivatives were measured by calculating the percentage of bacterial counts reduction after treatment with MSC in comparison to the control. Results: A total of 3,911 articles were screened, and 31 eligible publications were selected for inclusion in the analysis. In the current systematic review, the majority of the experimental designs showed positive outcomes in terms of bacterial load reduction when MSC or their derivatives were used, with bone marrow being the most effective tissue. The rest of the findings exhibited heterogeneity in the spectrum of outcomes that could be attributed to the effects of using various tissues derived MSC in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Conclusion: The findings of our study indicate the potential antibacterial characteristics of MSC. The direct antimicrobial activity of these cells was demonstrated by our results, which quantitatively showed a decrease in bacterial growth after treatment with MSC. However, additional research is required to clarify the factors that determine the efficacy of their antimicrobial activity and their various components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two pyrrolo-based compounds, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (L1) and 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (L2), were employed for the detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic methods in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7). In the presence of L1 and L2, the fluorescence emission of BSA at 340 nm was quenched and concomitantly a red-shifted emission band appeared at 420 nm (L1)/450 nm (L2). The fluorescence spectral changes indicate the protein-ligand complex formation between BSA and L1/L2. An isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiment was conducted to determine the binding ability between BSA and L1/L2. The binding constants are found to be 4.45 ± 0.22 × 104 M−1 for L1 and 2.29 ± 0.11 × 104 M−1 for L2, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated from ITC measurements (i.e. ∆rH = −40 ± 2 kcal/mol, ∆rG = −4.57 ± 0.22 kcal/mol and −T∆rS = 35.4 ± 1.77 kcal/mol), which indicated that the protein-ligand complex formation between L1/L2 with BSA is mainly due to the electrostatic interactions. The protein-ligand interactions were studied by performing molecular docking. Further, the antibacterial assay of L1 and L2 was conducted against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains in an effort to address the difficulties caused by the co-occurrence of antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant bacteria. E. coli and S. aureus were significantly inhibited by L1 and L2. The L1 exhibits 13, 12 and 15 mm, whereas L2 exhibits a 2, 3 and 5 mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus, S. pyogenes and E. coli, respectively. In silico molecular docking of L1 and L2 was performed with bacterial DNA gyrase to establish the intermolecular interactions. Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity activities of the ligands L1 and L2 have been carried out using drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) were synthesized using the solution-gelation (sol-gel) technique. For comparison, US Research Nanomaterials, Inc has supplied MgO with very high purity and used without further purification. Both nanoparticles were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis for structural investigation. The XRD measurements showed an incredibly crystalline cubic structure. Morphological studies were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements to examine the nanoparticles’ size and shape. SEM analysis of the synthesized sample’s morphology revealed a flake-like shape, while a spherical-like structure was observed in the case of the commercial MgO. Using X-ray peak broadening analysis, the Scherrer method was used to assess the crystallite size. A substantial correlation was found between the Scherrer formula and the average particle size of the MgO-NPs, which was determined through SEM analysis. The energy gap calculations were ascertained by plotting the photon energy utilizing the Tauc equation with the measurements of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. Both nanoparticles were used against the bacterial activity of Streptococcus and Serratia bacteria. The results showed that synthesized nanoparticles exhibited greater effectiveness against bacterial activity than commercial ones.Article highlights: Sol-gel method produces MgO nanoparticles with superior structural properties. Synthesized MgO nanoparticles demonstrate better performance in optical and antibacterial tests. The sol-gel method enhances MgO nanoparticle purity and structural integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more non-medicinal wastes produced during the planting and processing of Chinese herbal medicine caused serious pollution. How to use these wastes efficiently and reasonably has become a popular topic with great interest. In this text, a new strain of antagonistic fungi Aspergillus niger was isolated from the root of the antimicrobial herb rhubarb, and the effect of its inoculation in Chinese medicinal herbal wastes (CMHWs) composting was investigated. Results suggested that the addition of CMHWs and A. niger could accelerate the composting process, improve the total N (TN) content (3.9%), the germination index (GI) value (132%) and the antibacterial activity against the phytopathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum (P. carotovorum) (zone of inhibition, 14.3 mm). Potting experiments suggested that a 15% dose of compost promotes the Chinese cabbage plant growth, and increases the soil TN content (0.3097%), and OM (organic matter, 74.49%), as well as the enzyme activities in the phytopathogen-contaminated rhizosphere soil. The abundance of soil Proteobacteria in compost treatments (38.2%-54.3%) was significantly higher. The highest relative abundance of Aspergillus, Pichia, and Fusarium in phytopathogen soil increased dramatically for the compost treatment, accounting for more than 65% of the microbial sequences at the fungal genus level. Redundancy analysis showed that the OM and TN were positively correlated with the Proteobacteria, Aspergillus and Fusarium, etc. Therefore, the CMHWs compost inoculated with endogenous fungi A. niger has great potential application in the waste resource utilization of Chinese herbal medicine and restoration of alkaline phytopathogenic soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longan seeds contain high amounts of polyphenols, which have been shown to have high antioxidant and antibacterial activities but are not effectively utilized. The utilization of longan seed extract (LSE) not only taps into readily available and abundant raw materials, addressing economic concerns, but also enhances the quality of food packaging films based on cellulose. In this study, the longan seed extract (LSE) was extracted from longan (Dimocarpus longan) seeds using three common solvents (ethanol, mixed ethanol-water 1:1 v/v, and water solvent). The extracted polyphenol content in the LSE with the ethanol-water solvent 1:1 of 179 mg·g− 1 was the highest compared to the other solvents. The obtained extract exhibited the ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH) with an IC50 of 65.30 (µg·mL− 1) and demonstrated antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. The films based on cellulose acetate (CA) with LSE (denoted as CA/LSE film) in varying volume CA/LSE ratios (10/0, 10/1, 10/1.5, and 10/2) were firstly manufactured using a solvent casting method with the extracted solution. SEM micrographs of the samples showed uniformity in the CA/LSE sample structure, improving the tensile strength of the initial polymer film, increasing from 38.9 MPa to 43.5 MPa. However, the elongation at break of the samples slightly decreased. The CA/LSE films demonstrated the potential to meet the requirements of antimicrobial food preservation films, emphasizing their environmentally friendly nature. Highlights: The extract from longan seed (LSE) has a polyphenols content of 179 mg·g-1. The films of cellulose acetate and LSE were formed using the casting method. Adding LSE improved the tensile strength and antibacterial activity of the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different pulp capping materials have different origins and compositions, require different preparations, and may vary in their bioactive properties. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and mineralization‐inducing potential of calcium silicate‐based pulp capping materials. Design: Six contemporary calcium silicate‐based cements, ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, EndoSequence, NeoMTA 2, and NeoPutty, were evaluated. The antibacterial effects of these materials against Streptococcus mutans UA159 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were determined by the agar diffusion assay and the direct culture test. The biocompatibility and mineralization‐inducing potential of these materials in preodontoblastic 17IIA11 cells were evaluated by the MTT assay and by Alizarin Red S staining, respectively. Results and Conclusion: In agar diffusion test, only Biodentine showed distinct antibacterial effects against S. mutans. All the tested materials, however, showed antibacterial effects against S. mutans and E. faecalis in the direct culture test, with Biodentine showing the strongest growth inhibition against both S. mutans and E. faecalis. All the tested materials showed acceptable biocompatibility and mineralization‐supporting potential in our experimental conditions. In summary, ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, EndoSequence, NeoMTA 2, and NeoPutty demonstrated acceptable in vitro antimicrobial, biocompatible, and mineralization‐supporting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera) seeds as a natural coagulant for water purification, addressing the critical need for clean water due to its significant impact on human health and disease prevalence linked to contaminated water. The research was carried out to observe the effect of M. oleifera on the microbial load of Raw Water (RW) and treated water (TW) sourced from the Ibn Ziad wastewater treatment facility in Constantine. Results of bacteriological analyses show that the raw water is heavily polluted with high levels of the targeted bacteria: 4.4 × 109 CFU/ml in total germs, 2.4 × 104 CFU/100 ml in total coliforms and total streptococci, and 1.1 × 104 CFU/100ml in fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci, with no decrease observed for sulfite-reducing clostridia. However, the water treated with M. oleifera, at a dose of 20 g·L-1, demonstrates a significant reduction of 99% in total germs, 96% in total coliforms, and 98% in fecal coliforms, with a complete absence of Escherichia coli, streptococci, as well as a complete elimination of total sulfite-reducing clostridia, which falls with the standard guidelines for using this water in irrigation. The obtained results confirmed that M. oleifera seeds positively impact the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms found in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogen-induced infections and the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), pose significant global health challenges, emphasizing the need for new antimicrobial strategies. In this study, we synthesized graphene oxide (GO)-based composites functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. The objective is to assess the antibacterial properties of these composites and explore their efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus, two common bacterial pathogens. The composites are prepared using eco-friendly and conventional methods to ensure effective nanoparticle attachment to the GO surface. Structural and morphological characteristics are confirmed through SEM, AFM, EDS, XRD, UV-vis, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The antibacterial efficacy of the composites is tested through disk diffusion assays, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and turbidimetry analysis, with an emphasis on understanding the effects of different nanoparticle concentrations. The results demonstrated a dose-dependent antibacterial effect, with GO/AgNP-1 showing superior antibacterial activity over GO/AgNP-2, particularly at lower concentrations (32.0 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL). The GO/CuNP composite also exhibited significant antibacterial properties, with optimal performance at 62.5 μg/mL for both bacterial strains. Turbidimetry analysis confirmed the inhibition of bacterial growth, especially at moderate concentrations, although slight nanoparticle aggregation at higher doses reduced efficacy. Lastly, both GO/AgNP and GO/CuNP composites demonstrated significant antibacterial potential. The results emphasize the need to fine-tune nanoparticle concentration and refine synthesis techniques to improve their efficacy, positioning these composites as strong contenders for antimicrobial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article explains the synthesis of three Schiff base Cu(II) complexes derived from 3‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethylenediamine using three distinct copper anionic salts, and it explores the effects of those salts on the properties of the complexes. Elemental analysis, electronic spectra, FT‐IR, ESR, molar conductance, magnetic measurement, thermogravimetric analysis and PXRD were used to characterize the compounds. The anionic salt has been demonstrated to exhibit distinctive characteristics on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria in terms of structure, DNA binding, cell viability, DNA breakage and activity. Furthermore, this ligand L1 and its derivatives indicated positive antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton tonsurans. The study elucidates the manner in which distinct anion salts impacted the properties of complexes and their antifungal, anticancer and antibacterial outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives with potential antibacterial activity. Through a systematic two‐step synthesis process, involving the preparation of substitute aldehydes (A1–A6) followed by the formation of thiosemicarbazone derivatives (S1–S6), novel compounds (S1, S2) were successfully obtained. The structures of the synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized using FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, LC/MS, UV‐Vis, and SEM‐EDX. The results highlight the significance of sulfuric acid as a catalyst in the synthesis of pyrazole‐thiosemicarbazide derivatives (S1, S2), demonstrating its superior efficiency compared to acetic acid. The compounds exhibited varying degrees of antibacterial activity against E. coli, with compounds S3–S6 showing promising results with MIC values below 25 mg/mL. These findings indicate the potential of these compounds as antibacterial agents. Overall, the successful synthesis and characterization of these novel derivatives open avenues for further research into their potential pharmacological applications. The findings of this study lay the foundation for future studies aimed at optimizing these compounds for enhanced antimicrobial activity and exploring their therapeutic potential in treating bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained attention for their unique properties and potential applications, particularly in medicine. This study aim to investigate the green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles (NPs) using Parthenium hestephorus extract and evaluate their biological activities. The synthesized NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, such as UV‐Vis spectroscopy, which confirmed the successful synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles, with characteristic absorption peaks observed at 450 nm and 580 nm, respectively. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) were also conducted. In antimicrobial evaluations, the silver and copper nanoparticles exhibited notable inhibitory zones ranging from 12–18 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 27–30 mm against Escherichia coli bacteria. Furthermore, the nanoparticles' potential as anticancer agents were tested on HepG2 human cancer cells using the MTT assay. The silver, copper nanoparticles, and control exhibited dose‐dependent cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 35 μg/mL, 50 μg/ml, and 30 μg/ml, respectively, suggesting their promise in cancer treatment. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated through free radical scavenging assays, with silver and copper nanoparticles showing significant potential, inhibiting free radicals by 80 %, 70 %, and 90 %, respectively. It is concluded that the green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles using extract of Parthenium hestephorus presents an efficient and sustainable method for generating NPs with potent antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles synthesized from green sources have attracted great recognition in the present times, which can be ascribed to their distinctive attributes and diversified applicability. Therefore, the present study employed Ocimum basilicum seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles. UV–vis spectrophotometry revealed strenuous peaks for different concentrations of silver nanoparticles ranging between 400 and 430 nm. The average crystal size calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis was 6.7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis clearly displayed the presence of silver ions in the elemental structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The morphology of synthesized nanoparticles revealed by scanning electron microscopy was documented in terms of spherical shape surrounded by an organic layer and nanoparticle size was estimated to be in between 10 and 80 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited substantial antibacterial activity against 46 foodborne bacterial isolates and 15 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the largest inhibition zones measuring 24 and 13 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged between 500 and 800 µl/ml for various isolates. The antibacterial effect of all antibiotics revealed considerable enhancement when combined with nanoparticles. The calculated fractional inhibitory concentration index values were < 1 validating excellent synergism between nanoparticles and all antibiotics except ciprofloxacin against the majority of bacterial isolates. Interestingly, the biogenic nanoparticles showed significant antioxidant potential with IC50 value of 165 µg/ml as well as anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 82 µg/ml. Conclusively, the seed extract of Ocimum basilicum can be prospected for the development of antibacterial silver nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to synthesize Cu1−xSrxS (x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1) nanoparticles (NPs) using an easy chemical co-precipitation method in an efficient, inexpensive, and simple technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the prepared samples were investigated using XRD, TEM, XRF, UV–Vis DRS, and PL characterization techniques. XRD spectra confirmed the Sr-doped copper sulfide nanoparticles have a hexagonal structure with crystallite sizes ranging from 15.15 to 16.04 nm, and, by XRF, the presence of the dopant was detected. TEM analysis confirmed that strontium ions had an effect on the shape of the CuS nanostructure, and the particle size increased from 16.27 to 17.32 nm after doping. A study using UV-Vis showed the presence of Sr doping increased the optical energy band gap (1.38 eV to 1.59 eV). At room temperature, one photoluminescence (PL) band was found at 826 nm. The antibacterial activity of CuS nanostructures against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and S. aureus was evaluated by zone of inhibition. Sr doped CuS NPs exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus (17 to 29 mm). Also, the results demonstrated that samples doped with 5, 7.5, and 10% Sr exhibited inhibitory effects against all the tested microbial strains higher than the antibiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study focuses on synthesis and characterization of hexa-substituted coumarin based Schiff base derivative of cyclotriphosphazene (Compound 3). The antibacterial activity of Compound 3 was evaluated against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) bacterial strains using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and percentage-killing method. Compound 3 exhibited a lower MIC of 300 μg/mL against S. aureus than 500 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae, indicating greater efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria. Percentage-killing data confirmed Compound 3 significant bactericidal activity against S. aureus across concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 μg/mL, comparable to ampicillin. In contrast, its efficacy against Gram-negative strains was lower, suggesting a more selective spectrum of activity. These findings suggest that Compound 3 shows promise as a potential antibacterial agent with preferential activity against Gram-positive bacteria, warranting further investigation into its mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, ion-doped hydroxyapatite materials were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. XRD analysis confirmed the purity of the products, with no secondary peaks observed. Doping with manganese, lithium, potassium, and zinc ions resulted in a crystalline size of 47–48 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy validated the structural bands, while scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed nano-rod-like particles with sizes ranging from 30 to 80 nm in length and 13 to 40 nm in width. Impedance spectroscopy and dielectric relaxation studies showed electrical behaviour following the Maxwell-Wagner mechanism and non-Debye type relaxation. The materials exhibited strong antibacterial properties, making them promising for medical implant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]