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Grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is an air-borne disease and difficult to control. It has been observed that intercropping grapevines (Vitis vinifera) with aromatic plants can effectively suppress the airborne disease and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the aromatic plants are believed to have antimicrobial activities. In this study, a two-year field trial was established by intercropping grapevine and hoary stock (Matthiola incana) to evaluate the control of grape downy mildew. The field results showed that intercropping effectively suppressed grape downy mildew, particularly during the blooming stage of hoary stock. VOCs from hoary stock plants exhibited a dosage-dependent antimicrobial activity against grape downy mildew. To examine the role of VOCs, hoary stock plants were grown in an enclosed chamber, and VOCs were collected at the time points before and post blooming. The collected VOCs were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and in vitro bioassays. Twenty-four VOCs found from pre-blooming and 36 VOCs from post-blooming hoary stock plants were identified. Seventeen VOCs demonstrated consistent inhibitory activities against P. viticola, including seven terpenoids, five benzenoids, and five aliphatics. Among the 17 VOCs, five were unique to post-blooming hoary stock, while 12 were common to both pre- and post-blooming hoary stock. The antimicrobial VOCs offers a potential eco-friendly alternative to managing downy mildew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on Actinomycetota species is becoming increasingly significant, not only for their ecological and taxonomic aspects, but primarily for their unique metabolites that hold potential for therapeutic uses. In this study, Actinomycetota bacteria strains were isolated from the sediments of two seagrass meadows, Thalassia hemprichii and Syringodium isoetifolium, as well as from plain sediment (without seagrasses) at Mjimwema, Tanzania, in the Western Indian Ocean. The isolates were identified through their morphological and biochemical characteristics, along with molecular techniques. Additionally, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity tests were also conducted. Fifteen different strains of Actinomycetota were isolated, and based on phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, they were grouped into seven different genera, namely: Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Ornithinimicrobium, Cellulomonas, Cellulosimicrobium, Luteimicrobium, and Dietzia. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed eight potential new species of Actinomycetota from these sediments. Genus Micrococcus was dominant in all samples, followed by Microbacterium. Furthermore, genera Ornithinimicrobium and Cellulosimicrobium appeared only in T. hemprichii sediment, while Luteimicrobium and Cellulomonas were observed in plain sediment only. To the best of our knowledge, genera Cellulomonas and Luteimicrobium are reported for the first time in marine sediment. The crude extract of the isolates exhibited antimicrobial effects against Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results revealed that sediments within seagrass meadows harbor unique Actinomycetota species capable of producing secondary metabolites with potential therapeutic uses. Therefore, additional research is necessary to thoroughly characterize the novel species and identify the chemical compounds responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity and bioprospecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with leaf extract Abution indicum was done, and those were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The analysis by UV–vis spectroscopy showed a peak of 450 nm, and DLS and zeta potential were utilized to determine the size distribution of the biosynthesized Abution indicum–AgNPs (AI‐AgNPs) with a size range of 24–37 nm, and the X‐ray diffraction peak 38.096o was used to confirm that the crystalline structure of AI‐AgNPs. Furthermore, the antipathogenic effect of synthesized AgNPs and standard antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) as studied the positive control in different types of bacterial pathogens likes Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli, with the zone of inhibition values of 9 mm. The synthesized AgNPs displayed excellent photocatalytic activity against reactive blue under sunlight than a UV light irradiation, and maximum degradation of 43% was achieved with 66 min of reaction time. In view of promising activity, the AgNPs could be used photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes in wastewater, and pomegranate leaf extract can be applied as eco‐benign and cost‐effective approach for AgNPs synthesis. Hence, the current findings suggest that Abutilon indicum is a valuable source for tailoring the potential of AgNPs toward various enhanced biological, photocatalytic, and adsorption activities. Consequently, the plant biological molecule‐mediated synthesized AI‐AgNPs could be excellent contenders for future therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ongoing emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens necessitate urgent solutions. Natural products from bacterial sources are recognized as a promising source of antibiotics. This study aimed to isolate and characterize soil microorganisms from extremely hot environments and to screen their secondary metabolites for antibacterial activity. Methods: Bacterial isolates were identified using standard culture techniques. Primary and secondary screenings for antimicrobial activity were conducted using the Modified Kirby-Bauer antibiotic susceptibility test against five bacterial species. Based on the efficacy of antimicrobial activity against these target pathogens, the isolate Pseudomonas sp. strain ASTU00105 was selected for further characterization through whole genomic sequencing. Secondary metabolites were analyzed using GC–MS, and antioxidant activities were also evaluated. Results: A total of 76 isolates were identified, and their secondary metabolites were tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Candida albicans. Seventeen isolates (22.37%) exhibited antimicrobial activity. Isolate ASTU00105 exhibited the highest activity against all the test organisms and was selected for further analysis. Whole-genome sequencing using the Nanopore MinION sequencer revealed that strain ASTU00105 belonged to the genus Pseudomonas with the highest similarity (95.97%) to Pseudomonas stutzeri, and designated as Pseudomonas sp. strain ASTU00105. Upon Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis, the strain exhibited 87.81% sequence similarity with genes of the closest type strain, suggesting its novelty and distinctiveness within the Pseudomonas genus. The genomic analysis of the isolated strain revealed 6 biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) genes dispersed throughout the entire genome, which are implicated in the synthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. The major chemical compounds detected in the EtAc extracts as detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were phenol, 2,5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) (36.6%), followed by 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester (12.22%), Eicosane (9.71%), Dibutyl phthalate (3.93%), and 1-Dodecanol (2.34%). In conclusion: Pseudomonas sp. strain ASTU00105 exhibited the greatest potential for producing secondary metabolites with significant antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemicals, which are bioactive compounds found in plants, have been extensively studied for their potential health benefits, including their effects on cardiovascular health. Plant-derived compounds have garnered significant interest due to their potential beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, including their microbial activities. Several plant compounds have demonstrated various mechanisms that can positively impact cardiovascular disease risk factors. Some phytochemicals exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Infections caused by microorganisms can contribute to cardiovascular disease indirectly by promoting inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque formation. Phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties may help mitigate these effects and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications associated with infections. This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of existing literature on the phytochemical properties of various phytochemicals from natural products in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the techniques used for the synthesis and characterization of mononuclear, heterocyclic ligated complexes of Zn(II), Mn(II), and Sn(II). A heterocyclic Schiff base derivative, specifically (E)-2-((benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)methyleneamino)butanoic acid, has been synthesized by the reaction of benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbaldehyde with 2-aminobutanoic acid. This Schiff base has been reacted with different (M)Cl2 to synthesize the respective metal complexes. For these metal ions, Schiff bases have been proven experimentally to form four-coordinate complexes with 1 : 2 (metal : ligand) ratio. The structural changes of the complexes have been investigated using FT-IR, mass, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra, and TGA analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of the Schiff base and its complexes has further been assessed and discussed. Significant amounts of antibacterial and antifungal activity of metal(II) complexes against tetracycline and ketoconazole have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ligand has been synthesized from 1-(1-methyl-5-(tosylamino)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethanone and dimethylpyrimidyl hydrazone, and its copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) complexes have been produced and analyzed. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the zinc(II) combination with the N3O donor ligand environment has the form of a tetragonal pyramid. The chelate core of the copper(II) complex is structurally identical, as shown by X-ray data. The coordination core of the nickel(II) complex is an octahedron, which is completed by the solvent molecule. Pharmacological evidence of antibacterial activity was obtained for all the substances. The synthetic compounds have been studied and compared to existing antibiotics like chloramphenicol and amphotericin B for their ability to kill bacteria and fungi, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At room temperature, optically transparent single crystals of Glycine Zinc Acetate (GZnA) were grown in aqueous solution using the slow solvent evaporation approach. The grown GZA single crystals were subjected to various characterization analysis such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Vickers micro hardness, and antimicrobial studies. The powder XRD analysis revealed the structural parameters of the grown GZnA sample, confirming its monoclinic crystal structure. The elemental composition of the grown GZnA sample was confirmed using EDX analysis. Vickers micro hardness test was carried out at different loads varying in the range of 10–200 g which confirmed that the hardness value increases with increasing value of the applied load. Furthermore, in vitro antimicrobial activity extracts containing GZnA compound have been tested against five human pathogens (staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram Negative) and Candida albicans (Fungi) by well diffusion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, there has been growing interest in the harmful impact of synthetic additives, the increased consumer focus on nutrition, and their unwillingness to use antibiotics and preservatives. The food industry has been driven to seek natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants and integrate them into the production processes. Moreover, the most significant risk factor for foodborne illness is the consumption of raw or undercooked meats and milk, which may be contaminated with Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp., or Salmonella spp. This article presents a review of techniques for the functional properties of biopolymer particles loaded with essential oils that form a stable network to control their release, making them ideal for improving food packaging and processing. Such substances are employed in the manufacture of packaging materials and coated films and as emulsions, nanoemulsions, and coatings directly incorporated into the food matrix. It is of paramount importance to gain an understanding of the migration mechanism and potential interactions between packaging materials and foodstuffs. A more profound comprehension of the chemical constitution and biological characteristics of these extracts and their constituents would be advantageous for the identification of prospective applications in active food packaging. The findings of our study suggest the existence of certain constraints and deficiencies in the investigation of essential oils and their efficacy in food packaging. Consequently, further comprehensive research in this domain is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, metal and metal oxide, especially copper oxide nanoparticles, have attracted a lot of attention due to their high antimicrobial activity and low-cost advantage, but there are few studies on how storage conditions and time change their effect after the particles are produced. In this study, CuO nanoparticles produced by the sol–gel method and an annealing temperature of 300 °C were left in an oxygenated natural environment. Their antimicrobial effects were determined at 3-month intervals for approximately 36 months using Escherichia coli. In addition, the antimicrobial behavior of CuO particles produced at different annealing temperatures (150-900 °C) under the same storage conditions was compared. CuO nanoparticle formation was visualized by FESEM and TEM, confirmed by single-phase monoclinic XRD spectra, and characterized by FTIR techniques. It was observed that the antimicrobial effect of CuO nanoparticles prepared at the 300 °C annealing temperature and released into the natural oxygen environment decreased by approximately 60% after 36 months. The antimicrobial effect of other CuO particles in oxygen is similar for about 3 years, approximately 10% at 150 °C and 20% at 450 °C, but no decrease was observed for samples prepared at 600 °C annealing temperature. CuO nanoparticles are used in many fields such as health, cosmetic, paint and textile industries due to their antibacterial properties. It is very important to know how long CuO nanoparticles can maintain these antibacterial characteristics. For these reasons, in all these application areas, production with an annealing temperature of 600 °C is recommended to maintain the long-term antibacterial effect of CuO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, polysaccharides were isolated from the leaves (WSPRaL) and stems (WSPRaS) of Rhamnus alaternus with yields of 3% and 3.25% for WSPRaS and WSPRaL, respectively. Crude WSPRaL was composed of proteins (260.740 ± 0.98 µg/mg), lipids (53.34 ± 2.38 µg/mg), total sugars (482.716 ± 3.02 µg/mg), and reducing sugars (420.240 ± 1.68 µg/mg). In contrast, WSPRaS contained proteins (269.629 ± 1.48 µg/mg), lipids (13.33 ± 0.28 µg/mg), total sugars (569.135 ± 3.82 µg/mg), and reducing sugars (531.732 ± 2.59 µg/mg). FTIR, TLC, and HPLC analyses revealed that the carbohydrate fraction of WSPRaS consisted mainly of glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, mannose, and arabinose, whereas WSPRaL consisted of galacturonic acid, sucrose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, and arabinose. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to determine the microstructure of the water-soluble polysaccharides. The physicochemical properties were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet‒visible (UV‒visible) absorption spectroscopy. The total antioxidant activities of the crude polysaccharides were evaluated using various assays: DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 WSPRaL = 615 ± 2.05 µg/mL, IC50 WSPRaS = 628 ± 2.38 µg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging (470 ± 5.78 µg/mL and 559 ± 4.32 µg/mL for WSPRaL and WSPRaS, respectively), reducing power (IC50 WSPRaS = 141.76 ± 3.16 µg/mL, IC50 WSPRaL = 203.89 ± 1.07 µg/mL), and chelating capacity (IC50 WSPRaS = 225 ± 1.75 µg/mL, IC50 WSPRaL = 219 ± 2.51 µg/mL). In addition, the antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory activities of both polysaccharides were tested against pathogenic strains, and the polysaccharides significantly inhibited plant growth. Overall, the results indicate that the crude polysaccharides extracted from R. alaternus are promising for use as functional and bioactive ingredients in the food and nutraceutical industries. These results highlight the potential of both polysaccharides as natural products in various sectors, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medicine, due to their significant biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 6 novel ester derivatives 2–7 of natural product geodin 1 were designed and semi-synthesized through one mild step reaction with high yield. Compounds 2–7 showed strong inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus in the range of 2.35–9.41 μM. Compounds 4 and 7 showed very strong inhibitory activities against antifouling bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida with MICs of 2.42 μM and 4.56 μM respectively. Most notably compounds 3–7 showed potent antifungal activities against Candida albicans in the range of 0.59–2.44 μM. Particularly, compound 3 showed the highest antifungal activity against C. albicans with a MIC value of 0.59 μM. The preliminary structure activity relationship of these derivatives showed that replacement of 4-OH group with benzoyl substituents could enhance the antibacterial and antifungal activities of geodin 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, research is focused on therapeutic plants which are regarded as a supply of several phytotherapeutic compounds with several activities; among these plants we find cacti. Aim: The purpose of this work is to reveal the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of fruit peel from Opuntia stricta. Methods: The phenolics profile has been obtained by LC-ESI-MS analysis, antioxidant capacity has been evaluated by DPPH, FRAP, CAT, and ABTS• + free radical, the antimicrobial activity was tested against 7 bacteria and 3 fungi. Results: The results reveal that EFOS has a high content in polyphenols, flavonoids, quinic acid and hyperoside which were the most dominant. Moreover, the observed antioxidant capacity of extract was remarkable. In addition, a high antimicrobial capacity especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pythium catenulatum. These results indicate that fruits peels of O. stricta have potential applications as a natural preservative in cosmetics and in food formulations, and also as a natural remedy. Conclusion: The finding proved that EFOS is characterized firstly by a wide variability of polyphenols and flavonoids and secondly by a good potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(10.000): 2642-2650]

Abstract In this study, Ziziphus spina christi leaves was used to synthesize a trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite by a simple and green method. Many characterizations e.g. FTIR, UV–vis DRS, SEM–EDX, TEM, XRD, zeta-size analysis, and DLS, were used to confirm green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. The green, synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited a spherical dot-like structure, with an average particle size of around 7.11 ± 0.67 nm and a zeta potential of 21.5 mV. An extremely homogeneous distribution of signals, including O (79.25%), Cu (13.78%), Zn (4.42%), and Ag (2.55%), is evident on the surface of green-synthetic nanocomposite, according to EDX data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to effectively use an industrially produced green trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite as a potent antimicrobial agent by employing different statistically experimental designs. The highest yield of green synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite was (1.65 mg/mL), which was enhanced by 1.85 and 5.7 times; respectively, by using the Taguchi approach in comparison to the Plackett–Burman strategy and basal condition. A variety of assays techniques were utilized to evaluate the antimicrobial capabilities of the green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite at a 200 µg/mL concentration against multidrug-resistant human pathogens. After a 36-h period, the tested 200 µg/mL of the green-synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite effectively reduced the planktonic viable counts of the studied bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed the highest percentage of biofilm reduction (98.06 ± 0.93 and 97.47 ± 0.65%; respectively).

Antimicrobial agents are safe preservatives having the ability to protect foods from microbial spoilage and extend their shelf life. Many factors, including antimicrobials' chemical features, storage environments, delivery methods, and diffusion in foods, can affect their antimicrobial activities. The physical-chemical characteristics of the food itself play an important role in determining the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in foods; however the mechanisms behind it have not been fully explored. This review provides new insights and comprehensive knowledge regarding the impacts of the food matrix, including the food components and food (micro)structures, on the activities of antimicrobial agents. Studies of the last 10 years regarding the influences of the food structure on the effects of antimicrobial agents against the microorganisms' growth were summarized. The mechanisms underpinning the loss of the antimicrobial agents' activity in foods are proposed. Finally, some strategies/technologies to improve the protection of antimicrobial agents in specific food categories are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of natural antiseptic solid soaps produced from coconut oil, palm oil, and oliveoil incorporating tea tree essential oil as antibacterial agent using appropriate standard methods. The water content analysis revealed that all samples were within the recommended range for water content. The pH analysis results indicated that all samples exhibited an alkaline nature. The results of the hardness test revealed that sample D exhibited the highest value of 86674.5gram-force. The infrared spectra analysis of the solid soap formulations revealed consistent results, displaying prominent bands representing the ν (C=O) frequency of the keto group at 1558 cm-1 and a strong band at 1450 cm-1 corresponding to the ν (C-O) frequency of the ester oxygen. The various samples underwent in-vitro antimicrobial screening against multiple bacterial strains. The in-vitro antimicrobial screening of the different samples showed that sample D displayed significantly greater activity against the tested microorganisms compared to samples A, B, and C. Furthermore, the antiseptic efficacy test demonstrated that sample D achieved an outstanding bacterial reduction rate of approximately 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To identify efficient, broad-spectrum, and non-toxic preservatives for natural agricultural products, eight essential oils were screened for high inhibitory and antioxidant activities against spoilage microbes. Methods and results The zone of inhibition test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay were performed to assess the antimicrobial activity of eight essential oils against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces , and Escherichia coli. Among the eight essential oils, garlic and rose essential oils exhibited the best inhibitory effects, their MICs against the spoilage microbes were 40–640 μl/l and 10–320 μl/l, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activities of eight essential oils were compared using the DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging assays and the reducing power assay. Eight essential oils had antioxidant capacity, among which rosemary, thyme, rose, and tea tree essential oils performed the best. Moreover, the combination of thyme and rose exerted stronger antioxidant activity. Therefore, the concentrations of rose and garlic, and thyme essential oils were optimized using response surface methodology to obtain the optimal composite ratios, which were 1254 μl/l, 640 μl/l, and 1228 μl/l for rose, garlic, and thyme, respectively. The DPPH free radical-scavenging rate detected using this formulation was 50.2%, basically consistent with the prediction. Zone of inhibition diameters with the compound essential oil, against five spoilage microbes, were all greater than 45 mm. Conclusions The essential oil combination had high antimicrobial, against agricultural product spoilage microbes, and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-industrial residues are rich in lignocellulosic and complex bioactive phytochemical compounds. It is a useful free-energy source of fermentation for the manufacture of various important industrial products - especially vitamins, enzymes, antioxidants, and antibiotics - whereas its phytochemicals exhibit antimicrobial activities. In this study, the potential of tori (Luffa cylindrica L.) fruit when used as a substrate for Bacillus subtilis (k1) growth or antimicrobial activity against selected human bacterial pathogens was assessed. Five Bacillus subtilis (k1) cultures of tori fruit, i.e. LBo [1.0 % tryptone, 0.5 % yeast extract, and 0.5 % NaCl, 1-L dH2O (pH 7.0-7.2)], LB1 (1/8 LBo medium in dH2O), LB2 (LB1 + 5 % peel's powder), LB3 (LB1 + 5 % peeled-off fruits powder), and LB4 (LB1 + 5 % peels powder + 5 % peeled-off fruits powder), were maintained for 18 h. Maximum cell growth plus xylanase and pectinase activities were found in LB2, as well as total proteins, reducing sugars, and prolines in LB4 cultures (p = 0.05). For phytochemical analysis and evaluation of their antimicrobial efficiency, extracts of dried peels and peeled-off fruits were extracted in ddH2O and 50% aqueous solutions (v/v) of acetone, ethanol, and methanol separately. Extraction yielded phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins in methanol extracts, whereas alkaloids and terpenoids in acetone extracts were observed significantly higher in peeled-off fruit (pulps) than peels respectively. Meanwhile, the highest zone of inhibition shown by methanol extraction from peeled-off fruits against Staphylococcus aureus (20.89 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (k1) (22.91 mm), which showed comparable inhibition as by the respective standard antibiotics at 27.76 and 28.85 mm. In conclusion, methanol extracts of tori showed good antimicrobial potential against selected bacterial species due to its specific-typed phytochemical extraction in a solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filamentous bacteria belonging to the Streptomyces genus are well known for their exceptional capacity to generate a diverse range of bioavailable secondary metabolites. In this work, an inoculum for fermentation was created using Streptomyces sp., which was isolated from Yanbu City, Saudi Arabia. It was 99% identical to Streptomyces spororaveus AD 4, according to 16S ribosomal RNA sequence homology studies. After using ethyl acetate to extract the fermented broth, the crude extract's purity was checked using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following the purification stages, three pure bioactive fractions were isolated and given the names A, B, and C, with retention times of 2.251 ± 0.3 min, 4.342 ± 0.3 min, and 5.988 ± 0.3 min, respectively. Additionally, the spectroscopic examinations of these three compounds, including their GC-MS data, were used to determine their chemical structures by comparing them to published reference data. Additionally, the three fractions exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Candida albicanc, Aspergillus niger, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, E. coli ATCC 8739, and B. subtilis ATCC 6633. Also, the cytotoxicity of the bioactive fractions was assessed using the Hct-116 line. Of the three fractions, fraction C had the lowest cytotoxicity, with an IC50 value of 224.57 ± 5.82, followed by fraction B at 238.82 ± 2.57 and fraction A at 341.28 ± 1.69. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of substituted pyridine carboxaldehyde with thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide via a greener approach resulted in the synthesis of thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives; respectively. The resultant compounds were synthesized in aqueous media and were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectral studies. The antimicrobial evaluation of the final compounds has proven that they are active against the strains (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, A. niger, and C. glabrata) incorporating the microdilution method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, research is focused on therapeutic plants which are regarded as a supply of several phytotherapeutic compounds with several activities; among these plants we find cacti. Aim: The purpose of this work is to reveal the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of fruit peel from Opuntia stricta. Methods: The phenolics profile has been obtained by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectroscopy analysis, antioxidant capacity has been evaluated by DPPH, FRAP, CAT, and ABTS• + free radical, and the antimicrobial activity was tested against 7 bacteria and 3 fungi. Results: The results reveal that EFOS has a high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quinic acid, and hyperoside which were the most dominant. Moreover, the observed antioxidant capacity of the extract was remarkable. In addition, a high antimicrobial capacity especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pythium catenulatum. These results indicate that fruit peels of O. stricta have potential applications as a natural preservative in cosmetics and in food formulations, and also as a natural remedy. Conclusion: The finding proved that EFOS is characterized first by a wide variability of polyphenols and flavonoids and secondly by good potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study successfully produced a hybrid nanocomposite of silver nanoparticles embedded with end-of-life battery-derived sheets-like nitrogen and sulfur-doped reduced-graphene oxide (AgNPs@NSG), which was utilized to remove methylene blue (MB) and paracetamol (PC) from aqueous solutions. The AgNPs@NSG nanocomposite was analyzed using various techniques. Several conditions, including pH value, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, and contact time, were studied to improve the removal efficiency of MB and PC. The pseudo-second-order model was the best fit for both MB and PC adsorption kinetics. The Langmuir model effectively described the experimental data for the adsorption isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacities of 61.72 and 52.6 mg/g for MB and PC, respectively, at room temperature. Additionally, the AgNPs@NSG nanocomposite demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The nanocomposite showed inhibition zone diameters of 12.00 mm for Bacillus subtilis, 10.33 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 9.67 mm for Streptococcus mutans, 10.00 mm for Escherichia coli, 11.33 mm for Proteus vulgaris, 9.67 mm for Serratia marcescens, and 10.67 mm for Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These results indicate the potential of AgNPs@NSG for reducing microorganism infections, especially in wastewater treatment. Overall, this study presents a simple and cost-effective process for producing an efficient material to remove harmful pollutants from wastewater. It also demonstrates its additional antimicrobial properties, highlighting its potential for versatile applications in environmental cleanup and infection control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2SNP's) were successfully produced by using fruit extracts of Phyllanthus emblica. UV–vis, FTIR, XRD with SEM and EDX techniques were used for the synthesis process and for characterization of the resulting nanostructures. According to the findings, the fabricated nanostructure had a monoclinic crystal structure, measuring 44 nm in grain size, and its strain was 1.82 × 10−3. As revealed by SEM analysis, the synthesized nanostructure consists of irregular spherical and triangular shapes. The presence of silver (Ag) and sulfur (S) was also confirmed through EDX spectra. Furthermore, Ag2S nanoparticles were tested for their ability to effectively inhibit gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacterial growth. As a result of this study, it was clearly demonstrated that Ag2S nanoparticles possess powerful antibacterial properties, particularly when it came to inhibiting Escherichia coli growth. Ag2S nanoparticles had high total H2O2 and flavonoid concentrations and the greatest overall antioxidant activity, according to the evaluation of antioxidant activity of the samples. The results obtained from the P. emblica fruit extract were followed by those obtained from Ag2S nanoparticles were reported in detail. Research Highlights: Innovative Ag2SNP synthesis using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract.SEM with EDX revealed a monoclinic crystal structure with a grain size of 44 nm and a strain of 1.82 × 10−3.Many of these applications are demonstrated by the potential of Ag2SNPs to treat and combat bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli.A peak at 653 cm−1 indicates the presence of primary sulfide aliphatic C‐S extension vibrations.The abundant H2O2 and NO2 found in P. emblica nanocomposites make them potent antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed for the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a capping agent. The preparation of ZnONPs was first affirmed using UV–Vis spectra, illustrating the presence of an absorption peak at 364 nm. Meanwhile, the well distribution of ZnONPs was proved via transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then, ZnONPs were blended with a solution composed of HEC and sodium alginate (SA) to form an efficient hydrogel that crosslinked with calcium chloride (CaCl2). FTIR, SEM–EDX, and swelling ratios were employed to confirm the successful preparation of ZnONPs@HEC-SA in a hydrogel form. This investigation was extended to explore the efficacy of HEC-SA hydrogel and ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel in removing Crystal Violet (CV) dye from water. Various variables, such as varied pH levels, contact periods, and concentrations of ZnONPs, were used to assess the hydrogel's adsorption capabilities. ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel was also tested for photocatalytic degradation efficiency when exposed to visible light. At greater ZnONPs@HEC-SA dosage and shorter irradiation periods, our findings showed that the ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel completely degraded (100%) the CV dye after 105 min. The maximum adsorption capacity observed was 320 mg/g, indicating a large removal capacity of the hydrogel. Besides, the reusability of the hydrogel was confirmed by its capability to maintain influential adsorption effectiveness over five consecutive cycles. The adsorption capacity of the tested hydrogel increased exponentially as the pH of the CV dye solution decreased. The nature of ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel was reaffirmed by adding SA to the mixture, as detected by a point zero charge (PZC) of 8.4. The ZnONPs@HEC-SA hydrogel displays a considerable potential for applications in wastewater treatment. Its dual functionality as a photocatalyst and adsorbent for CV dye reduction, integrated with its antimicrobial properties, makes it a versatile and effective solution for managing pollution in water sources owing to its durability and efficiency over multiple cycles, enhancing its appeal for practical use in wastewater treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of attention in many fields due to their attractive physico‐chemical properties. In particular, their synthesis using an environmentally friendly method offers advantages in many applications. In the present report, copper oxide nanoparticles are produced from extracts of the plant Paulownia tomentosa by a method of biosynthesis. The synthesized CuO NPs have been characterized morphologically and structurally by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. Furthermore, the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and anticancer activities of the synthesized CuO NPs were evaluated. The CuO NPs were spherical and the particle size was 12.5 nm. For the tested microorganisms, CuO NPs showed a high inhibitory effect in terms of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized CuO NPs against HT‐22 and MCF‐7 showed a dose‐response activity. 50 % inhibitory concentration values were found to be 18.34 and 14.32 μg/mL of CuO NPs against the HT‐22 and MCF‐7 cancer cells, respectively. The results suggest that these nanoparticles can be used as effective antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticancer agents in the biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze ligand characteristics and use, a benzamide-derived ligand(benzoyl glycine) was synthesized and characterized before complexing it with zinc(II) ions. The ligand was formed from benzamide and glycine, obtained upon purification and precipitation. FTIR and 1H NMR were used to characterize the ligand. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal behavior of the ligand and its Zn(II) complex, revealing important thermodynamic characteristics. The zinc complex was subjected to X-ray powder diffraction experiments, which yielded structural insights. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were used in molecular modeling to clarify structure and characteristics of the molecules. Moreover, anti-microbial tests were used to assess biological activity against E. Coli and A. Niger. This thorough investigation lays the foundation for future research in this area by offering insightful information about the synthesis, characterization, and possible uses of the ligand and its Zn(II) metal complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the isolation and characterization of Streptomyces strain D15 from the Algerian steppes, with a focus on combating antibiotic-resistant microbial strains. In response to the global health threat posed by antimicrobial resistance, the research delves into the unique ecological niche of Algerian steppes. The isolated strain, identified as belonging to the genus Streptomyces, exhibits typical morphological and cultural traits, supported by chemical and genomic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis establishes the genetic closeness of D15 to Streptomyces lavendofoliae. The strain demonstrates potent antagonistic activity against various microorganisms, showcasing significant antimicrobial effects, particularly against Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Genomic analysis unveils a rich repertoire of biosynthetic gene clusters, emphasizing the strain's potential to produce diverse secondary metabolites, essential for combating antibiotic resistance. Streptomyces strain D15 emerges as a promising candidate for novel antimicrobial agents, with its broad-spectrum activity and genomic potential. The study underscores the importance of exploring untapped environments, like Algerian steppes, to discover new strains capable of addressing the challenges posed by antibiotic-resistant microbial strains. This research contributes to the ongoing global efforts to find innovative solutions and underscores the pivotal role Streptomyces plays in the search for effective antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, metal oxide nanostructures have been widely explored for health-related applications due to their novel physicochemical properties along with antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Here, nanoparticles (NPs) of zirconia (ZrO2) were synthesized via a co-precipitation route. Different structural and chemical properties of these NPs were assessed by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface texture by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-surface area analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. XRD profile analysis has confirmed the formation of a highly crystalline single-phase monoclinic structure. The crystallite size estimated from Debye–Scherrer's equation was found to be ~6 nm which is in good agreement with the size estimated from the W-H plot analysis. TEM image analysis showed the quintuple-shaped particles with the size in the range of 45–50 nm. The DLS showed an average particle size of 287 ± 5 nm and had a nearly stable zeta potential value of (−25.8 ± 5.3 mV). The specific surface area, 139.2 m2/g, is the highest ever reported value for monoclinic structured ZrO2 NPs. The "broth micro-dilution method" was employed to test the antimicrobial action of ZrO2 NPs against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. For certain strains, NPs demonstrated comparable or much better activity performance than the standard drugs. ZrO2 NPs were found potent against the S. pyogenes bacterium which may be due to oxidative stress generated on the cell wall of the membrane by Zr4+ to Zr3+ conversion. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of these NPs against normal fibroblast cells, Chang liver cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells was also examined. The effectiveness of ZrO2 NPs against investigated cancer cells can be ordered as MCF-7 breast cancer cells > normal fibroblast cells > Chang liver cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ziziphus spina christi leaves was used to synthesize a trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite by a simple and green method. Many characterizations e.g. FTIR, UV–vis DRS, SEM–EDX, TEM, XRD, zeta-size analysis, and DLS, were used to confirm green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite. The green, synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited a spherical dot-like structure, with an average particle size of around 7.11 ± 0.67 nm and a zeta potential of 21.5 mV. An extremely homogeneous distribution of signals, including O (79.25%), Cu (13.78%), Zn (4.42%), and Ag (2.55%), is evident on the surface of green-synthetic nanocomposite, according to EDX data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to effectively use an industrially produced green trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite as a potent antimicrobial agent by employing different statistically experimental designs. The highest yield of green synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite was (1.65 mg/mL), which was enhanced by 1.85 and 5.7 times; respectively, by using the Taguchi approach in comparison to the Plackett–Burman strategy and basal condition. A variety of assays techniques were utilized to evaluate the antimicrobial capabilities of the green-synthesized trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite at a 200 µg/mL concentration against multidrug-resistant human pathogens. After a 36-h period, the tested 200 µg/mL of the green-synthetic trimetallic CuO/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite effectively reduced the planktonic viable counts of the studied bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed the highest percentage of biofilm reduction (98.06 ± 0.93 and 97.47 ± 0.65%; respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolics produced during xylooligosaccharide production might inhibit xylanases and enhance the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of XOS. The effects of phenolic compounds on xylanases may depend on the type and concentration of the compound, the plant biomass used, and the enzyme used. Understanding the effects of phenolic compounds on xylanases and their impact on XOS is critical for developing viable bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to XOS. Understanding the complex relationship between phenolic compounds and xylanases can lead to the development of strategies that improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of XOS manufacturing processes and optimise enzyme performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activities of various polar and nonpolar solvent extracts derived from the leaves of Viola odorata. The disc diffusion method was employed to test the antimicrobial susceptibility against a diverse range of pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Candida albicans. The results indicated that isobutanol and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity compared to petroleum ether, crude, chloroform and aqueous fractions. Among the tested bacteria, E. carotovora was the most susceptible bacterium to all the extracts of V. odorata, whereas S. typhi demonstrated the highest resistance. The isobutanol extract inhibited the proliferation of E. carotovora by 62 % at a concentration of 2 mg disc-1, while the ethyl acetate extract achieved 53% inhibition under the same conditions. Additionally, our findings revealed that the overall antimicrobial activity of V. odorata leaves was consistently effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three pyridine- and four thiophene-containing chalcone derivatives were synthesized via Claisen–Schmidt condensation reaction, where five derivatives were new. Different spectral analyses (IR, 1H NMR, HRMS) clarified the structures and these proposed compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity by the agar disc diffusion technique. Compound 1c was conspicuously active against most of the bacterial and fungal strains. It displayed higher activity against Bacillus cereus (22.3 ± 0.6 mm), Shigella sonnei (43.3 ± 0.6 mm) and Shigella boydii (34.0 ± 1.0 mm) compared to the standard ceftriaxone (20.3 ± 0.6 mm, 40.3 ± 0.6 mm and 25.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively). In addition, the exhibited inhibition zone of compound 1c against all fungal strains was higher than that of the standard amphotericin B. All the newly synthesized derivatives satisfied the ADME properties, and no toxicological risks were found. All compounds were docked against three protein receptors with the range of binding affinity of −6.3 to −9.6 kcal mol−1. Molecular dynamics simulation was scrutinized further for compound 1c in three protein–ligand complexes where root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation data were below 2 Å, proposing its stability inside and minimal structural changes.

Carbohydrates, among the most abundant and widespread biomolecules in nature, play indispensable roles in diverse biological functions and represent a treasure trove of untapped potential for pharmaceutical applications. From this perspective, the present study was designed to explore and evaluate the synthesis and spectral characterization of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside derivatives 2-6 with different aliphatic groups through comprehensive in vitro antimicrobial screening, physicochemical analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis, and pharmacokinetic prediction. The unimolar one-step propionylation of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside under controlled conditions furnished 6-O-propionyl derivative 2 and the development of glucoopyranoside-based potential antimicrobial derivatives, which were further converted into four newer 2,3,4-tri-O-glucopyranoside derivatives (3-6) in reasonably good yields. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized analogs were ascertained by analyzing their physicochemical, elemental, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopic data. In vitro antimicrobial tests against five bacteria and two fungi indicated the promising antibacterial functionality of these synthesized analogs compared with their antifungal activity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that adding lauroyl> stearoyl > palmitoyl groups to the ribose moiety increased the potency against bacterial and fungal strains. In support of this observation, molecular docking experiments were performed on the 3TI6 H1N1 receptor and the 6VMZ H5N1 receptor. Molecular interactions with solvents were investigated in terms of FMO, HOMO-LUMO, and MEP properties. In addition, a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation process was performed to monitor the behavior of the complex structure formed by the receptor 6VMZ under in silico physiological conditions to examine its stability over time, which revealed a stable conformation and binding pattern in a stimulating environment of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside derivatives. Pharmacokinetic predictions were investigated to evaluate their absorption, distribution, metabolism and toxic properties, and the combination of pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness predictions has shown promising results in silico.

The hydrolytic enzyme, amylase possesses wide industrial applications and its production from bacterial sources by submerged fermentation is much simplified and economical. The research aimed to characterize amylase-producing bacteria and evaluate their potential for amylase activity regarding antimicrobial and fruit juice clarification. In current study, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus paramycoides was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. After submerged fermentation, amylase activity of bacteria was measured by 3, 5-dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) assay. A substantial amount of amylase (423.47 mg/ml) in crude extract was measured by Bradford protein assay. Later, ammonium sulfate (80 %) precipitated partially purified amylase showed 1.6 times enhanced amylase activity (1484.94 U/ml) compared to crude amylase (973.23 U/ml). For highest amylase production, 72 h of optimum fermentation period was recorded at pH 7 with 2 % starch as substrate. Potent thermophilic amylase activity was observed at 65 °C. In apple juice clarification activity of amylase, turbidity of juice was reduced to 54.18 %. Potential antimicrobial property of amylase was detected with largest zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (22.36 mm) and Mucor sp. ATCC 48559 (22.45 mm). Considering promising amylase properties, amylase-producing Bacillus strains from rice mill soil can be fermented for large scale amylase production providing application for industrial purposes including fruit juice clarification and antimicrobial activities. It will also overthrow the requirement of employing expensive and harmful chemicals in fruit juice clarification and combating pathogens.

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt • This study assesses antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera and Aloe schweinfurthii leaf extracts against plant pathogenic bacteria, highlighting significant differences in effectiveness between aqueous and ethanolic extracts. • The findings reveal that A. schweinfurthii extracts, particularly the ethanolic form, demonstrate superior antibacterial activity compared to A. vera, with inhibition zones up to 14.06mm. • Additionally, the identification of diverse phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids in the extracts underscores their potential as novel antibacterial agents for managing plant pathogenic bacteria. Full Abstract The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Aloe vera and Aloe schweinfurthii leaf extracts against plant pathogenic bacteria. Aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanolic extracts from both plants were tested on Xanthomonas axonopodis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showed antibacterial properties in both extracts, with varying inhibition zones ranging from 0.01 to 14.06mm. The most effective was the ethanolic extract from powdered A. schweinfurthii at 0.05g/ml, while hot water extracts from both species were the least effective. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phytates, and oxalates in both extracts. The study concluded that A. schweinfurthii outperformed A. vera in managing the plant pathogenic bacteria, suggesting potential new antibacterial agents.