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The present research has evaluated the spatial distribution and functional radius of land uses in the central district of Tehran city using objective and subjective methods. The findings showed; Land uses have a directional pattern with random distribution and a cluster. The functional radius also indicates a lack of desirable access for residents to land uses. On the other hand, the lack of per capita confirms the results of the functional radius of the land uses. Because the district is facing a per capita shortage in all uses and functional scales. The results of subjective evaluations also showed that residents lack ease of access to land uses. Also, the optimal access to land uses from the residents' perspectives has been contrary to the standards of urban development plans. What has been quite evident is that spatial injustice in the distribution of land uses and the presence of disparities in access to land uses have had a negative impact on the livability of the district. Our results underscore the importance of a comprehensive examination of livability based on the spatial justice of land uses. This necessitates simultaneous attention to distribution patterns, functional radii of land uses, and the involvement of residents' perceptions of that space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many factors affect the competitiveness of cities. One of the most important of these factors is the environmental dimension, which can affect and be influenced by economic and sociocultural aspects of urban competitiveness. The present study assesses the environmental competitiveness of cities with populations of more than 500,000 in Iran. Our research weighting approach consists of integrated ITARA-FUCOM methods to obtain nine criteria weights based on actual data evaluation and expert ideas. In addition, experts' statements are presented using gray logic and transformed into crisp numbers. Then, a modified MARCOS method that uses logarithmic normalization is introduced and implemented to assess fourteen target cities. Finally, The results of MARCOS-LN are compared to those of MARCOS itself, as well as three more MCDM methods (EDAS, CODAS, TOPSIS) and their versions, which utilize logarithmic normalization. The research findings showed that the city of Rasht is the most environmentally competitive, while the city of Kerman is the least competitive (rank 14) among the Iranian cities with populations greater than 500,000. The research results indicate that to improve the competitive position of Iranian cities, the internal capacities, relative advantages, and the competitive role each city can have on a transnational scale, their internal capacities should be paid attention to. This requires decentralized national and transnational planning and development competitiveness scenarios for medium and long-term periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important goals of urban management is to provide comfort and well-being for all citizens. According to the population trend of the world, a massive segment of the future population will be the elderly. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to the needs of this segment of society. In this regard, the concept of an age-friendly city that provides a favorable urban environment for the elderly has entered the world's scientific literature. Because one of the essential land utilization that the elderly have a lot of connection with is health-therapeutic use, the current research has been carried out to evaluate the current health-treatment situation of Songhor city in terms of its usefulness for the elderly. In the second step, the most important drivers influencing the location of these uses have been identified from the perspective of related experts. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The required data has been collected using library-documentary studies, field surveys, and the distribution of questionnaires from related experts. According to the study's findings, more than 60% of treatment facilities in Songhor city are inaccessible to the elderly. This difficulty varies by therapeutic use; in some cases, it is less difficult than the average, while in others, it is more difficult. In addition, three factors-investment cost (V3), rivalry (V10), and population density (V8)-have been identified as the age-friendly city's main drivers out of a total of 18 main variables. The study's findings indicate that the global population is aging, and urban managers and officials should design urban environments following the requirements of the projected population by putting forth medium- and long-term plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VIKOR is a well-defined multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) method since it reflects different risk attitudes of decision-makers by measuring the overall performance of an alternative under all criteria as “group value” and the worst performance of the alternative under all criteria as “individual regret”, but it cannot deal with MCDM problems where the criteria of different alternatives are inconsistent (different) and the decision information is uncertain. To address these problems, we present a probabilistic linguistic VIKOR method by combining with probabilistic linguistic term sets which portrays uncertain information such as individual hesitancy and incomplete belief flexibly. In addition, we introduce the aspired and tolerable values of criteria as reference points to measure the closeness degrees of alternatives to the ideal solution. To compare group values and individual regrets of different alternatives, we develop a vector normalization method that considers the number of criteria. The robustness of the aggregation results of group values and individual regrets is improved based on the extended Borda rule, which takes into account both values and ranks of alternatives in the aggregation. A case study of personnel evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method for solving MCDM problems with inconsistent criteria and uncertain decision information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]