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Ritual, which connects participants within brand communities, is a vehicle for creating and understanding time. Consumer and marketplace rituals have been theorised with respect to staging, enactment, outcomes, and place-making, but little consideration has been devoted to the timescapes that shape them. The study of time in marketing research is broadening beyond the chronos of chronology to the kairos of apperception or momentous liminality. We analyse distinct and interwoven chronos and kairos temporal strands experienced through the course of the vestaval ritual embedded within a brand community, in a plaiting process that ensures that contrasting temporalities co-exist, leaving the participant unmoored in time and resonant with deep personal significance of the moment. We theorise a temporal plaiting process and interpret its significance for ritual efficacy. We conclude with a discussion of research and managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new argument in favor of the Awareness Principle, the principle that one is always aware of one's concurrent conscious states. Informally, the argument is this: (1) Your conscious states are such that you can attend to them without undertaking any action beyond mere shift of attention; but (2) You cannot come to attend to something without undertaking any action beyond mere shift of attention unless you are already aware of that thing; so, (3) Your conscious states are such that you are aware of them. We open by introducing more fully the Awareness Principle (§ 1) and explicating the crucial notion of "mere shift of attention" (§ 2). We then develop the argument more fully, first in an intuitive form (§ 3) and then more formally (§ 4), before replying to a series of objections (§§ 5–7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles Husserl's early analysis of alien experience and its relation to the methodological framework of the Logical Investigations (LI). Since intersubjectivity first becomes a central theme for Husserl in his writings of 1905 (Seefeld Blätter), less attention is usually paid to his analysis of our experience of other minds in the LI. In this context, I attempt to highlight both the fundamental insights gained by Husserl in this analysis that will also remain key for his later accounts of empathy, as well as the challenges alien experiences raises for the theoretical framework of LI. I begin by discussing the main relevant traits of the phenomenological project of LI as a preparatory endeavor for the elucidation of logical objectualities, and the radical way in which Husserl defines its domain, i.e., the sphere of immanent content. Then I analyse Husserl's understanding of alien experience in terms of an indicative unity based on associative motivations. I argue that, in doing this, Husserl accounts for a non-inferential intuitive access to other minds and, at the same time, maintains their essential alienness. Finally, I show that this account rests on what I call an "intentional contamination" of Husserl's reductive method of LI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is the second most commonly used performance-based task in clinical practice. However, traditional TAT administration is time-consuming and raises accessibility issues. This study examines the effect of administration modifications (i.e., examiner handwriting versus typing, examiner recording versus participant recording, and re-prompting versus no re-prompting) on narrative length and richness as measured by the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G). A four-card TAT protocol was administered to 150 college students under one of five conditions. The resulting narratives were scored by two trained raters using the SCORS-G. MANOVA procedures showed (a) no significant differences between examiner handwriting versus typing; (b) the shortest, blandest narratives were produced when the examiner recorded the narratives without re-prompting; and (c) the longest, richest narratives were produced when the participant typed the narratives with re-prompts on the computer screen. Clinical and research implications and future directions will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper agrees with the premises of Philip Kitcher's argument, but rejects the inference to his conclusion about what we philosophers ought to be doing instead of philosophizing in the traditional way. It argues that two topics Kitcher himself mentions, consciousness and moral realism, can be and are usefully pursued and are both of some interest and value to the general intelligent public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the perceptions of children regarding the Covid-19 pandemic through their own drawings and to reveal the impact of the pandemic on children's psychological dynamics through an examination of their perceptions related to the pandemic and draw-and-tell interviews. Methods: Participants were 60 children aged 6-10 years (30 children diagnosed with COVID-19 in the last six months and 30 healthy children not diagnosed with Covid-19) and their parents. Children diagnosed with COVID-19 were recruited from a state hospital, whereas children in the non-Covid-19 group were recruited from a kindergarten. The children's experiences were examined using drawings, the Children's Apperception Test (CAT), and draw-and-tell interviews. The study employed descriptive and content analysis approaches. Results: In the descriptive analyses, it was observed that the frequency of colour use was less in the Covid-19 group (p<.001) while emotional difficulties such as introversion, regression, and insecurity were higher in this group than in the non-Covid-19 group (p< .05). Content analysis revealed that the vital threats posed by the pandemic negatively affected the mental health of all children. Additionally, the external reality experienced by children during the pandemic prevented them from accurately reflecting their actual mental functionality in their responses. Upon comprehensive evaluation of the study results, it was determined that children in both groups exhibited signs of fear, anxiety, depression, aggression, insecurity, introversion, and regression. Conclusions: The findings of the present study may be beneficial for understanding the psychological effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on children from their own perspectives and may have implications for clinical practise regarding the support that should be offered to children. In psycho-social support interventions for children, it is of critical importance to address the anxiety that may arise from being intensely present and intertwined with their parents, as well as their sensitivity to separation and dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has the ambitious aim to clarify the putative different meanings of "consciousness" in Kant's Critique, particularly focusing on the concept of apperception. Often misinterpreted merely as the potential for selfattributions of experiences and mental states--technically, as the individual's ability to knowingly refer to himself--such readings overlook the pivot role of transcendental apperception in bridging the inherent gap between nonconceptual content of sensible intuitions and the higher-level conceptual content of propositional attitudes, essential for reasoning and the rational control of actions. In this context, "consciousness" or "selfconsciousness" means cognitive accessibility (in Block's sense). But Kant's texts reveal additional meanings of consciousness. Notably, "sensation" means the raw material of intuition when it is apprehended through a synthesis of imagination without conceptual determination, capturing the subjective "what-it-is-like" phenomenal aspect of perception. Conversely, its objective correlate--the ability to discriminate and single out objects from their surroundings--embodies what can be described as "de re awareness" of a yet conceptually undetermined object of intuition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of philosophy, the concept of the self has long been a subject of intense debate and scrutiny. Within Kant's critical philosophy, the self holds a significant position and is deemed essential for the very notion of experience. This article aims to clarify Kant's viewpoint on the concept of self. Kant posits the existence of an inner sense faculty, through which he introduces the empirical or phenomenal self, a concept that aligns with Hume's stance on the self. Furthermore, Kant introduces the idea of a noumenal self through the faculty of understanding and apperception, suggesting that this noumenal self is the foundation upon which all our experiences are made possible. Our primary objective is to clarify the distinctions between the two forms of self, which will be succeeded by an assessment of each. Although numerous scholars tend to view Kant's perspective on the self as a negative concept, an alternative viewpoint emerges, proposing a potential positive interpretation of Kant's concept of the self. Subsequently, we present Gallagher's Pattern theory of the self and conduct a comparative analysis between the Kantian self and the components that constitute the self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sartre maintains that "all consciousness is consciousness of something." Idiosyncratically, he also understands this "intentionality principle" to entail that what consciousness is "of" is necessarily distinct from it (or "outside of" it, or "transcendent to" it). Nonetheless, he also maintains that all consciousness is necessarily conscious of—or rather, "(of)"—itself in a non‐intentional (in his terms: "non‐positional/non‐thetic") manner. Given that this non‐positional/thetic self‐consciousness is not intentional, it is evidently immune to the "difference" principle, but this is less clear with respect to self‐reflection (which Sartre simply calls "reflection"). It seems impossible for reflection to be "intentional" because intentionality entails difference—yet it also seems problematic to consider reflection "non‐intentional" because it then becomes difficult to distinguish reflection from non‐positional/thetic self‐consciousness as such (which is inherently "unreflective"). This can be called Sartre's "dilemma of reflection." While Sartre seems to alternate between portraying reflection as intentional and as non‐intentional (it generally appears like the former), this paper argues that it should be conceived as both according to different respects. By piecing together various passages of Sartre's texts and drawing out their implications, Sartre can be shown to have the resources for an answer to his own dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant is said to be the first to distinguish between consciousness of oneself as the subject of one's experiences and consciousness of oneself as an object, which he calls transcendental and empirical apperception, respectively. Of these, it is empirical apperception that is meant to enable consciousness of any empirical features of oneself; what this amounts to, however, continues to puzzle interpreters. I argue that a key to understanding what empirical apperception consists in is Kant's claim that each type of apperception corresponds to a distinct type of unity of apperception—that is, a distinct way in which representations can be related for a subject. Whereas transcendental unity of apperception requires that representations be actively combined by the understanding, empirical unity of apperception obtains when representations are passively combined by the reproductive imagination. In light of this, I develop a novel account of Kant's two types of apperception, according to which they correspond to a cognitive subject's consciousness of two essential aspects of herself—namely, her spontaneity and receptivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of community-based inquiry from an Indigenous perspective, highlighting the necessity of centering questions that are most pressing to each individual community. Topics include the significance of inquiry from Indigenous communities, the transformative experience of implementing Indigenous language immersion programs, and the relationality through praxis within the context of community-based inquiry projects.

Cultural influences, including the use of language, have been shown to affect personality development and are therefore also likely to impact personality assessment results (Ramirez-Esparza et al., 2006). The influence of language is particularly relevant in story-telling measures such as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Morgan & Murray, 1935). The purpose of the current study was to analyze TAT narratives delivered in Spanish and English to assess the application of defense mechanisms based on the Defense Mechanism Manual (DMM; Cramer, 1991) among Hispanic international students in the United States. The sample comprised 21 bilingual Hispanic participants who provided TAT stories in either Spanish or English. Results demonstrated that defense mechanism scores were significantly dependent on the language used (F(3,17) = 5.122, p< .05; Pillai’s Trace = .475). Specifically, univariate analyses demonstrated a significantly higher mean score for Denial (F(1,19) = 8.29, p = .01; English M = 8.82, SD = 4.64; Spanish M = 3.90, SD = 2.89) and Projection (F(1,19) = 4.63, p< .05; English M = 13.55, SD = 5.43; Spanish M = 8.00, SD = 6.38) for TAT stories narrated in English. To contextualize the aforementioned results, the frequency of distress-related words (stress, emotional distress, conflict, fear, and guilt) from Spanish and English narratives were compiled. A chi-square test of homogeneity showed a significant overall association between narrative language and distress-related words (p< .001). Words classified in the emotional distress category in English narratives (60.2%) were significantly higher in frequency than those in Spanish narratives (46.0%), whereas words in the conflict and fear categories in Spanish narratives (32.3% and 8.9%, respectively) were significantly higher in frequency than those in English narratives (21.3% and 4.6%, respectively). These findings offer guidance for psychological assessors to make informed decisions on the selection of language for eliciting TAT narratives from Hispanic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thematic Apperception Test is a widely used projective measure of personality assessment. The present research adapted 20 of the most useful TAT cards according to Pakistani culture. The cards were modified by changing the dressing and facial features of the characters showed in the pictures. The cards were given to clinical psychologists for qualitative item analysis. After the final approval both the original and adapted TAT version were applied on 54 respondents (n=34 normal and n=20 psychological patients). Nine judges interpreted TAT protocols according to Bellack’s scoring system on original as well as adapted version. Validity of the adapted version was calculated through convergence between original and adapted versions of TAT cards. Reliability was estimated through percentage of agreement among judges by inter-rater method. The validity ranged from 29.83 for card 7GF to 42.40 for card 9 BM. The average reliability ranged from 9.73 for card 18 BM to 22.79 for card 1. Although the reliability and validity indices of the newly adapted cards were generally low due to the projective nature of TAT, still the adapted version of TAT can be used in clinical settings for diagnostic purposes as well for the assessment of normal population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Letonica is the property of University of Latvia, Institute of Literature, Folklore & Art and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the clinical linguistics of schizophrenia, syntactic complexity has received much attention. In this study, we address whether syntactic complexity deteriorates within the six months following the first episode of psychosis in those who develop a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We collected data from a cohort of twenty-six first-episode psychosis and 12 healthy control subjects using the Thought and Language Index interview in response to three pictures from the Thematic Apperception Test at first assessment and after six months (the time of consensus diagnosis). An automated labeling (part-of-speech tagging) for specific syntactic elements calculated large and granular syntactic complexity indices with a focus on clause complexity as a particular case from this spoken language data. Probabilistic reasoning leveraging the conditional independence properties of Bayes networks revealed that consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia predicted a decrease in nominal subjects per clause among individuals with first episode psychosis. From the entire sample, we estimate a 95.4 % probability that a 50 % decrease in mean nominal subjects per clause after six months is explained by the presence of first episode psychosis. Among those with psychosis, a 30 % decrease in this clause-complexity index after six months of experiencing the first episode predicted with 95 % probability a consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia, representing a conditional relationship between a longitudinal decrease in syntactic complexity and a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We conclude that an early drift towards linguistic disorganization/impoverishment of clause complexity—at the granular level of nominal subject per clause—is a distinctive feature of schizophrenia that decreases longitudinally, thus differentiating schizophrenia from other psychotic illnesses with shared phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual Psychology represents a subjective psychology. This article examines Adler's Individual Psychology conceptualization of subjectivity. Adler emphasized that individuals' creative power engenders subjective processes that generate lifestyle and guide individuals' perceptions and actions through life. The article integrates concepts related to subjectivity, including apperception, perception, point of view, private logic, goals, lifestyle, theory of use, early recollections, relationships, and the law of movement. The discussion emphasizes the theoretical and practical view of subjectivity in Individual Psychology. It suggests understanding subjectivity as a theoretical concept and as a functional constituent of lifestyle that connects cognition and personal goals and strategies, guiding individuals' movement in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the effectiveness of dance as an art form to investigate consciousness, emphasizing its unique ability to operate in both space and time. Unlike visual art and music that focus on one aspect, dance draws attention to the performer's experience without relying on language, allowing the audience to observe consciousness in action.

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Copyright of Kant-Studien is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etudes Romanes de Brno is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the field of medicine and psychology, the concept of normality is a fundamental notion that plays an important role in the understanding of health and disease. Athanasiu A. emphasizes that normality is the background of the state of health, and it is necessary both in evolution and in congruence with other values that converge towards development and cognition. The specialized literature defines normality in various ways, such as normality as health, statistical normality, utopic normality, and normality as a process. Each definition has its unique characteristics and implications. Normality as health refers to the non-existence of the pathological, making the normal-pathological distinction extremely complicated. Statistical normality, as an average value, removes arbitrariness and enables comparisons with deviations due to disease. Utopic normality establishes an ideal norm ascertaining the element of normality, while normality as a process is a resultant of the subsystems that operate and interact with each other, producing change. In contrast to the state of normality, abnormality is defined as a deviation from the norm and determines the emergence of disease as a discontinuity of normal life. Abnormality occurs in relation to a background disturbance, while disease always involves a processual aspect. Overall, normality and abnormality play a crucial role in understanding health and disease, and their definitions continue to be the subject of debate in the medical and psychological fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presented psychoanalytic evaluations of the psychic processes of chronic eczema patients. Issues related to skin-ego construction, body-related anxieties, and barrier-penetration variables were evaluated by testing three hypotheses. Semistructured interviews and the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Tests were applied. The skin is a meaningful interface between the body and the psyche. In various skin diseases, mental factors seem to accompany the physical symptoms. Didier Anzieu’s skin ego theory emphasizes the importance of the first experience between the mother and infant through the skin. Maternal capacity for practices such as handling and holding constructs the child’s ego. Deficiencies in these areas might cause disruptions in ego and skin-ego development, as supported by the results of the present study. In addition, body-related anxieties were discussed in this paper with a psychosomatic psychoanalytic approach. Anxieties related to the inner body and the maintenance of bodily integrity were identified among eczema patients. Finally, Fisher and Cleveland’s work on individuals’ barrier and penetration variables was used to determine the relevant variables for eczema patients. The dynamics of both barrier and penetration were among the presented findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate Husserl's first steps towards a theory of intersubjectivity and his early attempts to solve the intricate questions pertaining to the constitution of alter ego. The starting point of this investigation is Husserl's critical examination of the concept of empathy theorized by Th. Lipps and his contention that empathy cannot be a passive and rather quasi-instinctive activity of the ego, but must be grounded in a kind of analogy between my own body and that of the other. This first attempt to explain in phenomenological terms how an ego can be aware of and perceive other thigs as egos is marred by difficulties that force Husserl to constantly rethink the question of the constitution of the alter ego and propose new ways of conceiving the special kind of apperception that opens up the possibility of perceiving the others as alter egos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Zhuangzi's allegory of the "mirror," this article extends the traditional notion of "mirror as tranquility" by reflecting on the ideas of "mirror imagery" and "observation." It proposes the idea of "retrospection" as opposed to observation with respect to the "downward gaze" of the ancient mythical great bird Peng 鵬 in "Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease." This article reflects upon how Zhuangzi's argument to act upon others as if one were acting upon a mirror serves the function of "reflecting" the object truthfully. It also considers the inadequacy of this passive reflection, suggesting that in addition to reflecting, one should also be able to "guide" the other proactively. The article first examines the approaches to conflict resolution found in various conflicting situations in the Zhuangzi, which also symbolize the process of "reconciling right and wrong" by means of the mirror approach. This approach also symbolizes the process of the mirror in the accomplished individual's active "reconciliation of right and wrong." Following this, the article depicts the perspective of the recipient, and argues that in spite of Zhuangzi's claim of active moralization, the active nature is simultaneously concealed, enabling the recipient to achieve self-realization in a state of "unawareness." Ultimately, this article attempts to position those who embody the Way in a state in which they experience both right and wrong by referring to Zhuangzi's argument towards the discernment of dreams and consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed at identifying Early Maladaptive Schemas EMSs that can predict obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample of postgraduate students (N=150), ranging in age between (21- 40 years). The study also aimed at revealing the EMSs in two cases with high scores on obsessions and compulsions inventory through a clinical study using the Thematic Apperception Test T.A.T. Study measures included Young’s Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), and the Padua inventory (PI) for obsessions and compulsions, as well as the Thematic Apperception Test T.A.T. Results revealed significant correlations between all early maladaptive schemas and students’ scores on PADUA inventory. Stepwise regression analysis showed that Vulnerability to harm or illness; Enmeshment/Undeveloped self; Abandonment and Emotional Inhibition schemas predicted the total score of obsessions and compulsions. Statistically significant differences in obsessions and compulsions were found between individuals with high and low scores on early maladaptive schemas. The results of the clinical study using T.A.T supported the findings of the psychometric study regarding the most prevalent and predicting maladaptive cognitive schemas among participants with high scores on obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to assess the psychological impact of school bullying on adolescents. This study is about an exploratory clinical-qualitative research with multiple case studies of four teenagers, who had been victimized by bullying acts aged between 15 and 17 years old. This study applied the following instruments: Semi-structured interview; SCL90-R scale; Rorschach Method and Thematic Apperception Test (Parisian School). The results show depression, anxiety, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal attempts. On the SCL-90-R Scale, five out of nine psychopathological factors stood out in two cases. On Rorschach, the coercion and extroversion predominate as a Type of Intimate Resonance. Thematic Apperception Test results points lability and rigidity. The presence of bullying points to an own psychological dynamic in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the article is to define the concept of aesthetic competence of the nomad teacher of postmodern era based on a comparative analysis of two aesthetic models (metis paraesthetics and soteriological aesthetics). Methods. The subject of study is anthropotemporal methodology of acquiring aesthetic competence as an act of spiritual transformation (approaches, paradigm, priorities, criteria of effectiveness). The analysis of the stages of nomad's dianoic choice in the process of understanding beauty as a boon was carried out using the method of epistemological design, according to which emotions function cognitively in aesthetic experience. The technology of spiritual self-coaching was chosen to activate all the structural components of aesthetic competence - the intention to correct aesthetic apperception and the competencies of emotional-reflective, value--semantic, aesthetic and worldview revaluation. Results. The implementation of the chosen technology opened up the possibility of reorientation for the nomad teacher: from the drive of the performer-trickster to a humble and grateful anticipation of the beauty as transcendent - to overcoming the power of inertia of previous dependence, responses to the calls of a pure (still "adventurous") mind. A cluster analysis of the results of the completed tasks was carried out for the regression description of the efficiency of the technology. Conclusion. The soteriological concept of the aesthetic competence of the nomad teacher focuses attention on the essential coexistence of the teacher with students throughout the entire process of his self-determination. The practical experience of its implementation can make a positive contribution to reforming postmodern aesthetic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Vita Sackville-West devoted herself to approaching perfection in the Other way of both gender and solitude. In regard to gender, she practiced dominating masculinity in her homosexual and heterosexual affairs and managed to equilibrate what she was in lack of as a female. In regard to solitude, she succeeded in counterbalancing what she had not achieved in real life by realizing her dominating dreams with wild imaginative sexswapping in her novels and being remote as much as possible from the modern society in her poems and gardening. The root of Vita's Other way of life might be discovered in three dimensions. Biologically, she did have more extrovert physical male features than ordinary women; psychoanalytically, she had the "active imagination" or "creative apperception" as the "capacity to be alone" motivated by the wills to pleasure, to power and to meaning; and metonymically, the context of her family, lovers and necessary triggers contributing to her views of life and relevant values established the indexical link between her choosing gender and solitude to approach perfection in the whole life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper explicates the role of language and communication in Kant's account of objective judgment and objective reference. I take it that the basic units of proper objective reference for Kant are objective judgments, which according to Kant are acts of relating given cognitions to other cognitions in the unity of apperception. The question is, does language play any role in this activity, or is this activity reflected in language somehow? I argue that, unlike early critics such as Herder and Hamann (and many after them) have suggested, Kant does not overall neglect language and communication in his philosophy, but rather can be taken to give an account of how it is possible to use language objectively and communicate objective judgments in the first place. Even though I do not find it a plausible view that according to Kant there is no thinking at all without or prior to language, Kant's account does not rule out the importance of language for our thinking, judging and communicating. My claim is that Kant's account of categorical experience as universal and necessary cognition of objects provides a ground for languages and their objective use, that is, for the possibility of objective reference in language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this commentary paper I try to make complementarily more discussion on two question. First, the target paper (Zagaria, Andò, & Zennaro, 2020) points out the lack of continuity in the concepts used in psychology. The authors aim for a rigorous definition which is necessary to rebuild mud figures of psychology, but is that the only direction? Second, the evolutionary psychology seems to allow for a diversity of methodologies, but is there any limitations and possibilities of approaching the origin of the mind from biologically based methods? To answer this question, I went back and examined Freud's earlier studies and Vygotsky's theoretical considerations from the history of psychology. As a result, it was pointed out that the shift from the biological world to the psychological world had a fundamental problem of conversion from quantity to quality. As a clue to its elucidation, I considered on the semiotic mediation, the psychological causality, and the work of apperception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of interactive methods in the study of light interference, developmental factors, types, current issues. In particular, we encounter the phenomenon of interference in life. For example, we see thin layers of oil or grease on the surface of water glow when light falls on them. This phenomenon is called the color of thin plates in optics. Such colored flashes are also observed on soap bubbles on very thin oil curtains, on old glass or metal surfaces. If we illuminate a thin transparent film, we see the same phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to capacitism, to perceive is to employ personal-level, perceptual capacities. In a series of publications, Schellenberg (2016, 2018, 2019b, 2020) has argued that capacitism offers unified analyses of perceptual particularity, perceptual content, perceptual consciousness, perceptual evidence, and perceptual knowledge. "Capacities first" (2020: 715); appealing accounts of an impressive array of perceptual and epistemological phenomena will follow. We argue that, given the Schellenbergian way of individuating perceptual capacities which underpins the above analyses, perceiving an object does not require employing a perceptual capacity which picks it out. Although each eye, used on its own, can suffice for perceiving objects in one's environment, binocular vision allows one to see the same object(s) via both eyes, taking advantage of informational disparities registered by each eye. Yet in certain conditions it is possible to simultaneously see one object via the left eye and a distinct object via the right eye (at least when the inputs are sufficiently similar to prevent the onset of binocular rivalry). We argue that capacitism has trouble making sense of this. After surveying responses, we conclude that not all of the above phenomena can be unified under the capacitist framework. We then present a more nuanced, disjunctivist account of how capacities are individuated. While it may be illuminating to think of perceiving as the employment of perceptual capacities, this picture does not best favour a 'common factor' theory of perceptual content in the way existing presentations have envisaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role modeling is one of the most influential components of teaching professional behaviors to nursing students. The Role Model Apperception Tool (RoMAT) was designed in the Netherlands to measure role modeling behaviors in clinical educators. The aim of this study was assess the psychometrics of the Persian version of this tool. In a methodological study, the Persian version of the RoMAT tool was developed using the forward-backward translation method. Face validity was confirmed through cognitive interviews, and content validity was done by a panel of 12 experts. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (n = 200), and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 142) was evaluated after the tool was completed online by undergraduate nursing students. Reliability was confirmed using internal consistency and test and retest methods. Furthermore, ceiling and floor effects were assessed. The two components of "professional competencies" and "leadership competencies" emerged with a cumulative variance of 62.01%, a reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 and 0.83, and an intraclass correlation of 0.9 and 0.78, respectively. It was concluded that the Persian version of the Role Model Apperception Tool is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to investigate the role modeling behaviors of clinical instructors of nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]