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This paper presents information on a model used to analyze the underground injection of wastes containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). This model uses a step function contaminant source, which models intermittent NORM injection in a continuous brine injection well. The governing equations are presented and transformed into Laplace space, where the equations are solved. The numerical inversion of this solution is detailed. The model is cast in a nondimensional form such that a single model solution is valid for a large number of different field conditions. This paper also presents a case study that compares this analytical model to a simple mixing model for a field demonstration site in west Texas. This case study showed that at distances of more than 100 meters from the injection well, calculated subsurface NORM activities were lower than proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards. The comparison also shows that the simple mixing model overpredicts activity levels close to the injection well and underpredicts activities further from the well.

According to an American Petroleum Institute production waste survey reported on by P.G. Wakim in 1987 and 1988, the exploration and production segment of the U.S. oil and gas industry generated more than 360 million barrels (bbl) of drilling wastes, more than 20 billion bbl of produced water, and nearly 12 million bbl of associated wastes in 1985. Current exploration and production activities are believed to be generating comparable quantities of these oil field wastes. Wakim estimates that 28% of drilling wastes, less than 2% of produced water, and 52% of associated wastes are disposed of in off-site commercial facilities. In recent years, interest in disposing of oil field wastes in solution mined salt caverns has been growing. This report provides information on the availability of commercial disposal companies in oil and gas producing states, the treatment and disposal methods they employ, and the amounts they charge. It also compares cavern disposal costs with the costs of other forms of waste disposal. At the federal level, the majority of oil field wastes are considered to be exempt from the hazardous waste provisions of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). These wastes are instead regulated at the state level. All oil and gas producing states allow some oil field wastes to be disposed of on-site. The commonly used on site disposal methods include underground injection, on-site burial, land spreading or other land treatment, evaporation, surface discharge, and recycling. Argonne National Laboratory conducted interviews with oil and gas officials in 31 oil and gas producing states to learn how oil field wastes are disposed of in their states and to identify commercial off-site disposal companies.

A preliminary radiological dose assessment of equipment decontamination, subsurface disposal, landspreading, equipment smelting, and equipment burial was conducted to address concerns regarding the presence of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in production waste streams. The assessment estimated maximum individual dose equivalents for workers and the general public. Sensitivity analyses of certain input parameters also were conducted. On the basis of this assessment, it is concluded that (1) regulations requiring workers to wear respiratory protection during equipment cleaning operations are likely to result in lower worker doses, (2) underground injection and downhole encapsulation of NORM wastes present a negligible risk to the general public, and (3) potential doses to workers and the general public related to smelting NORM contaminated equipment can be controlled by limiting the contamination level of the initial feed. It is recommended that (1) NORM wastes be further characterized to improve studies of potential radiological doses; (2) states be encouraged to permit subsurface disposal of NORM more readily, provided further assessments support this study's results; (3) further assessment of landspreading NORM wastes be conducted; and (4) the political, economic, sociological, and nonradiological issues related to smelting NORM contaminated equipment be studied to fully examine the feasibility of this disposal option.

The Weldon Spring site is about 30 miles west of St. Louis, Missouri; it consists of a 217 acre chemical plant and a 9 acre quarry. The site was both radioactively and chemically contaminated as a result of past processing and disposal activities. This report describes the activities employed to clean up the site.

This master environmental plan is based on the results of an environmental assessment conducted at Fort Devens, Massachusetts, by Argonne National Laboratory. It addresses the current status, projected data requirements, and recommended actions for 58 designated sites (referred to as study areas [SAs] or areas of concern). Only one of the SAs, a hazardous waste storage area, is regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Because of the length of time that Fort Devens has been operational, records of some of the activities were not available and some of the SAs could not be located or adequately characterized. For example, several of the south-post landfills date back to the nineteenth century. Proposed initial response actions for the SAs include the following: * Conduct reconnaissances or geophysical surveys at 16 SAs, * Collect surface soil samples at 24 SAs, * Collect surface water and sediment samples at 10 SAs, * Drill soil borings at 12 SAs, - * Install new monitoring wells at 11 SAs, * Collect samples from monitoring wells at 15 SAs, and * Excavate test pits and sample deeper soil at 4 SAs. Various other actions are recommended for several SAs, including. measuring groundwater levels and flow, collecting incinerator ash samples, searching records to obtain additional information, and restricting or monitoring site. use. Recommendations for installation-wide studies include characterization of general hydrogeology and surface water quality, soils analyses, and ecological assessments., Sponsored in part by U.S. Department of Energy.

Three models used to predict the wind field and pollutant dispersion in complex terrain are compared with smoke dispersion data acquired as part of the AMADEUS field experiments in 1987 near Red Bluff, California. The models evaluated were WADOCT, HOTMAC/RAPTAD, and RAMS. The data base for model testing encompassed 7 fog-oil smoke releases from ground level under stable meteorological conditions. Smoke concentrations were measured out to 4 km downwind. Time-dependent meteorological and source data were available from these tests to be used as model input. The results showed that the WADOCT model predicted quite well for the first 300 m downwind but then underpredicted the plume concentration by an order of magnitude at distances of 4 km downwind. The HOTMAC/RAPTAD model revealed a similar behavior. The inability of those two models to predict the trajectory of the plume and the observed limited vertical growth of the plume, in the downwind valley, are the likely causes of the underprediction. The RAMS model revealed very poor wind field and dispersion predictions based on the large grid spacing that was required (for this application) in order to make the computer run times manageable.... Smoke, Complex terrain, Dispersion modeling, Computer modeling, RA 3., Prepared in cooperation with Illinois Univ., at Urbana-Champaign. Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering.

A Remedial Investigation (RI) Concept Plan for Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey has been planned. Based on types of activity and location, the 156 RI Sites identified during the study are grouped into 16 Areas. The plan assesses the environmental impact and identifies additional data needed for each RI Site in each Area. The plan was developed to comply with state and federal hazardous waste and water quality regulations. The plan also provides a ranking of the 16 Areas according to their potential for impacts on public health and the environment. Volume 1 describes the environmental setting of Picatinny Arsenal, discusses applicable federal and state environmental regulations, briefly describes the Areas and the Sites within each Area, provides a ranking of the Areas, summarizes the proposed RI sampling plan for each Site in each Area, and gives supplementary information. Description of the study area includes: location and geography, climate, soils and geology, hydrology and arsenal activities. Chemicals and radioactive materials used at this facility are listed., Includes 1 map.

Hydrologic data were gathered from the 36.8-sq mi. Joliet Army Ammunition Plant (JAAP) located in Joliet, Illinois. Surface water levels were measured continuously, and ground water levels were measured monthly. The resulting information was entered into database that could be used as part of numerical flow model validation for the site. Deep sandstone aquifers supply much of the water in the JAAP region. This last unit is unconformably overlain by Pleistocene glacial tills and outwash sand and gravel. Ground water levels in the shallow glacial system fluctuate widely. The response to ground water recharge in the underlying Silurian dolomite is slower. In the upland recharge areas, increased ground water levels were observed; in the lowland discharge areas, ground water levels decreased. The decreases are postulated to be a lag effect related to a 1988 drought. These observations show that fluid flow at the JAAP in not a steady-state, either on a monthly or an annual basis. Hydraulic budgets were estimated for the two principal surface water basins at the JAAP site. These basins account for 70% of the facility's total land area. Meteorological data collected at a nearby dam show that the total measured precipitation was 31.45 in. and total calculated evapotranspiration was 23.09 in. for the study period. The change in surface water storage was assumed to be zero for the annual budget for each basin., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Includes envelopes with 2 maps.

Picatinny Arsenal (PTA) is a large and complex installation that has been in operation for many years. This installation would be expected to have a large number of areas containing hazardous materials or disposed hazardous waste. This volume gives a brief description of the sites in each area. In addition, material is presented that describes the known history, discusses the local environment, identifies known or potential contamination, and proposes an RI sampling plan for each site. The proposed sampling plans are detailed and compose a summary work plan. Sampling depths and intervals, are given for many sampling activities. Unless stated otherwise, some procedures are the same for all sites. Also, where a plan calls for the 'disposal of' contaminated materials, such materials should be disposed of in approved disposal facilities for toxic hazards., See also Volume 1, ADA238032.

Volume 1 of this report contains descriptions of the study area and state and federal regulations, brief descriptions of areas and sites being investigated and the process by which they were chosen, summaries of the proposed RI sampling plans, and a priority ranking of the areas; also included are summaries of munitions loading production and chemicals and radioactive materials usage at PTA. For each site, a brief description of the history, geology, and hydrology is followed by a discussion of the available data and information pertaining to the existing contamination. Based on the existing data, a remedial investigation (RI) action plan is proposed for each site. Each action plan describes additional data needed to adequately characterize and monitor existing and potential contamination at the site., See also Volume 2, ADA234488. Includes two maps.

Argonne National Laboratory has conducted an enhanced preliminary assessment of the Fort Wingate Depot Activity at Gallup, New Mexico. The objectives of the enhanced preliminary assessment include: identifying and characterizing all areas, facilities, and operations with respect to known or suspected releases of contaminants to the environment, identifying areas of contamination that may require immediate remedial action, identifying those areas which may require additional investigation, identifying other actions that may be necessary to address and resolve all identified environmental problems, and identifying other environmental concerns that may present impediments to the expeditious transfer of this property. Fort Wingate Depot Activity does not require any emergency remedial actions. There are, however, instances of known or suspected releases of hazardous, or potentially hazardous, materials to the environment at FWDA that require additional investigation or remedial action before the property can be released for unrestricted use.

Roy F. Weston, Inc. has conducted a sampling and analysis program of the Army housing property located in Plainville, Connecticut. The objectives of this effort include further characterization of environmental contamination identified in an enhanced preliminary assessment carried out in 1989. The specific activities performed at this site were identification, evaluation of the condition, and collection of samples from specific suspected asbestos- containing materials, including floor tiles, pipe run and pipe fitting insulation, dust in the ductwork, and exterior siding, where present. These evaluations were necessary to clarify potential environmental issues identified in the earlier report, prior to the sale or realignment of the property. (js)

Roy F. Weston, Inc. has conducted a sampling and analysis program of the Army housing property located in New Britain, Connecticut. The objectives of this effort include further characterization of environmental contamination identified in an enhanced preliminary assessment carried out in 1989. The specific activities, performed at this site were identification, evaluation of the condition, and collection of samples from specific suspected asbestos- containing materials, including floor tiles, pipe run and pipe fitting insulation, dust in the ductwork, and exterior siding, where present. These evaluations were necessary to clarify potential environmental issues identified in the earlier report, prior to the sale or realignment of the property. (js)

Roy F. Weston, Inc. has conducted a sampling and analysis program of the Army housing property located in Wakefield, Massachusetts. The objectives of this effort include further characterization of environmental contamination identified in an enhanced preliminary assessment carried out in 1989. The specific activities performed at this site were identification, evaluation of the condition, and collection of samples from specific suspected asbestos- containing materials, including floor tiles, pipe run and pipe fitting insulation, dust in the ductwork, and exterior siding, where present. These evaluations were necessary to clarify potential environmental issues identified in the earlier report, prior to the sale or realignment of the property. (js)

Roy F. Weston, Inc. has conducted a sampling and analysis program of the Army housing property located in Randolph, Massachusetts. The objectives of this effort include further characterization of environmental contamination identified in an enhanced preliminary assessment carried out in 1989. The specific activities performed at this site were identification, evaluation of the condition, and collection of samples from specific suspected asbestos- containing materials, including floor tiles, pipe run and pipe fitting insulation, dust in the ductwork, and exterior siding, where present. These evaluations were necessary to clarify potential environmental issues identified in the earlier report, prior to the sale or realignment of the property. (js)

Roy F. Weston, Inc. has conducted a sampling and analysis program of the Army housing property located in Burlington, Massachusetts. The objectives of this effort include further characterization of environmental contamination identified in an enhanced preliminary assessment carried out in 1989. The specific activities performed at this site were identification, evaluation of the condition, and collection if samples from specific suspected asbestos- containing materials, including floor tiles, pipe fitting insulation, dust in the ductwork, and exterior siding, where present. These evaluations were necessary to clarify potential environmental issues identified in the earlier report, prior to the sale of realignment of the property.

This report presents the results of a study of the feasibility of treating explosives-contaminated soils through biodegradation by bacteria. Soil samples were collected from the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant, and a bacterial consortium tolerant to trinitrotoluene (TNT) was isolated for bench-scale testing in a soil-slurry reaction system. Initial experiments indicated that the consortium can use TNT as a source of carbon, nitrogen, or both. Additional experiments determined system conditions (e.g., type and quantity of nutrients) that enhanced TNT consumption by the consortium. The study results indicate that a soil-slurry/sequencing-batch reactor merits testing as an on-site, pilot-scale system. This report also presents a pilot-scale design and cost analysis. TNT(Trinitrotoluene), Slurry reactor, Biodegradation.