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Quite apart from the diversity of situations in small and medium-sized towns, stabilising their town centres is a major challenge. In both countries, town centres have been weakened by commercial changes, a decline in the supply of services and transformations in lifestyles. They are characterised by an increase in vacancy rates, which accelerates a spiralling loss of attractiveness and atmosphere of neglect. Since the beginning of the 2000s, this challenge has been central in the public debate. In both countries, urban renewal has been a key element of this revitalisation policy. However, although the context of public action is rather similar in France and Germany, the modes of governance differ. In France the administrative municipal system continues to provide a narrow and fixed framework despite recent territorial reforms that favour the intermunicipal level. In addition, cooperation, communication and participation of local actors from business and civil society are more firmly anchored in social and political practice in German small and medium-sized towns.

This chapter concentrates on institutional differences in France and Germany. The stability of the German institutional setting contrasts with the series of institutional reforms that have stretched over decades or even half a century in France. While in Germany transformation has taken the form of successive adaptations, in France the diverse reforms have been hotly debated and sometimes even contested. Often the metropolises and regions form the focus of such discussions in France. These contrasts between stability and change can also be seen in both spatial planning systems and the position of the highest level of territorial authority (régions in France and Länder in Germany). Starting from the national policy guidelines in both countries, the authors describe different territorial units, their areas of responsibility and their manifold planning instruments. They also address processes of democratisation, participation and metropolisation, the role of the European Union and various crises as drivers of the development of both systems.

The evolution of city regions and metropolises in both countries illustrates the theoretical debates on this particular geographical object. Political legitimacy, significant autonomy and a 'relevant' territorial area should form the basis of these regions. But there is a long way to go from this theoretical vision to practice. In Germany, a slow and contingent bottom-up process can be observed, whereas in France, following a long history of intermunicipality, institutional metropolises are emerging (MAPTAM law of 2014). Metropolregionen and métropoles thus differ. Germany shows incomplete and variable forms of metropolitan organisation, whereas French metropolises are satisfied with simple criteria of competences and resources. However, these 'intermunicipal' métropoles (one exception: Lyon) can also be compared with the large German cities, which are highly individualised political entities, with the city-states (e. g. Hamburg) being the most extreme cases. Two examples, Frankfurt and Lille, illustrate the comparison.

The situation, development lines and perspectives of small and medium-sized towns in Germany and France are compared and similarities and differences within the central place systems and the spatial planning of both countries are discussed. With different approaches to definition, these towns have received new attention in both countries in recent years, albeit with different focal points. The discussion covers the positions and lines of development of these towns in the respective central place systems; the perspectives of their future development regarding the strengthening of central place functions, their attractiveness as residential and economic locations, and contexts of rural regional development and services of general interest. In addition, aspects of research on small and medium-sized towns as well as approaches to spatial policy in both countries are addressed.

In the field of urban and regional planning, France and Germany have shown several analogies since the beginning of the modern age. However, there is still a difference between more centralised governance processes (France) and a stronger position of the municipalities (Germany). But the planning strategies of France and Germany have moved closer together. A comparison covering about 100 years must differentiate between German planning strategies in East and West Germany for a considerable period. Urban planning has been influenced by similar models like the Athens Charter or the Leipzig Charter. The latter, a European document, was renewed in 2020. Furthermore, in both countries, similar paths can be identified: the pursuit of a strong technical focus, the tendency towards sustainable development, more flexibility, the growing importance of integrated policies and the challenges of urban sprawl. Main doctrines like integration, participation and future orientation have accompanied urban and regional planning in Germany as well as in France.

This chapter is devoted to mobility in France and Germany. First, key mobility indicators for the two countries are presented. This shows that private motorised transport still dominates in both France and Germany. Despite many negative effects on the climate, but also on health and quality of life, no far-reaching measures have been adopted. Hopes are pinned on technological progress and the integration of electromobility. However, this will not solve the shortage of land in cities or the car-dependence of many (low-income) households in rural areas in France. Subsequently, an empirical example from Berlin is used to show how financial and time restrictions affect the willingness of car drivers to switch to alternative modes of transport. Financial measures have a greater influence than time-related measures. For the French example, regional disparities and social dependence on the car are considered more closely. Finally, the current policy initiatives of the two countries are presented in order to assess the potentials of the transport transition.

Germany and France offer two different models of political and administrative organisation: a federal state on one side of the Rhine and a unitary state on the other, albeit one that has become more decentralised over the last 40 years. Thus, the French régions have reduced capacities for action compared to the Länder. At the local level, the administrative structure was strengthened in Germany by merging municipalities, whereas France chose to use intermunicipal structures. In contrast to the political and administrative stability in Germany, local and regional organisation in France is constantly evolving, faced with a succession of laws, the pace of which has accelerated over time. The same applies to spatial planning, which has been framed from the outset by the German Grundgesetz (GG - Basic Law), but which has undergone much more evolution on the French side, even if the loi d'orientation foncière (LOF - Basic Land Act) of 1967 and the loi solidarité et renouvellement urbain (SRU - Law on Urban Solidarity and Renewal) (2000) represent two fundamental stages. In both countries, the strategic dimension of planning has been strengthened, and each side has developed its own tools for the management of urban projects.

Sustainability and participation have become two priorities of urban policies. They are usually considered perfectly synergistic, but they are not. This chapter aims to disentangle the imbroglio of sustainability coupled with participatory processes in the theory and practice of urban planning and development. To do so, it reflects upon empirical observations in the field of public policies in France and Germany as well as on some cases on both sides of the Rhine. Finally, this chapter describes and analyses policies and governance instruments intended to involve citizens in sustainable decision-making in urban areas of France and Germany.

A full digital transformation is unfolding and great hopes are vested in the potentials of digital tools for communication and visualisation in planning processes, for analysing and modelling spatial information, and also for managing whole cities and regions. However, actual practices differ vastly, and the debate increasingly points to the pitfalls and dangers of a disconnect between citizens, spatial justice and democratic decision making. Examples of smart cities show a huge variety of interpretations and implementations in Europe. Therefore, digital tools should not become a goal in themselves, but need a clear societal and spatial vision and open political debates. This chapter looks at digital technologies in spatial planning as an increasingly political agenda in France and in Germany. In many regards, both countries must deal with similar opportunities and challenges posed by digital technologies, companies and global platforms. These are mediated differently through national political and planning systems and a more centralised approach in France versus a muchdecentralised agenda in Germany.

Over the past thirty years, new forms and mechanisms of governance have multiplied in the border regions of Europe. The French-German border has seemed to distinguish itself as an early adopter of new cooperation frameworks, often instigated by developments on the European level on the one hand and by bilateral national cooperation on the other hand. This paper delivers an analysis of French and German policies for territorial cooperation, and of the evolution of cross-border cooperation between the two countries. Taking the example of the Greater Region and the UpperRhine Region, we scrutinise two different representations of cross-border institutionalisation in-depth. We then discuss the renewed prospects for border regions stemming from the bilateral French-German Aachen Treaty. Following this analysis, we make use of three conceptual lenses - multi-level governance, soft spaces and inter-territoriality - to reflect on the evolution of territorial cooperation across this border. In conclusion, our reflections on the French-German situation inspire recommendations for a next phase in the development of European cross-border cooperation.

Lignite planning in the Rhineland, central German and Lusatian coalfields is a core spatial development planning task at the federal state and regional levels. The Lignite Planning Information Group and Initiative (Informations- und Initiativkreis Braunkohlenplanung) was founded in 1994 at the ARL - Academy for Territorial Development in the Leibniz Association to provide a platform for expert discussion. Starting from experiences with the Rhineland and the structural upheavals in the new federal states in the early 1990s, it has since continuously addressed new technical and legal requirements involving resettlement, water balance issues, environmental assessments, the energy transition and the common good. Against the backdrop of rapid change and geopolitical events, the combination of structural change and the politically initiated phase-out of lignite-based power generation in a time frame between 'ideally 2030' and no later than the end of 2038 constitutes a challenge that will have to be met by the active players from the perspective of both federal state and regional planning and of regional development. This position paper takes stock of the situation across federal states and across coalfields and describes the required actions for lignite planning as a basis for reaching conclusions about a process with far-reaching national consequences. The various aspects of this process are subject to constant change and call for proactive strategies to exploit opportunities, tap potential, and effectively identify and avoid negative developments.

Menschen leben regional: Wohnen, Arbeiten, Einkaufen und Freizeitgestaltung finden für die allermeisten nicht nur in einer Kommune statt. Dementsprechend setzen sie auch voraus, dass der Alltag im regionalen Kontext unabhängig von örtlichen Zuständigkeiten funktioniert. Die dazu notwendige überörtliche Betrachtung und das Zusammendenken unterschiedlicher Fachperspektiven ist die Kernaufgabe der Regionalplanung. In diesem Papier werden wesentliche Beiträge der Regionalplanung zur Zukunftsgestaltung präsentiert. So trägt sie mit einem wirksamen Rahmen für kompakte, verkehrsreduzierende und dem Klimawandel Rechnung tragende Siedlungsstrukturen, mit der Flächensicherung für erneuerbare Energien sowie mit ihren Festlegungen zu den grünen Infrastrukturen Verantwortung für die Bewältigung der Energie- und Klimakrise und die Stärkung regionaler Resilienz. Die Schaffung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse setzt sie auf regionaler Ebene um, trägt zur Bewältigung des demografischen Wandels bei und leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Sicherung der öffentlichen Daseinsvorsorge. Eine besondere Stärke der Regionalplanung liegt in der Koordination von baulicher Entwicklung und umweltverträglicher Mobilität. Mit ihrem überörtlichen Ansatz schafft sie einen stabilen Rahmen für einen schonenden Umgang mit den Flächen und die Eindämmung der Zersiedelung. Dazu sind demokratische, transparente und rechtssichere Verfahren als ein wichtiges Merkmal der Regionalplanung erforderlich. Die Hinweise zu rechtlichen Klarstellungen und Ergänzungen werden vor allem an die Gesetzgebung und das Regierungshandeln auf Bundes- und Landesebene adressiert. Deutlich formuliert wird auch der Wunsch nach einer noch stärkeren Unterstützung der Regionalplanung durch die Politik auf allen Ebenen., People are living in a regional context. For most of them living, working, shopping and leisure activities do not only take place in one municipality. Accordingly, they also require that everyday life works in a regional context, independent of local responsibilities. The necessary supra-local consideration and the coordination of different sectoral perspectives is the core competence of regional planning. This paper presents key contributions of regional planning to shaping the future. With an effective framework for compact settlement structures that reduce traffic and take climate change into account, the securing of land for renewable energies and its planning tools for green infrastructures, it bears responsibility for overcoming the energy and climate crisis and strengthening regional resilience. Regional planning implements the creation of equivalent living conditions at the regional level, contributes to coping with demographic change and makes a significant contribution to securing public services of general interest. A particular strength of regional planning is the coordination of settlement development and sustainable mobility. With its supra-local approach, it creates a stable framework for the careful use of land and the prevention of urban sprawl. The paper also emphasizes that democratic, transparent and legally-binding procedures are an important feature of regional planning. Finally, however, the paper also describes how politics at all levels can support regional planning even better. Suggestions for legal clarifications and additions are primarily addressed to legislation and government at federal and federal state levels. The wish for even stronger support of regional planning by politicians at all levels is also expressed.

Neue Vorgaben verlangen von der Regionalplanung in Deutschland, dass ihre Festlegungen zum Hochwasserschutz vom Hochwasserrisiko abgeleitet werden, auch um eine ausreichende Anpassung an den Klimawandel zu erreichen. Ausgehend von dem identifizierten Hochwasserrisiko, d.h. nicht ausschließlich basierend auf Wahrscheinlichkeit bzw. Gefahr von Hochwasserereignissen, sind Vorrang- und Vorbehaltsgebietsausweisungen in Regionalplänen auf der Grundlage der Vulnerabilität von Raumnutzungen und ihrer Schutzbedürftigkeit gegenüber Überschwemmungen festzulegen. Flächennutzungen mit einem hohen Schadenspotenzial, die empfindlich auf Überschwemmungen reagieren, sind vorsorglich in Bereichen mit hohem Hochwasserrisiko auszuschließen. In deichgeschützten Bereichen darf das Risiko des Versagens von Schutzeinrichtungen nicht ausgeblendet werden. Hier ist mehr Risikovorsorge nötig, als bisher betrieben wird. Überschwemmungsbereiche mit Abfluss- und Rückhaltefunktion sind konsequent zu schützen. Neuer Retentionsraum - auch wenn die Retentionsfunktion noch nicht erbracht wird - ist durch Gebietsausweisungen in Regionalplänen vor konkurrierenden Nutzungen zu bewahren. Außerdem ist der Wasserrückhalt in der Fläche zu verbessern. Eine neue Aufgabe für die Raumordnung ist die Abstimmung ihrer Hochwasserschutzfestlegungen in Flussgebietseinheiten.

Background and aims of this position paper: Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, it has become ever clearer that it poses an enormous challenge for society. The lockdown imposed on large parts of public life, which hit all social groups and institutions relatively abruptly with a wide range of impacts, as well as the measures adopted subsequently have resulted in radical changes in our living conditions. In some cases, the crisis has acted as an accelerator of trends affecting processes that were already ongoing: the digitalisation of communications and educational processes, the growth in working from home and mobile working arrangements, the expansion of online retail, changes in travel behaviour (in favour of cars and bicycles), and the establishment of regional service networks. At the same time, there has been a braking effect on sectors such as long-distance travel, global trade, trade fairs and cultural events, as well as on progress towards gender equality in the division of labour for household responsibilities and childcare. Socio-spatial, infrastructural, economic and ecological effects are becoming increasingly apparent. For those involved in spatial development and spatial planning, urgent questions arise not only about the weaknesses that have become apparent in our spatial uses in terms of infrastructure and public service provision, the economy and ecology, and in our ways of life in terms of housing and the supply of goods and services, but also about what opportunities have emerged for sustainable and self-determined lifestyles. What conclusions for anticipatory and preventive planning can be drawn from these (provisional) findings? Using a critical, multidisciplinary and integrative examination of the spatially-relevant effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper establishes connections between the crisis management of today and crisis preparedness concepts for potential future pandemics. Building on that, it proposes corresponding recommended acti

This chapter describes the process by which a cross-border metropolitan region develops, using the example of the Greater Region. Between 2008 and 2010 the idea of a cross-border, polycentric metropolitan region in the Greater Region was investigated and further developed within the ESPON project 'Metroborder'. In recent years, driven by policy declarations, strategic approaches for implementing this metropolitan region have been developed. A Spatial Development Strategy of the Greater Region with a focus on the metropolitan dimensions of the sub-regions provides the foundation for this. The issue of governance in relation to the crossborder interactional area (in the narrower conception of this area) is also discussed.

This chapter presents the foundations of spatial planning in the sub-regions of the Greater Region and the Upper Rhine region. It provides a picture of current developments concerning the guiding principles for spatial development and introduces the existing spatial structures of these border regions. Furthermore, the planning systems in Belgium (Wallonia), Germany, France and Luxembourg are described, and differences are identified that necessitate ongoing discussions between the partners about planning traditions and (new) strategies of spatial development.

This paper describes an initial theoretical and conceptual approach relating crossborder cooperation to European spatial development and the associated theories, based on approaches from political science. This is discussed as a field of application for European spatial development, which is influenced by a number of factors. Of these, European integration, new regionalism and governance are discussed in detail.

This paper addresses the extension of cross-border transport within the EU. Despite the longstanding efforts of transport and cohesion policies to improve cross-border transport, many border regions still face challenges related to transport infrastructure and local public transport; these are discussed in the first part of this paper. Transport policy goals and instruments on the EU level are then discussed and their impact is assessed using case studies in the border area. As EU policy and funding instruments are not particularly concrete or binding, there are still significant variations between the national policies of member states. Implementation requires strong political will and secure funding. As transport is an important foundation for other aspects of cross-border cooperation, sustained investment in this key area is required.

This article examines the implementation and effectiveness of the European structural and investment funds with regard to regional governance. The study uses the example of development processes in two border regions in Bavaria, the district of Cham on the Bavarian-Czech border and the district of Oberallgäu on the Bavarian-Austrian border. The focus is on LEADER (the EU programme for rural areas) and INTERREG/ ETC (the EU programme for territorial cooperation). A case study seeks to identify indications and structural patterns of operational implementation. Although both instruments show positive effects overall along the Bavarian border regions, there are also clear indications of unintended errors in governance, leading to a loss of efficiency. In particular, non-continuous long-term funding conditions and objectives pose problems. However, within these regions creative adaptations of project ideas to the relevant topics and target strategies can be identified. Therefore, the authors call for more confidence in endogenous potentials on the regional level, including in relation to cross-border cooperation. In order to avoid frictional losses and to increase the effectiveness of the instruments, a stringent orientation towards strategies should be further pursued.

Digitalisierung bedarf konkreter räumlicher Steuerung, und hierbei spielt die Regionalplanung und -entwicklung eine zentrale Rolle. Die Arbeitsgruppe "Raumwirksamkeit der Digitalisierung" der LAG Baden-Württemberg hat zentrale Empfehlungen erarbeitet, die die Bereiche "Steuerung des Ausbaus der digitalen Netze", "Daseinsvorsorge und Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse" und "Datenverfügbarkeit und Planungsprozesse" adressieren und unterlegt diese mit Impulsen für die Regionalentwicklung selbst, für politische Rahmenbedingungen und für die Planungswissenschaften., Digitalization is a matter of specific spatial governance. Regional planning and development play a key role here. The working group entitled "Digitalization and its spatial implications" of the LAG Baden-Württemberg has developed key recommendations that address the areas of "Controlling the Expansion of Digital Networks," "Provision of Public Services and Equivalence of Living Conditions", and "Data Availability and Planning Processes". The working group underpins these with impulses for regional development, for political framework conditions and for planning science.

This paper presents an introduction to forms of cooperation on European, intergovernmental, federal state, regional and municipal levels. The EU Community Initiative INTERREG is described as a significant funding instrument for cross-border cooperation. This excursus thus provides background knowledge for many of the papers in this volume.

Life in the border regions within the European Union has become normal for many people, especially for younger generations. Crossing the borders is part of everyday life. In recent years, until the refugee crisis, national borders had lost significance due to their increased permeability, although neither borders nor border demarcations have ever become meaningless. National policies and frameworks determine fundamental orientations that have specific implications on both sides of borders. This is associated with processes of inclusion and exclusion, (regional) identities, feelings of belonging and issues concerning a sense of home. Against this background, this paper provides a theory-based introduction to the central constructs and concepts that gain significance in the cross-border context: border(s) and border demarcations, (spatial and regional) identities and home. Identification processes are illuminated and categorised using the example of the Greater Region.

The aim of the Border Futures Subsection was to shed light on the development of cross-border cooperation in the territory of the Hesse/Rhineland-Palatinate/ Saarland Regional Working Group and to indicate future development paths. This paper introduces the focal points of the research and the approach taken, clarifies the terminology and provides an overview of the papers in this volume.

Raumordnung war von Anfang an - und ist bis heute - auf Koordination angelegt. Dieser gesellschaftspolitische Handlungsansatz zur Verwirklichung des Gleichwertigkeitspostulates als ständige Aufgabe zur Herstellung der räumlichen Gerechtigkeit erwuchs aus der Erkenntnis, dass Handlungen in verschiedenen Politikbereichen koordiniert werden müssen, sollen sie sich nicht gegenseitig beeinträchtigen oder gar blockieren. Koordination ist demzufolge zu verstehen als Prozess der Zusammenführung von Planungen und Handlungen verschiedener fragmentierter Politikbereiche zur Veränderung gesellschaftlicher Problemlagen - via strategischer Planung. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist dabei die institutionelle Verankerung eines Monitoring- und Controllingsystems - als Herzstück strategischer Planung - zur Gewährleistung der Anpassungs- und Innovationsfähigkeit des Planungssystems als Voraussetzung einer jeweils adäquaten Aufgabenwahrnehmung., Spatial planning has always been based on coordination. This socio-political approach to implementing the notion of equivalence adopted the form of a permanent task striving for spatial justice and grew out of recognition that initiatives in different policy fields must be coordinated if they are not to impair or even block one another. Coordination is therefore to be understood as the process of bringing together the plans and initiatives of different, fragmented policy fields in order to address social problems - via strategic planning. Of central importance is the institutional anchoring of a system of monitoring and control - as the core of strategic planning - to ensure the adaptability and innovative capacity of the planning system, which is a prerequisite for adequately tackling the task at hand.

What is life in a border region like? This paper aims to answer this question, drawing on empirical research in four twin villages in the Greater Region. The findings, based on a postal survey in the twin municipalities and face-to-face interviews, show that both sides see the border situation as bringing financial and practical advantages. The cooperation between the municipalities is generally described very positively. In regard to a sense of identification, there are feelings of belonging to both the nation state and the (cross-border) region, although there are differences between those surveyed in the different countries. In terms of the importance of the border, there is general agreement that it is scarcely noticed anymore, and that since its disappearance life has become more convenient and has benefited. Yet there various challenges can also be identified, which represent tasks for the coming years.

The paper focuses on the activities of the Eurodistrict PAMINA in the cross-border labour market, including the associated training measures. Here the concrete needs and practice-oriented approaches of a dynamic labour market region meet the complex challenges of a multi-level system, the governance of which is not fully developed. This is a constellation that has obstructed the implementation of a number of promising ideas. The Eurodistrict PAMINA lies at the interface between national and cross-border metropolitan regions and within the area of the greatest commuter flows in Europe (Upper Rhine and Greater Region), where PAMINA is testing a local strategy based primarily on bringing together the qualified actors and improving coherence between measures and funding policies.

Cross-border, transnational regional development in the Rhine-Alpine EU transport corridor represents an ongoing challenge. With 18 partners from five countries, the Rhine-Neckar regional association (Verband Region Rhein-Neckar, VRRN) therefore initiated an EU-funded project along the corridor to tackle the task. The INTERREGfinanced project used the acronym 'CODE24' and developed a joint strategy for developing the Rhine-Alpine Corridor from the perspective of the regional-municipal level. To ensure the continuation of this successful cooperation beyond the running time of the project, a new, permanent organisation was founded: the Interregional Alliance for the Rhine-Alpine Corridor. A European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) was chosen as the legal form. The organisation was founded on 24 April 2015 in Mannheim and was the first EGTC established in Germany, which now comprises 19 members.

Die Enquete-Kommission "Gleichwertige Lebensverhältnisse in ganz Bayern" schreibt der regionalen Planungsebene eine mögliche Schlüsselfunktion zur Verwirklichung des Staatsziels gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse zu. Als Voraussetzung sieht sie jedoch umfassenden Reformbedarf bei den Regionalen Planungsverbänden. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die heutigen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Regionalen Planungsverbände dar. Darauf aufbauend zeigt er, wie bereits mit kleineren Anpassungen eine Stärkung der regionalen Planungsebene möglich wäre. Darüberhinausgehend werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten einer grundlegenden Reform der regionalen Planungsund Verwaltungsebene vorgestellt und bewertet. Deutlich wird, dass insbesondere in ländlichen und städtischen Regionen unterschiedliche Ansätze verfolgt werden sollten., The Commission of Inquiry on "Equivalent living conditions in the whole of Bavaria" attributes a potentially key role to regional planning in realising the state goal of equivalent living conditions. However, the report views comprehensive reform of the regional planning associations as a prerequisite. This article presents the current possibilities and limits of the regional planning associations. Based on this, it shows how even minor adjustments could strengthen the regional planning level. In addition, a range of options for a fundamental reform of regional planning and administration are presented and evaluated. It becomes clear that various approaches should be pursued, differentiating particularly between rural and urban regions.

The political dynamic in the Bavarian-Czech border area is still characterised and challenged by its location along the former Iron Curtain as well as its history of war and displacement. This particular situation has led to a unique pattern of cooperation. In comparison to other border areas it is striking that the middle level - i.e. the level between national and municipal cooperation - was only activated a few years ago. In the last five to ten years new developments have led to cooperation processes 'catching up'. We take this very interesting situation as a starting point for synoptic reflection. The analytical focus is on the two Euroregions in this space, on the European Region of Danube-Vltava, on the cross-border initiative of the European metropolitan region of Nuremberg, on the so-called development study of the regional development ministries and on the macro-regional strategy of the Danube region. These cooperation spaces and initiatives overlap and can be seen as reflecting institutional ambiguity. We developed our argument based on our personal involvement in the above-mentioned cooperation formats and conclude with an outlook concerning desirable future developments.

Die Raumordnungspolitik der Bayerischen Staatsregierung begegnet den ungleichen Lebensverhältnissen im Freistaat gegenwärtig schwerpunktmäßig anhand von Förderprojekten für strukturschwache Regionen. Dem liegt der Gedanke zugrunde, dass Kommunen durch die Schaffung wirtschaftlichen Wachstums höhere Steuereinnahmen erzielen und so öffentliche Leistungen im Rahmen der Daseinsvorsorge besser finanzieren können. Unter Rückgriff auf den noch recht jungen Ansatz der sogenannten Fundamentalökonomie (Foundational Economy, auch als "Ökonomie des Alltagslebens" übersetzt) möchte der vorliegende Beitrag einen alternativen Blick auf den Zusammenhang von regionaler Wirtschaftskraft und öffentlichen Leistungen eröffnen. Insbesondere wird aufgezeigt, dass die ökonomischen Voraussetzungen des Alltagslebens, also die Basisleistungen unserer Gesellschaft, wie sie im Ansatz der Fundamentalökonomie zusammengefasst werden, nicht nur mit einer Versorgungsfunktion verbunden sind, sondern darüber hinaus auch erhebliche weitere Wirkungen entfalten, allen voran auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Betrachtung wird dafür plädiert, auch raumordnungspolitische Instrumente wie insbesondere den kommunalen Finanzausgleich verstärkt zur Sicherung der Fundamentalökonomie einzusetzen., The regional planning policy of the Bavarian state government addresses unequal living conditions in the federal state typically by dint of supporting projects for structurally weak regions. This approach is based on the idea that by creating economic growth, municipalities can generate higher tax revenues and consequently can better finance public services of general interest. On basis of the so-called foundational economy approach, the paper in-hand suggests an alternative perspective on the connection between regional economic prosperity and public services. In specific, it is demonstrated that the basic services of the foundational economy do not only provide necessary and welcome achievements of general interest, but induce further impacts in the local economy, above all on the labour market. Accordingly, the article argues in favour of using the instruments of spatial planning - most notably the municipal financial equalisation scheme - for a greater backing of the foundational economy.

Cultural tourism is one of the most quickly growing tourism segments. Cultural heritage is an important resource for developing cultural tourism. In rural areas, tourism plays an important role in safeguarding employment, income and supply structures, but in contrast to the situation in urban regions, resources for developing cultural tourism are scarcely used. As the border regions are largely rural in character, the question arises as to the role cultural tourism and cultural heritage currently play there. This paper investigates the use of cultural heritage in the tourism sector in the border areas of the Greater Region and the Trinational Metropolitan Region of the Upper Rhine and uses this as a basis for proposals concerning the further utilisation of cultural heritage as a resource for developing tourism.

What current discourses are relevant for border areas? What opportunities for and obstacles to integrated territorial development arise from the specific situation of border regions? How can these be utilised or overcome in a goal-oriented way? These questions were central to the discussions of the Border Futures working group. Border regions like the Greater Region1 or the Trinational Metropolitan Region of the Upper Rhine extend far beyond the immediate border area. While institutional structures of cooperation can be perpetuated through agreements and organisations, there is a lack of instruments which cross-border cooperation structures can deploy in response to changing situations. Cross-border cooperation faces new challenges from increasing cross-border interactions, processes of economic structural transformation, new energy policies in the national sub-spaces, and demographic change. Another factor is increasing spatial polarisation, which influences the further development and future viability of the affected border areas, and involves metropolisation issues in urban centres and the provision of public services in rural districts. Building on discussions of the Border Futures working group, this volume sheds light on cross-border cooperation in practice with recent research relevant to planning in border regions in the European context. The insights collected here are intended to be usable in the border areas within the territory of the Regional Working Group and should also contribute towards the broader specialist discourse on the further development of cross-border cooperation. Issues of sustainable cross-border governance, new spatial functions and new planning instruments play a role here, as do the possibilities provided by the current EU structural policy programming period for border areas.

At the conference on 'Spatial Transformation: Processes, Concepts and Research Designs', a number of local and regional case studies from spatial research were presented alongside research papers about transformation processes conducted in the so-called Global South. This short article offers a reflection on the role of research ethics and their potentially transformative power within such contexts. First, the article argues that within research projects conducted by researchers from the socalled Global North in the Global South, a critical self-reflection of ones' own position is necessary, as the researcher will inevitably be confronted with various ethical, logistical, and political challenges. Second, it is argued that it is precisely these challenges that enable critical self-reflection and the development of a transformative potential at the personal, institutional, project and output level. Research on spatial transformations may benefit from such ethico-political moments as those proposed by the social scientist Vinay Gidwani to achieve a deeper level of ethical self-reflection and perhaps a transformation on the level of knowledge production.

This article summarises the results and findings of a study of young people in the slums of Nairobi based on participatory research methods. The study investigated the engagement of these young people, as a civil society that is growing in strength, and their contribution to a spatial transformation of the district in question.

There are a number of reasons for considering the cross-border dimension of Bavaria's spatial development at the present time. First, there is a new awareness of cross-border development issues on the level of the federal state of Bavaria. This is particularly related to the border between Bavaria and the Czech Republic, which is so historically and politically complex that it has long been difficult to address on the Prague-Munich diplomatic level. Tangible developments have recently been seen here on the 'middle level'. At the same time the start of the macro-regional strategy EUSALP has led to increased discussion of spatial development instruments in the Alpine region. Second, the significance of borders was placed on the political agenda with unexpected force by the flows of refugees that largely began in 2015. After many years of widespread talk of a 'borderless' Europe, debates about refugee policies and border controls have made clear that the internal European borders still have considerable political significance. In Bavaria this mainly affects its border region with Austria. Third, a new impetus in cross-border cooperation on the European level can be identified: in recent years the focus was on activities in the immediate border area based on INTERREG-A and Euroregions. These remain important, but there is also a new impetus on the higher level, where macro-regions and numerous bilateral and multilateral forms of cooperation are creating new constellations. In Bavaria this can be seen particularly in the relatively new European Region of Danube-Vltava and through involvement in the Danube and Alpine macro-regions. Against this background, in 2015 the Bavarian Regional Working Group of the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung, ARL) formed a subsection on cross-border spatial development in Bavaria. This large and exceptionally international group spent three years working on numerous facets of the topic a

This introductory article has three goals. First, it briefly introduces Bavaria's border areas. Second, the paper introduces three institutional and political perspectives to explain the governance arrangements and processes in the border areas, namely institutional ambiguity, reterritorialisation and multi-level mismatches. Further, the article discusses current developments from a functional perspective by reflecting on processes of convergence, metropolisation and 'tunnel effects'. Third, the article outlines the implications of the results for Bavarian federal state planning.

Luxembourg is characterized by phenomena of mobility that include cross-border commuters and residential migrants. While both groups have been mainly examined from a socioeconomic perspective, this paper adopts a sociocultural approach. We will focus on the question of the extent to which cross-border mobility in everyday life promotes cross-border lifeworlds. This will involve examining people's social contacts at their place of work and/or place of residence as well as the spatial organization of practices of the everyday life of both groups. The paper gives insights into everyday lives at the EU's internal borders, whose organization into nation states is subordinate and at the same time constitutive.

Im derzeitigen Diskurs zum Stellenwert der räumlichen Planung in Bayern wird häufig deren zurückgegangene rechtliche und materielle Durchsetzungsfähigkeit gegenüber anderen Planungsebenen und Fachressorts angeführt. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob und in welcher Weise in den bayerischen Landesentwicklungsprogrammen seit 1976 Änderungen vorgenommen wurden und inwieweit diese als eine nachlassende Steuerungswirkung bewertet werden können. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Festlegungen zur Steuerung der Siedlungsentwicklung sowie der Freiraumentwicklung bzw. des Freiraumschutzes. Vergleichend werden die Festlegungen in den Landesentwicklungsplänen Baden-Württembergs analysiert. Konzeptioneller "Spiegel" ist das jeweilige Staatsverständnis, um Änderungen in einem gesellschaftspolitischen Zusammenhang interpretieren zu können. Es wird deutlich, dass künftig angesichts wachsender Herausforderungen - Integration Zugewanderter, Wohnraumversorgung, Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge in ländlichen Regionen, Energiewende - (wieder) ein anderes Verständnis von Aufgaben und Steuerungskraft der Landesentwicklung notwendig ist. Akteure der staatlichen Ebene sollten die regionale Ebene als eine zentrale Stelle bei der Erbringung öffentlicher Leistungen sowie der damit einhergehenden räumlichen Planung forcieren., In the current discourse on the significance of spatial planning in Bavaria, the diminished legal and material effectiveness of this level of planning vis-à-vis other levels and specialised departments is often cited. This article examines the question of whether and in what way changes have been made to Bavaria's development programmes since 1976 and to what extent these changes can be assessed as reflecting a diminishment in control and governance. The focus is on regulations for the control of settlement development, open space development and open space protection. The regulations in the state development plans of Baden-Württemberg are analysed by way of comparison. A conceptual "mirror" is provided by the respective understandings of the state, allowing changes to be interpreted in their socio-political context. It is becoming clear that in view of growing challenges - the integration of immigrants, providing housing, securing public services in rural regions, the energy transition - in the future, it will be necessary to (again) develop a different understanding of the tasks and governance of regional development on the level of the federal state. Actors on the state level should push the regional level as a central agency for the provision of public services and the associated spatial planning.

This outlook summarises the key findings of the Subsection and discusses them in the context of obstacles and opportunities as well as the future viability of cross-border cooperation.

Mit der Energiewende wird Energieerzeugung auf Grundlage erneuerbarer Energien dezentral und flächenintensiv. Bei der Solarenergie sind vorrangig Innenbereichspotenziale zu erschließen. Gleichwohl drängen Freiflächen-Photovoltaikanlagen zur solartechnischen Stromerzeugung zunehmend als neue Nutzung in den Außenbereich. Aufgrund dort vielfach auftretender Flächennutzungskonkurrenzen und Konflikte bedarf es einer aktiven raumplanerischen Steuerung. Dafür ist die regionale Planungsebene mit ihrem querschnittsorientierten, überörtlichen Betrachtungsansatz bei noch hinreichend gebietsscharfer Maßstäblichkeit besonders gut geeignet. Ihre planerischen Werkzeuge können je nach Steuerungsintention und der jeweiligen regionsspezifischen Handlungserfordernisse gezielt eingesetzt werden, wenn auch die Rechtsgrundlagen in Teilen dafür noch geschärft werden müssen. Neben förmlich-verbindlichen Steuerungsansätzen können auch informelle Ansätze einen Beitrag zur geordneten Entwicklung von FPV liefern., In the course of the energy transition, energy generation based on renewable energies is becoming decentralised and land-intensive. In the case of solar energy, the priority is to develop the potentials of settlements for this land use. At the same time, ground-mounted photovoltaic systems for solar electricity generation are increasingly penetrating into greenfield areas outside of settlements. Due to the frequent competition and conflicts between land uses that occur in such areas, active spatial planning is required. The regional planning level is particularly well-suited for this purpose thanks to its cross-sectional, supra-local approach at a spatial scale that is sufficiently precise. Its planning tools can be used in a targeted manner in line with the management intention and the regional requirements, even if some honing of the legal foundations remains necessary. In addition to formally binding planning, informal approaches can also contribute to the orderly development of ground-mounted photovoltaic systems.

Urban planning processes manoeuvre within the interplay between constantly shifting global, regional and local dynamics. Considering processes from a temporal perspective can therefore provide a key to understanding these complex contexts. Although the time factor is still largely ignored in planning practice, some exceptions, such as rapid planning or slow urbanism, experiment with it. In these cases, planning processes are either accelerated and simplified or expanded and designed openly. This essay focuses on the slow, open-process developments of creative quarters in Munich and Hamburg. In both cases, the temporal dimension will be used to elucidate path dependencies in the negotiation and design of urban spaces.

New and experimental research methods to understand and co-steer processes of spatial transformation are called for. From the perspective of designing urban landscapes this paper draws a connection between Research through Design and transformative science. (Urban) landscapes constantly undergo (spatial) transformation, and not only have landscape architects always dealt with perpetual change, they increasingly often catalyze it. Designing is an integrative activity and the central means of the discipline to understand issues and draw up possible solutions. Furthermore, design often reaches out to other disciplines, involves multiple participants, and can be paradigm shifting. Research through Design is an increasingly acknowledged approach in landscape architectural research. With regard to the procedures, characteristics and goals of knowledge production, this paper presents commonalities between Research through Design and transformative research, highlighting the integrative and projective nature of designing. In conclusion, I suggest positioning Research through Design among the methods of transformative research.

This paper presents and analyses interviews held with decision-makers and actors involved in cross-border cooperation in the Greater Region, exploring the difficulties and constraints of the collaboration. In addition to problems caused by the different languages, administrative cultures and variations in the tasks and jurisdictions of the individual partners, the organisation of the Greater Region is also mentioned as a hindrance. Yet many difficulties concerning cooperation are minimised and in some cases overcome by the high level of commitment of the individuals active in crossborder cooperation. The paper concludes with recommendations to improve the working methods of cross-border cooperation.

Die Braunkohlenplanung im Rheinischen, im Mitteldeutschen und im Lausitzer Revier bildet eine Kernaufgabe der Raumordnungsplanung auf Landes- und regionaler Ebene. Mit dem 1994 als "Informationskreis Braunkohlenplanung" gegründeten Fachgremium unter dem Dach der ARL - Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft besteht eine qualifizierte Austauschplattform, die sich ausgehend von den Erfahrungen im Rheinland und vom Strukturbruch in den neuen Ländern der frühen 1990er Jahre über neue fachliche und rechtliche Anforderungen zwischen Umsiedlungen, Wasserhaushaltsfragen, Umweltprüfung, Energiewende und Gemeinwohl durchgängig mit der Materie befasst. Der politisch eingeleitete Ausstieg aus der Braunkohlenverstromung in einem Zeitfenster zwischen "idealerweise 2030" und spätestens Ende 2038 in Kopplung mit dem Strukturwandel bildet vor dem Hintergrund dynamischer Entwicklungen und geopolitischer Ereignisse eine Herausforderung, die durch die "handelnden Akteure" sowohl aus landesund regionalplanerischer Sicht als auch aus der Perspektive der Regionalentwicklung zu bewältigen ist. Mit diesem Positionspapier erfolgt eine länder- und revierübergreifende Bestandsaufnahme mit Ableitung von Handlungserfordernissen zur Braunkohlenplanung als Grundlage für Schlussfolgerungen zum tiefgreifenden Prozess von nationaler Tragweite. Dessen Facetten unterliegen laufenden Veränderungen und bedürfen proaktiver Strategien, um Chancen und Potenziale zu erschließen und Fehlentwicklungen frühzeitig und wirksam vorbeugen zu können.

The aim of this paper is to determine whether since 2000 the areas along the border with the Czech Republic have developed in such a way that a location on the border is no longer practically synonymous with structural weakness or whether this is at least less pronounced than it was. Living and working conditions in Bavarian border areas have improved significantly since the turn of the millennium. By 2015 two of the eight districts had reached Bavarian standards. In the two border areas with the lowest rankings the economic situation and conditions on the labour market have also improved, more strongly than the federal average but not to the same extent as the Bavarian average. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a structural indicator, which was used to determine the regions with a particular need for action for the 2013 Bavarian Federal State Development Programme.

The recent history of the Greater Region has been strongly characterised by fossil fuels. The area thus faces significant challenges as a model region in terms of the cross-border activities necessary to meet the requirements of climate protection and the energy transition. Based on the targets defined in Europe, this paper presents examples of approaches to action and projects undertaken in the field of energy in the Greater Region. Experiences gathered in the area - including those of the authors - reveal the need for action, firstly in relation to the implementation of structures and networks, and secondly to the potential development of research excellence in the field of energy/climate protection. As relevant actors in the energy transition, the municipalities have a particular role to play here.

In the context of demographic change and the associated shrinking and aging of the population, the safeguarding of public services in rural areas faces great challenges. Rural border areas find themselves in a unique situation due to their location, and must overcome additional challenges if they want to cooperate with their neighbours in the provision of public services. This paper examines cross-border cooperation in public service provision in rural areas of the Greater Region. The area examined here comprises the German territorial authorities on the German-French border within the Greater Region. An analysis of the responsibilities for and understanding of public services in Germany and France, a concise inventory of education and healthcare services, a written survey of German territorial authorities in the German-French border area, and case studies of projects (e.g. INTERREG A projects) are used to demonstrate the successes, problems and opportunities of cross-border approaches.

In recent years cross-border vocational education and training has become increasingly significant due to the intensification of European integration and increased cross-border relations, as well as demographic and economic disparities between neighbouring border regions. This paper reviews past and present forms of crossborder cooperation in vocational education and training in the Greater Region. The most recent framework agreements on vocational education and training form the focus of discussion. The question of whether the Greater Region can be described as a cross-border vocational education and training area is also addressed.

Aktuelle räumliche Entwicklungsdynamiken und die Aufwertung der Herstellung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse und Arbeitsbedingungen durch die Aufnahme als Staatsziel in die Bayerische Verfassung stellen die Landesentwicklungspolitik vor große Herausforderungen. Soll die Raumordnung diese Anforderungen erfüllen, muss sie institutionell in die Lage versetzt werden, die notwendige Koordinationsleistung der Fachpolitiken (horizontal) und in der Mehrebenenverflechtung (vertikal) zu erbringen. Sie muss inhaltlich wieder Steuerungs- und Gestaltungskraft erhalten und in ihren Instrumenten Glaubwürdigkeit und Stringenz wiedergewinnen (Zentrale-Orte-Konzept, Begrenzung der Flächenneuinanspruchnahme). Instrumentelle Ergänzungen sollen es der Landesentwicklung ermöglichen, neue Handlungsbedarfe aufzugreifen (Vorrang- und Vorbehaltsgebiete für Landwirtschaft und Landschaft, Ausweisung von Entwicklungskernen im ländlichen Raum und Anregung interkommunaler grundzentraler Versorgungsverbünde zur Stabilisierung der Alltagsversorgung und wohnortnahen Daseinsvorsorge). Moderne Landes- und Regionalplanung bedarf einer intensiven Einbindung der Öffentlichkeit, neuer Formate der Partizipation sowie ausgedehnter Spielräume für Innovationen und Experimente. Dazu muss sie finanziell und personell ausreichend ertüchtigt werden. Ihre Organisationsform muss zumindest in den Verdichtungsräumen überdacht und möglichst durch Direktwahlen der Planungsverbände aufgewertet werden. Aktuelle Erkenntnisse aus der Pandemie und der eskalierenden Klima- und Biodiversitätskrise zeigen jedoch, dass ein noch wesentlich tiefgreifenderes Umsteuern erforderlich ist., Regional development policy is facing major challenges from current spatial development trends and the inclusion of equivalent living and working conditions as a state objective in the Bavarian constitution, which has enhanced the significance of this goal. If spatial planning is to meet these requirements, it must be institutionally enabled to provide the necessary coordination of sectoral policies (horizontally) and multi-level interdependencies (vertically). In terms of substance, spatial planning must regain the power to steer and shape policy, and planning instruments must regain credibility and stringency (central place concept, limitation of land take). The addition of new instruments should enable regional and federal-state development to meet new needs for action (priority and reserve areas for agriculture and landscape, designation of development cores in rural areas, and encouragement of inter-municipal associations for basic supplies to stabilise provision of everyday supplies and services of general interest close to the home). Modern federal-state and regional planning requires the intensive involvement of the public, new formats of participation and extensive scope for innovation and experiments. To this end, it must be adequately funded and well-equipped with personnel. Its organisational form must be reconceived, at least in urban areas and, if possible, upgraded through the direct election of planning associations. Furthermore, current lessons learnt from the pandemic and the escalating climate and biodiversity crisis show that a much more far-reaching change of direction is required.