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While assimilation theories implicitly assume that immigrants' acceptance as "one of us" derives from their high levels of socioeconomic attainment in destination countries, little is known about the subjective experience of national belonging among the new immigrant elite in Western Europe. In this article, I assemble an analytical framework to study perceived acceptance within the national imagined community among immigrant-origin individuals who have already achieved high socioeconomic attainment at destination. Empirically, I look at subjective experiences of stigma and national belonging through in-depth interviews with forty-two professionals of North and Sub-Saharan African origins in France. How do these high-status individuals experience stigma, and how do they negotiate and claim inclusion as worthy members of the French imagined community? Respondents generally perceive only moderate levels of racial stigma in their daily lives, and I find that upper-middle-class culture empowers them to use cultural elitism to deflect racism as intellectually backward and illegitimate. However, I also find that self-identified Muslim respondents face widespread religious stigmatization that cast them as outsiders to French society. They respond to this stigmatization by distinguishing themselves from "undesirable" Muslims, rather than by denouncing anti-Muslim prejudice per se. These divergent experiences suggest that acceptance within the French nation is shaped by religious difference and remains actively negotiated after the achievement of social mobility. Overall, the paper suggests that cultural repertoires play a key role in enabling immigrant-origin individuals to claim national belonging in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In primates living in one-male groups, the sole resident male is often an important social partner for group immatures. For such groups, however, replacement of the male and subsequent disruptions of their relationships are almost inevitable. Here, we described social relationships of immature wild western lowland gorillas within a habituated group, where two natal and eight immigrant immatures lived with the resident silverback. We recorded 5 m proximities among group members as an indicator of social closeness. We found that natal immatures spent more time within 5 m of the silverback than immigrant ones. The social closeness between the silverback and the younger immigrant immatures sharply increased after 1 year, but these values were still below those of the natal immatures. Regarding the development of independence from the mother, we found no significant difference between natal and immigrant immatures. The socially preferred nonmother mature for natal immatures was the silverback, whereas many immigrant immatures preferred a paternal adult sister who had previously co-resided with them in a previous group. Our results suggest that familiarity may be an important determinant of the social closeness between the silverback and immatures, but 1 year of co-residence might be too short to construct sufficient familiarity. The paternal sister may have played a pivotal role in the assimilation of immigrant immatures into the non-natal group. Nonetheless, it is not negligible that the silverback and immigrant immatures formed day-to-day close proximities. His tolerance toward co-residence with immigrant immatures can be considered a reproductive tactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the impact of the crises on the level of inequality between native and migrant origin children in twenty‐first‐century Spain. We use microdata from the Spanish Labour Force Survey (2000–2022) to study the risk for migrant and native children of living in a household with no working adults. We hypothesize that the assimilation of the immigrant population—after more than two decades in the country—might have contributed to reducing the impact of the COVID‐19 crisis. Results show that the 2008 crisis substantially increased the gap between migrant and native children, while the impact of the pandemic has been milder. Moreover, social origin has a stronger protective effect for native children compared with children with a migrant background, especially during periods of economic downturn. However, we find that among children of low social origin, migrant children are less likely to live in a household with no working adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous studies on the economic transnational connections of immigrants, focusing mainly on remittances to their home countries, the remittance behaviours and related factors of immigrants in South Korea, a country experiencing increased racial and ethnic diversity, remain relatively understudied. Applying a resource‐dependent and reactive transnationalism framework, this study examines the associations between assimilation, human capital, and immigrants' remittance behaviours. Additionally, we investigate whether perceived unfairness moderates these relationships, reflecting reactive transnationalism. Utilizing data from a 2021 Survey on Immigrants' Living Conditions and Labor Force (N = 7981), we delve into various remitting behaviours, including remittance frequency, the share of monthly remittances in expenditures, and the total remittance amount. The independent variables include assimilation indicators (length of stay in Korea and intention to remain), human capital factors (education and income) and perceived unfairness in the workplace. Ordinary least squares and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine these relationships. Our findings support both linear and resource‐dependent transnationalism: assimilation and human capital levels are associated with immigrants' remittance behaviours. However, the interaction between perceived unfairness and reactive transnationalism was observed specifically for human capital, indicating that immigrants with higher human capital are more responsive to unfairness and discrimination. As a result, they may want to increase their self‐esteem by sending money back to their home country. This study not only contributes to understanding immigrant remittance behaviours in South Korea but also highlights the conceptual significance of examining remittance behaviours through reactive transnationalism, particularly the critical role of perceived unfairness among highly skilled immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have often found that recent immigrants have better mental health than natives, whereas established immigrants have no such advantage. This could be interpreted as evidence for immigrants' mental health deteriorating with residence duration—the “unhealthy assimilation hypothesis.” However, the methods used in the literature are unfit to assess whether the mental health differences between recent and established immigrants are due to individual‐level deterioration in mental health, compositional differences between immigration cohorts, or selective remigration. This is because previous studies mostly rely on cross‐sectional data, incur in overcontrol bias, and/or fail to disentangle variation with time since arrival from variation with age or between cohorts. In this article, I propose a novel analytical strategy to test the unhealthy assimilation hypothesis. Using fixed‐ and random‐effect regressions stratified by immigrants' age at arrival and data from waves 1–11 of the UK household longitudinal study, I find no evidence that immigrants' mental health deteriorates with time since arrival: immigrants' mental health trajectories are in line with natives' trajectories with age, and the cross‐sectional finding of more established immigrants having worse mental health is driven by differences between individuals who migrated at different times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article explores the effects of immigrant generational status on the likelihood of misreporting turnout. I contend that varied levels of immigrant status affect individuals' misreporting turnout in different ways due to social desirability and assimilation level concerns. Methods: Using data from 2016 and 2020 Cooperative Election Study data sets, which include questions on respondents' immigrant status and voting behavior variables, this study analyzes the effect of varied levels of immigrant status on misreporting turnout. Results: The analysis shows that there is a decreased likelihood of misreporting turnout as individuals move farther away from their immigrant generation in both the 2016 and 2020 elections. In other words, first‐generation immigrants are most likely to misreport turnout. Second‐ and third‐generation immigrants are less likely to misreport turnout than the first generations but are still significantly more likely to misreport their turnout than those who are not immigrants or who do not have immigrant parents or grandparents. Conclusion: The findings generally support the expectation. The levels of immigrant status affect individuals' misreporting turnout in different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary global context, the challenge of integrating immigrants into host societies has gained prominence. This paper delves into the perceptions and experiences of Afghan immigrants in Iran regarding immigration policies and laws. Employing a constructivist grounded theory methodology, the study aims to uncover participants' interpretations and the meanings attributed to immigration policies and laws. Grounded theory analysis, involving initial, focused, and theoretical coding, was employed to collect data. The results reveal that current immigration laws and policies in Iran have led to economic disparities, limited educational opportunities, social isolation, and identity challenges for Afghan immigrants. Iran's integration policies lean towards exclusion. Consequently, Afghan immigrants experience a weakened sense of belonging in the country. Therefore, our study suggests the importance of implementing integration theories and policies instead of those promoting disintegration. Such policies not only hinder immigrants' assimilation but also impede the overall progress of the host nation, thus undermining social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the growth and diversification of Asian Americans have shaped their integration into the US mainstream. I first review recent trends in demographic diversification, socioeconomic differentiation, and geospatial dispersion among Asians. As a high-achieving minority group, Asians—on average—have surpassed Whites in education, income, and wealth. This narrative, however, is inaccurate and incomplete, rendering intra-Asian disparities invisible. One consequence of intra-Asian diversity is the divergent destinies of hyperselected Asians and vulnerable Asians. Another is the increase in political polarization due to the rise of class-based politics. Despite increasing awareness of intra-Asian diversity, the current conceptual framework and data infrastructure are woefully inadequate, with an inherent bias toward the inclusion of the largest Asian groups at the exclusion of small and vulnerable Asian groups. Data disaggregation and integration can fill this gap by identifying new challenges and opportunities for research and policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing presence of highly skilled African immigrants in Quebec, Canada, there is a paucity of research on their adaptation processes, specifically regarding survival and social support. This study addresses this gap by investigating the survival strategies of highly skilled African immigrants (HSAI) in Quebec, utilising photovoice to vividly capture their social support systems and survival cultivation. Drawing on Ungar's (2012. The Social Ecology of Resilience: A Handbook of Theory and Practice. Springer) ecological perspective of survival, and Tardy’s model (1985. “Social Support Measurement.” American Journal of Community Psychology 13 (2): 187–202) of social support, this research elucidates the strategies employed by HSAIs to thrive. Data collection involved respondents sharing photographs that symbolise their survival while assimilating into Quebec's labour market, revealing that family, cultural groups, religious organisations, recreational activities, and professional networks play pivotal roles in their adaptation. These findings highlight the importance of a multifaceted support system in fostering survival and successful integration, suggesting that policymakers should focus on enhancing these networks to aid HSAIs’ adjustment to life in Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor market competition theory has traditionally analyzed the threat perceived by lower and middle class' natives on competition over jobs with immigrants. However, in this article we focus on the fiscal burden and competition for social benefits generated by unemployed immigrants and its impact on the vote for Populist Radical Right Parties (PRRPs). Combining individual-level data and aggregate unemployment indicators for over 60 regions from 10 EU countries, we show that, on the one hand, upper class natives seem to support PRRPs when migrant unemployment rates are higher, irrespective of migrants' origin, which is consistent with the fiscal burden model. On the other hand, lower and middle class natives are more likely to support PRRPs only in contexts of higher unemployment rates among non-EU migrants (but not among migrants from other EU member states), pointing towards an interaction between cultural and economic explanations. These findings underscore the need to account for migrant populations' characteristics and to consider not only labor competition, but also the fiscal burden to better understand how unemployment may impact PRRP voting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alice E. Ginsberg's book, "Transgressing Teacher Education: Strategies for Equity, Opportunity, and Social Justice in Urban Teacher Preparation and Practice," sheds light on the discrimination and inequality that still exist in American primary schools, particularly against students of color. Ginsberg explores the origins of this discrimination and suggests specific initiatives to achieve educational equity. She emphasizes the need for culturally relevant curriculum, encouraging teachers to frame their teaching in a way that recognizes and values students' cultural backgrounds. Ginsberg also addresses issues of discipline policies that disproportionately affect students of color and calls for a more democratic and equal school environment. [Extracted from the article]

Abundant evidence has tracked the labour market and health assimilation of immigrants, including static analyses of differences in how foreign-born and native-born residents consume health care services. However, we know much less about how migrants' patterns of healthcare usage evolve with time of residence, especially in countries providing universal or quasi-universal coverage. We investigate this process in Spain by combining all the available waves of the local health survey, which allows us to separately identify period, cohort, and assimilation effects. We find robust evidence of migrant assimilation in health care use, specifically in visits to general practitioners and emergency care and among foreign-born women. The differential effects of ageing on health care use between foreign-born and native-born populations contributes to the convergence of utilisation patterns in most health services after 15 years in Spain. Substantial heterogeneity by the time of arrival and by region of origin both suggest that studies modelling future welfare state finances would benefit from a more thorough assessment of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reviews Streets of Gold: America's Untold Story of Immigrant Success by Ran Abramitzky and Leah Boustan. This elegantly written book, whih is a must-read for anyone interested in the topic of immigration, walks the reader through a history of US immigration, examining patterns of immigrant assimilation from the mid-nineteenth century to today. The book challenges two myths about US immigration. First, it shows that historical European immigrants did not always arrive poor and quickly climb the economic and social ladder. Second, it documents that the pace of immigrant assimilation today resembles that prevailing at the turn of the twentieth century. (JEL J15, J18, K37, N31, N32, Z13) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More studies have been conducted in the field of language and literature regarding historical Turkic texts. However, these studies also represent invaluable sources for the ethnocultural and sociological characteristics of the Turks. Therefore, it is essential to undertake research focusing on the content of historical Turkic texts to identify the ethnocultural features of the Turks through local written sources. This study specifically examines the migrations documented in Shajara-i Tarākima. Consequently, an ethnocultural and sociological approach to Shajara-i Tarākima will be adopted, shedding light on the cultural characteristics of the Turks in the context of the migration phenomenon. In this research, the migrations detailed in Shajara-i Tarākima are scrutinized, revealing that Turks predominantly migrated when faced with concerns related to life and property. A distinctive feature of Turkish migration is their intent to settle permanently rather than temporarily in the places they migrate to. The findings indicate that, in the integration of migration policies, Turks have adopted a complex approach encompassing both a selective inclusion model and features of a multicultural model. While Turkic migrants have generally demonstrated a strategy more inclined towards integration and less towards assimilation, they have shown a preference for the segregation strategy over multiculturalism or melting pot strategies when dealing with immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbert Adolphus Miller (1875–1951) is a neglected figure within North American sociology, yet he made a distinctive contribution to the sociology and politics of race relations. He was one of the first sociological critics of eugenics and developed a distinctive approach to race relations and the position of subject minorities derived from a critical analysis of European empires. His approach was complementary to that of Du Bois with whom he had a close relationship. In this article, we trace Miller's critique of eugenics and the idea of 'Americanisation' as a policy of immigrant assimilation, showing the distinctiveness of his approach within North American sociology, including the milieu of Chicago sociology with which he was associated. We also examine the connection between his sociology of race and Park's position on race relations as being a process of gradual assimilation. We conclude with discussion of the Chicago school influence over Gunnar Myrdal's The American Dilemma and the alternative approach to race relations that both Du Bois and Miller had already outlined in the 1920s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National — and local — conversations about immigration are often centered on immigrants' integration into the US society. One factor that shapes immigrants' integration is their pre-migration work experience, skills, and training and a series of studies have used "channeling" as a concept to identify immigrants who have worked in the same occupation and/or industry in the destination labor market as they had in the origin labor market, prior to migration. Using the New Immigrant Survey (NIS) and a simultaneous equation model (SiEM) approach, this article expands on this research by exploring the impact of channeling on wages for Asian Indians, Filipino/as, and Mexicans with lawful permanent resident (LPR) status. Contrary to prior findings on the effects of channeling within specific industries, we find that channeling is associated with lower, not higher, immigrants' wages. The findings are robust to different definitions of channeling, as the negative effects of channeling hold within industrial sectors and occupational groups. Moreover, the results indicate that channeling is not exclusive to the Mexico–US migration stream, but instead may be a feature of various US-bound immigration streams, including those from India and the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the twentieth century, European migrants' ethnic and racial status changed as they joined the mainstream. Assimilation theory identified socioeconomic mobility as the driver of this outcome. More recently, non-European migrants have also achieved socioeconomic parity with the mainstream. Yet, a puzzle has emerged: unlike earlier European migrants these non-Europeans remain "racialized". They are both a part of, and excluded from, the majority group. This paper proffers a transnational amendment to assimilation theory. While socioeconomic parity matters so too does the similarity between the imagined racial status of the origin and host country. Groups originating from geographies that are imagined as outside of transnational Whiteness remain a "racial minority". Groups originating from geographies that are imagined as within transnational Whiteness are already White and, thereby, assimilated. To delineate this transnational approach to assimilation and inclusion, we provide examples from Europeans' and non-Europeans' assimilation trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the differences in the correlation between deaths and the Hispanic share for different Hispanic subgroups in New York City. Such differences are predicted by Segmented Assimilation Theory as different assimilation paths. The study is carried out at the level of PUMAs, and it is argued that such geographic locations are macro-level factors that determine health outcomes, as the theory of Racialized Place Inequality Framework claims. The study presents a spatially correlated model that allows to decompose the spatial effects into direct and indirect effects. Direct effects are linked to the macro structure where the individual lives, while indirect effects refer to effects in the adjacent macro structures where the individual lives. The results show that both types of effects are significant. The importance of the direct effects is predicted by RPIF, while the importance of the indirect effects is a new result that shows the complexity of the effects of macro structures. The article also shows results for subsamples that allow to test the importance of different factors that have been linked to the excess deaths observed among Hispanics. The effects of such factors are also found to be heterogenous among the different Hispanic subgroups, which also provides evidence in favor of the Segmented Assimilation Theory. Access to health insurance and doctor density are found to be the most important elements that serve as protective factors for all Hispanic subgroups in New York City, signaling its importance in achieving assimilation for Hispanic immigrants to New York City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fastest growing ethnoracial group in the United States, Asian Americans are the most highly educated, the highest earning, and the most likely to intermarry. Once deemed diseased, morally deviant, unfit for citizenship, and unassimilable, Asian Americans have attained unprecedented racial mobility, now boasting socioeconomic outcomes that surpass those of native-born Whites. Their attainment has led some social scientists to conclude that Asians are rapidly assimilating into American mainstream and remaking it in the process. While Asian American attainment defies theories of racial disadvantage, their experiences with xenophobia, racism, and anti-Asian violence vex theories of assimilation – pointing to an assimilation paradox. At no recent time has the paradox become more apparent than during COVID-19 pandemic. We maintain that the paradox reflects three tensions: the ahistorical nature of sociologists' research on Asian American assimilation; the tautology of using educational attainment acquired from immigrants' countries of origin as a measure of structural assimilation in their country of destination; and the disjuncture between the way sociologists normatively measure assimilation and the way ethnoracial minorities experience it. By integrating legacies of exclusion into theories of Asian American assimilation, addressing the tautology, and incorporating a subject-centered approach into empirical measures, we advance theory and research, and reclaim narratives of Asian American assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Baseball and Cultural Heritage" is a book edited by Gregory Ramshaw and Sean Gammon that explores the impact of baseball's history on the present and its use in contemporary society. The book features 13 essays and 18 contributors, focusing on themes such as people, places, and promotion in relation to baseball. It examines the sport's heritage in the United States and abroad, discussing topics such as spectator experiences, the role of women in baseball, the significance of ballparks, and the influence of baseball in different countries. The book highlights the importance of baseball heritage in shaping identities and maintaining relevance in a changing society. [Extracted from the article]

Over the past decades, Western European municipalities increasingly reacted to the presence of immigrants with efforts to include these new residents in local policymaking. As part of this, many cities installed local immigrant councils, allowing newcomers to participate in the political sphere and to bring their needs and interests into the political process. Even though immigrant councils became strongly institutionalized in countries like Germany, their role has been described as ambiguous and their relationship with local authorities as unequal. Existing research has examined immigrant councils as a form of political participation and urban governance and investigated their institutional design and agency of involved actors. Yet, to date, we have little research that systematically links institutional structures and agency of immigrant councils with these bodies' participation in local policymaking and their collaboration with municipal actors. Based on qualitative research on immigrant councils in two German cities, this article takes a fresh look at this form of immigrant political involvement in cities. It finetunes previous findings by showing that these bodies do not necessarily have to be tokenistic. Strengthening their political rights, countering forms of discrimination and side-lining of immigrant councils and bolstering the ownership of local officials and political leaders for these bodies are three strategies that can support these bodies' political participation and their role in urban governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural diversity that new immigrants bring to the host economy is potentially beneficial for the productivity of both immigrants and natives, but immigrants must assimilate to some extent for these benefits to be realized. In general, immigrants assimilate more slowly than natives would like, as they ignore the external material benefits of assimilation for natives and their resistance to foreign cultural influences. We develop a formal framework that highlights the complementarity between immigrants' cultural assimilation, economic integration, and investment in human capital, indicating the scope for mutually beneficial policies, offering immigrants material incentives to assimilate more rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of migrants to use the host country's language is crucial to their integration. Nonetheless, the association between migrant literacy and their labor market outcome is less explored compared to the association between their educational attainment and their economic integration. Moreover, this ability has another vital role in immigrant assimilation, serving as an indicator of cultural capital. The current study, therefore, examines the extent to which language as cultural capital shapes gender differences in migrant economic integration, as measured by educational–occupational mismatch (EOM). Using the PIAAC 2018 dataset, we employ a series of nested fixed-effect linear models in which our dependent variable is years of over-education and study the effect of language use at home, controlling for linguistic competence in the host country language. We find that once controlling for educational level, migrant men who use a different language than the host country's language at home are not more prone to EOM. However, migrant women, who are at higher risk of EOM, suffer even more when using a foreign language at home. We suggest that using a foreign language at home for women might indicate low host-country-specific cultural capital, which could directly affect migrant women's integration into the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on interview data with individuals who grew up in the US and returned to Mexico as young adults, this study examines how young returnees who were deported or compelled to leave the US navigate incorporation in Mexico. We find that labor market mobility does not automatically facilitate a sense of belonging. Participation in niche labor markets catering to native English speakers, however, facilitates social incorporation into communities of returnees. Our data suggest that social incorporation and evolving memories of the US powerfully influence returnees' sense of belonging in Mexico. Even years after return, young return migrants' incorporation journeys continue to be shaped by constant comparisons between the US and Mexico and a dual ambivalence toward both countries. Within transnational contexts of exclusion, young returnees' rely on each other to create communities of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examined the acculturation processes involving intergenerational consonance and dissonance in parent–child relationships in U.S. immigrant families. Background: This study is important because we lack national studies that examine the association between acculturation processes and intergenerational relationships among diverse racial/ethnic groups in immigrant families. Method: Using national data from Add Health with diverse race/ethnicity, we measured acculturation levels by immigrant generation, age of arrival, and length of time. Intergenerational consonance (the degree to which children and parents share the same values and activities) was measured by family cohesion and sharing meals (specifically dinners) with parents. Intergenerational dissonance (the degree to which parents and children differ in expected norms and parents lose authority over their children) was measured by parent–child conflict and parental control. Ordinary least square, binary logistic, ordered logistic, and Poisson regressions were conducted depending on the nature of the four dependent variables. Results: We found robust evidence that adolescents of the second immigrant generation acculturate more rapidly than those of the first generation and their immigrant parents creating a "gap" in intergenerational relationships. Thus, second‐generation adolescents experience lower levels of family cohesion, less frequency of sharing weekly dinners with parents, less parental control of adolescents' activities, and more serious arguments about their behaviors with their parents than their first‐generation counterparts. Conclusion: This is the new evidence that is based on national data, across multiple measures of intergenerational relationships, and holds for diverse racial and ethnic groups. Implications: The findings underscore the importance of developing culturally informed interventions supporting healthy parent–child relationships in immigrant families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhou and DiRago significantly update and advance our understanding of immigrant life in Los Angeles. One primary contribution: their insistence that older models of assimilation do not likely describe the new norm and that researchers should pay careful attention to the emerging patterns revealed by the Latinization of South L.A. and the emerging ethnoburbs of the San Gabriel Valley. I suggest that a fuller picture should also take into account how the asymmetry of Black-Latino exposure problematizes a sense of "shared fate" at the regional level. I also note the key role of social movements in promoting immigrant integration in the Los Angeles metro and suggest that the polycentric nature of the region requires that these movements develop a deeper reach into immigrant-heavy suburbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on LA, we show that 1) socioeconomic inequality in LA has increasingly emerged since the 1970s along two axes, Black-Latino and White-Asian, and that 2) the structure of residential segregation in LA intersects immigration dynamics to create unique patterns of isolation within groups and exposure between groups, setting distinctive conditions for interaction and identity formation. Two case studies — South LA and the San Gabriel Valley (SGV) — shed light on the mechanics of spatialization amid hyperdiversity. In South LA, Latino immigrants live alongside Black residents. Shared experiences of racism and socioeconomic deprivation widen Black-Brown linked fate to create novel platforms for place-based identity formation and political resistance. In SGV, Chinese immigrants of diverse class and ethnic backgrounds carve out a different path to residential assimilation by building an American ethnoburb without much contact with Whites. Despite clear inequalities across the Black-Latino and White-Asian axes, neither case converges uniformly towards Whiteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A range of studies have found that immigrants generally start out using different travel modes but over time they 'assimilate' toward adopting similar travel modes to the general population. These studies tend to focus on 'when' and 'if' travel assimilation occurs, with some studies using socioeconomic factors to explain 'why' this occurs. But few studies have explored the role of culture, attitudes and other 'soft' factors in shaping the process of travel assimilation among immigrants. In Australia, South Asians have been the largest and fastest growing immigrant group, and as skilled migrants they face few 'hard' barriers to car use. The aim of this paper is to explore the interaction between cultural influences, attitudes and initial travel experiences upon arrival in Australia on long-term travel assimilation amongst South Asian immigrants. Qualitative interviews with 20 South Asian immigrants were used to identify a range of cultural and psychosocial factors, such as perceptions towards travel modes and gender-based cultural norms. Attitudes and behaviours evolve during their early years in Australia, beginning with a 'honeymoon period' – a phase where all travel modes are seen as positive – before car use begins to dominate. The findings have implications for how we understand the interactions between attitudes, cultural practice and travel behaviour and how they evolve over time. They also imply that policymakers have only a narrow window of time to encourage sustainable transport among South Asian immigrants before the travel 'honeymoon period' wears off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship shows that Black immigrants to the United States resist assimilation to reduce exposure to racial discrimination faced by U.S.-born African Americans. But, not all Black immigrants are equally likely to be (mis)perceived as African American. We argue that immigrants who are likely to be misidentified as African American have incentives to reify ethnic boundaries as a form of protection against racial discrimination. We develop this argument from interviews and focus groups with African immigrants. We then use a lab experiment to measure rates of miscategorization and identify its correlates among African immigrants. Finally, we test our argument with a novel survey of Somalis, an immigrant population with two ethnic subgroups who differ in their likelihood of being miscategorized as African Americans. We show that this difference shapes the degree of resistance to assimilation. These findings improve our understanding of the relationship between racial discrimination and incentives for Black immigrants to resist assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study proposes and tests a theory of ethnic selective exposure – namely, ethnic audiences' use of English- and ethnic-language media as a function of their most salient or strongest cultural identity among the many available to them (American, ethnic American, pan ethnic, or national origin). This identity-based media selectivity is examined with experimental data from a 2016 survey experiment and observational data from the 2006 Latino National Survey. Results consistently showed that ethnic audiences preferred to use media that are congruent with their most salient or strongest cultural identity, especially when they sought out information related to politics and public affairs. The 2016 experiment also suggests that immigrants' everyday experience living in the nation can affect their media selection, which in turn influences their incorporation into the U.S. and thus points to the complexity of assimilation and the media's role in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors show that for most groups there is an impressive income mobility between parents and children, and this is not a matter of the second generations having nominally higher income but remaining as poor in relative terms as the immigrants. The Chetty-Hendren team has pioneered analyses of intergenerational income mobility in which individuals are scored by their percentile rank in a national distribution (e.g., Chetty et al. [2]), and Abramitzky and Boustan follow this model. Abramitzky and Boustan mention in passing economist Claudia Goldin's finding that the income returns to schooling were unusually low in 1940. The Opportunity Insights data for this part of their analysis are much more credible than the problematic data undergirding the analysis of the early twentieth century - the income data and the parent-child linkages have been constructed from income-tax returns and can draw on social-security numbers. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigates the size of the initial wage disadvantage and the patterns of subsequent labor-market assimilation for immigrant workers in South Korea. We find that immigrants to Korea earn 17–29 percent less upon arrival than natives with similar characteristics, and the wage gap diminishes by 1.55 percent per year spent in the country. The patterns of assimilation differ by both gender and country of origin. Males and Asian immigrants generally follow the patterns of all foreign workers. However, females experience a smaller initial wage difference and no convergence, while immigrants from non-Asian countries and Japan initially earn higher wages than natives, but they then experience a relative decline in wages over time. The results of our out-migration analysis suggest that the negative assimilation of non-Asian and Japanese immigrants may be due to positively selected out-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the history and the socio-political and cultural life of the streets of Calcutta's Chinatowns through an examination of the gradual assimilation of Chinese immigrants that fostered the existing cosmopolitan character of the city. After providing the history of Chinese immigration to the city, the essay highlights the civic, political, economic, and cultural life of the streets of the Chinatowns, where each section chronologically examines how the influx of other Indian communities, political instability, urban development, and rise of capitalist enterprises influenced and transformed the Chinese street life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asians who are not attracted by western culture may pursue their dreams in an Asian global city. While most people in Asia do not use English to communicate in their daily life, past literature on international migration focuses on English-speaking countries. This study uses Hong Kong (branded an Asian global city) as a case study to examine whether mastery of a native language (Cantonese) and/or English, a dominant non-native language in the commercial sector, determines the economic success of Asian migrants. Contrary to the general expectation of the importance of the native language, this study finds that a mastery of English and the official language of China (Putonghua) instead of Cantonese generates higher earnings for Asian minorities. The language advantages for earnings are mediated by the attainment of high-paid occupations. This study suggests that immigrants' assimilation in a host society is not just a local problem but relates to the global and regional contextual factors of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BETTER THAN THEIR REPUTATION: THE EARLY ASSIMILATION CONCEPTS One of the most common critiques of the classical assimilation concept is that it conceptualizes immigrant's incorporation as a process of submission of the immigrant to the core culture of the host society (Pries, [17]). According to Gordon, the other important dimension of the incorporation process is structural assimilation, defined as social relationships and entrance in majority societies' institutions as the most important dimension of assimilation. According to its founders, transnationalism was a research program to "understand immigrants" (Basch et al., [4]), and transnationalism scholars implicitly claimed that a cross-border perspective on migration would encompass a view of immigrants as actors and subjects. While assimilation and integration provide us with a theoretical framework that lends itself to easy operationalization to trace the process by which immigrants adapt in a new country, transnationalism reminds us that the immigrants that we encounter in receiving societies are not a "blank slate". [Extracted from the article]

Existing frameworks of assimilation and group boundaries are limited in making sense of experiences of racial ambiguity. What happens when racial groups are mistaken for other groups, and how does this phenomenon relate to the racial hierarchy? This paper investigates the on-the-ground mechanisms of racial ambiguity that formal institutions, like the Census, do not capture, yet are the lived realities for many immigrant groups. Through analysis of 120 interviews and supplemental observations, I find that the racialization of second-generation South Asians shifts between racial ambiguity and racial legibility in daily life. I present a theoretical concept – localized racialization – to reveal the transient, yet defining, racial experiences of groups residing in the racial middle. Localized racialization centres multiple factors of skin colour, intersectional status markers, and situational contexts that tether racial experiences to the local. This study's South Asian participants reveal persistent racial dynamism at the micro-interactional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of historical population movements and their special characteristics in the last two centuries. It mentions that in the 19th and 20th centuries, labor markets and economic characteristics promoted the arrival of immigrants with certain educational and phenotypic traits considered positive. However, in the 21st century, destination countries have closed their borders due to neoliberal policies and the doctrine of national security. Additionally, the article highlights the prominence of forced displacement and its links to violence, organized crime, climate change, and war. The article also mentions that migration is an important topic in the media, academia, non-governmental organizations, and the political and social agendas of states. The objective of the journal Política y Cultura is to participate in the debate and dissemination of scientific knowledge about migration from a multidisciplinary and multi-thematic perspective. Different works are presented that analyze the situation of immigrants from West Africa, Central America, the state of Hidalgo, and Mexico, as well as migration policies and theoretical and methodological approaches in the study of migration. In conclusion, this issue of the journal is a contribution that allows for critical reflection on the migratory process in the context of the debate on migration in the 21st century. [Extracted from the article]

We analyse how immigrants' level of social assimilation is related to their labour market outcomes. More precisely, we estimate the association between assimilation and employment, wages, underemployment, three measures of job satisfaction, overeducation and wages. Using Australian longitudinal data, we find that assimilation is strongly associated with employment and wages as well as a number of job satisfaction measures. We then split our data and repeat the analysis for before and after the financial crisis of 2008–2009. We find important differences in the way assimilation is associated with different measures of labour market outcomes under different economic conditions. Finally, we explore mechanisms that may underlie the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the experiences of elderly migrants and their emotional insecurities in a foreign land. It explores the themes of migration, memory, and the empty-nest syndrome and analyses the challenges faced by ageing migrants who are caught between their memories of home and their inability to find a sense of belonging in the new country. The study examines these themes through the analysis of five diasporic short stories.

Transnational organizations are primarily studied from the perspective of first-generation migrants and how cross-border interactions shape their identities. This study focusses on transnational activism among the second-generation, the children of refugees, asking how refugee status affects second-generation transnationalism. By analysing the case study of Vietnamese refugees in the United States, the largest refugee re-settlement effort in American history, the article analyses an originally curated database of transnational organizations (n = 632), as well as a survey of 80 organizational leaders. Findings show that participation in transnational organizations offers new ways of understanding one's identity and social mobility in the United States and in Vietnam. This transnational point of reference includes transnational labour market opportunities and the transforming of identities from learning about silenced histories in refugee families. Transnational activism creates an alternative reference category for integration outside the common reference groups including intergenerational mobility, native co-ethnics, and the general US population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research suggests that peer social networks affect immigrant youths' academics. However, little is known about whether peer parental education spillovers on educational outcomes differ by generational status and whether students are exposed to more same-ethnic peers in school. This study tests: (1) whether attending classes with peers with educated parents is associated with academic outcomes, (2) whether this relationship varies by generation, and (3) whether school contexts with more peers of the same race/ethnicity influence peer parental spillover effects. To overcome the fact that students select into schools, we use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and leverage quasi-exogenous variation in peer exposure. We find that peer parental education spillover effects vary by immigrant generation, but the extent of the difference varies by outcome. For academic effort, first-generation immigrant youth are less affected by peer parental education effects compared with others. For GPA, the peer spillover effect is smaller for second-generation youth compared with others. In schools with more same race/ethnicity peers, children of immigrants see lower peer spillover effects on educational outcomes compared with their counterparts in more diverse contexts. Findings suggest that network based social processes influencing academic outcomes are distinct for immigrant youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul Siu's dissertation on the experience of Chinese laundry workers in the United States is a hallmark study in the Chicago sociology of migration. Siu joined the Chicago sociology program in 1932, defended his dissertation in 1953, and had it published as a book in 1987. This article identifies Siu's key contributions and discusses the relationship between Siu's work and the Chicago sociology of migration. An immigrant himself, Siu offered an approach to migration that was closer to the migrants: an immediate and often intimate window into the subjective dimension of migration. While Siu's closeness to the migrants allowed him to collect the kind of firsthand data associated with Chicago sociology, it also revealed elements of the migrant experience that stretched the boundaries of Chicago's analytical framework. Siu's understanding of migration as temporary, in particular, departed from Chicago sociology's emphasis on immigrant assimilation. This article seeks to reexamine Siu's contribution and underline its value for current and future research on migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social inclusion is a context for both risk and protective factors of migrant youth delinquency. This study aims to shed light on the issue by comparing delinquency amongst native, first-generation, and second-generation immigrant youths in Portugal, a country located in the south of Europe, an area where research in this field is still scarce. Methods: The research is based on the International Self-Reported Delinquency (ISRD-3) dataset, which includes information on over 4,000 adolescents, who self-reported on their socio-demographic status, leisure activities, school and neighbourhood environment, family bonds, and self-control. Results: Nested Logistic Regression analyses showed that a young first-generation immigrant is twice as likely to commit a crime, with or without violence, as a young native born in Portugal. However, no differences were found regarding the prevalence of delinquency amongst second-generation immigrants and natives, which is likely due to the integration and cultural assimilation of the immigrant over time. Regarding the analysed risk factors, it was found that both structural and individual factors, identified by the theories of control, stress, as well as situational action theory, have a direct effect on the commission of juvenile crimes (both non-violent and violent). Moreover, this effect is significant in adolescents living in Portugal in general, both immigrants and natives. The most influential variable for both types of delinquent behaviour, with and without violence, is peer delinquency, followed by low morality and self-control. Conclusion: These findings have relevant policy implications and are useful for evidence-based interventions aimed at promoting migrant adolescent well-being and targeting host countries' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]