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This paper examines how marathoners develop multiple and diverse subjectivities within this distance runningspace. Specifically, we engage in a case study and critically explore the various ways that a small but growing running group called the "Marathon Maniacs" positions itself within the marathon community. Drawing on Bourdieu's (1984, 1986, 1990) interdependent concepts of field, habitus, and capital, we uncover the multiple and complex ways that legitimate marathon bodies are constructed within this group. We untangle how the Maniacs negotiate beliefs prominently held in the larger marathon community, revealing how some beliefs are reappropriated in Maniac culture. Further, we critically analyze the forms of capital that are privileged within the Marathon Maniacs, identifying how these practices serve to distinguish and classify Maniacs as distance runners (Bourdieu, 1986, 1990; Krais, 2006). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, sport sociologists have increased their examination of the prevalence of whiteness dynamics in sport (Lawrence, 2013; McDonald & Toglia, 2010; Travers, 2011). The purpose of this study was to examine White college students' perceptions (N = 190) regarding the academic and athletic success of a White male college football player. The photo-elicitation methodological technique was used, and whiteness theories (Dyer, 1997) were applied to the participants' perceptions. The following four major themes emerged from the results: a) Privileged College Athlete; b) Proud; c) Worked Extremely Hard; and d) Very Intelligent & Successful. Practical implications of this study are highlighted, and future directions for researchers and practitioners are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of two groups of Black male college athletes at a Division I historically White institution (HWI) to better understand the key contributors that influenced their academic performance levels, academic engagement, and the quality of their overall college experiences. Twofocus groups were conducted with 10 Black male college athletes enrolled at a Division I HWI and a demographic questionnaire was administered to ascertain a better understanding of their personal backgrounds, college academic experiences, and college athletic experiences. Role theory was incorporated as a theoretical lens to investigate the participants' identity salience, role commitments, and overall college experiences. Findings revealed participants from each group shared common experiences encountering role conflict. However, the coping strategies and academic performance outcomes varied between each group. Implications for policy and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology of Sport Journal is the property of Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the history of the involvement of New Zealand in the Olympic Games, focusing on the establishment of the New Zealand Olympic Council (NZOC) in 1911. The author heavily relies on the work of sports historian John A. Daly in his analysis of the organization. The development of the NZOC is discussed in context with Daly's thoughts on colonial Australian athletics and social conditions within other Commonwealth countries. Emphasis is given to class in amateur sports, the increased presence of women's athletics, and New Zealand's exclusion of Māori athletes from early Olympic Games.

The article examines the issue of whether parents are acting within the bounds of legitimate parental authority when they put their children into sporting activities. It is suggested in the article that the moral and ethical issues of putting a child into participatory sports is rarely looked at in North America. The article asserts that people often do not consider the possibility that playing a highly competitive sport may have harmful effects on a child's health, moral character, and development in areas other than sports. The article explains that most children are willing to play sports, but the decision to start playing sports usually comes before a child can make a mature and autonomous decision to do so.

This article presents a speech given by W. Miller Brown, president of the Philosophic Society for the Study of Sport, delivered at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Philosophic Society for the Study of Sport, conducted at Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, in Fort Wayne in October 1990. He discusses the use of performance-enhancing drugs among athletes in terms of its larger moral, ethical, and social ramifications. He reflects on this issue in several ways. First by examining sport as a complex human activity. Second he extends his view to examine sports, not just as a single event, but as a activity pursued over a lifetime.

This article presents a response to arguments proposed by Professor Jan Boxhill concerning the connection between sport and art. The author discusses the idea that while aesthetic beauty may be a result of competitive athletic activity it is not the main goal of the activity itself. The aesthetic qualities of these activities never take complete precedence over the physical qualities. He contrasts this view with artistic performers and ensembles whose main goal is to continually enhance the aesthetic qualities of their performances.

The author discusses the philosophical concept of purpose in sport. An analysis of the differences in purpose within competitive and non-competitive sport is presented. The author suggests that scoring in order win is not an external purpose of sport. It is suggested that claims related to the independent specifiability of the purpose of competitive sport is typically accompanied by a valuation of some sort.

The author presents a philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of active participation in sport. The author states that underlying purpose of the study is to uncover the major existential characteristics present in phenomenon. A discussion of the philosophical differences between "work" and "play" and what is meant by the term "play world" is included. The author references published works on the meaning of the terms "sport," "game," and "play."

This study examined the role of social support in the relationship between life stress and injury. Utilizing a prospective design, male and female collegiate athletes participating in the sports of volleyball, gymnastics, field hockey, soccer, cross-country, track and field, and wrestling completed the Athletic Life Experience Survey and the Support Functions Questionnaire. The results indicated that life stress and social support were predictive of injury frequency among male athletes. Specifically, injury frequency increased as the level of total life change and the number of providers of shared social reality support increased (direct effect). In addition, injury frequency was found to increase as negative life change and the number of providers of, and degree of fulfillment for, emotional challenge support decreased (buffer effect). No significant models emerged for female athletes or injury severity. The results of this study support a functional or disaggregated role for social support in the life stress/injury relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between athletic success and student persistence toward a degree. We build an updated panel of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I institutions and utilize within-institution variation to identify the effects of athletic success. Using a ranking of all institutions, we find that having more successful men's basketball and football teams has a significant positive effect on first-year retention rates. We also find some evidence that improved basketball rankings increase graduation rates, and that success in the NCAA tournament may have a sizable impact on retention. Although the estimated effects are generally modest in scale, we find rather limited evidence of other institutional factors affecting persistence, suggesting that athletics can be one avenue for institutions of higher education to engage and retain students. ( JEL I23, Z20, L83) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the requisite to a healthy young man in the U.S. It states the athletism and the desire for athletic exercises and wholesome games. It notes training remedy the troubles and accomplish the wonders of human physique. It mentions the importance of simple and most natural form of diet.

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is no detailed study about the origins of athletics in nineteenth-century Singapore. This research relied primarily on newspaper records, official census reports, club membership and school enrolment to study the origins and degree of participation in athletics in the military, European, Eurasian, Chinese, Malay and Indian communities. It also makes comparison to the diffusion and transmission of athletics within the global and the various local communities. The findings suggest that a ‘foot-race’ was first introduced primarily to the Malay and Chinese community in the annual New Year regatta since 1837. Athletic events were held by the troops at Tanglin Barracks and Fort Canning in 1877 following the practice and tradition of the military colleges and camps in England. The athletic meets were also organised by the European, Eurasian, Straits Chinese, Malay and Tamil sports clubs starting in 1880 thereafter. It was introduced to three English boys' schools since 1887 after the establishment of the Education Department in 1872 and the organisation of Government and aided English schools. There were no physical education or athletic programme in the English girls' schools and in the elementary Malay, Chinese and Anglo-Tamil schools. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Managed officially by the Turkish Wrestling Federation, neo-traditional oil wrestling with its deep historical heritage is nowadays appropriated as a typically Turkish sport. It has to navigate between national regulation demands, local dynamics, engrossments of sorts and international attention. Its summit as the main athletic event with its pompous ritual program at the annual festival of Kirkpinar in the city of Edirne presents a full-screen picture that is taken here as a prism to analyse its special attraction and the predilection of various actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between neoliberalism and masculinity in China from the late 1970s through the early 21st century, often referencing Chinese Olympic gold medalist sprinter Liu Xiang in this regard. The impact that the Western conception of gender has on Chinese civilization, including the role that capitalism plays in this regard, is discussed. The relationship between China's economic policies and masculinity, including in regard to athletics, is also discussed.

This essay provides an overview of the efforts made by African Americans to compete with and against their white counterparts on an equal basis in highly organised sport in the USA. These efforts have resulted in a relatively large number of African Americans participating in football, basketball, and track and very small representation in baseball, golf, tennis, stock car racing and a host of other national pastimes. A result of historical context and racism in a capitalist society, this fact has not deterred young African Americans from seeking success in sport because they view it as the only alternative to welfare, crime and life on the streets. Unfortunately, for the largest majority of impoverished young African Americans, success in sport never comes to pass and the American dream is ultimately never fully realised. Even those African Americans who managed to overcome racial barriers and achieve success in sport have done so without any opportunity of gaining some control of an institution that is extraordinarily important in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The debate about the development of sport in Ireland is a lively one and is broadening all the time as more and more historians investigate it. This essay examines the criticisms by Cronin on Finn and argues that Cronin has at best an imperfect understanding of Athleticism as an education ideology. It explores the ideology of Athleticism with a focus on two elite Irish schools and points the way for more detailed research approach in understanding the extent of Athleticism in these schools and its diffusion into wider Irish society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of International Journal of the History of Sport is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of the History of Sport is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of the History of Sport is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the significance of sports and physical exercise in the turn-of-the-century culture and society of the U.S. It depicts how physical fitness became a decisive feature of collective and individual self-perception and was understood as being at the core of a successful shaping of both the self and of the American body politic. I concentrate in particular on paradigms and strategies of human resources management to exemplify the overarching significance of physical fitness as it established itself at the heart of the USA's enterprise culture that began to emerge in the later nineteenth century. American peculiarities will be considered, alongside ties and allusions to European, and particularly British, developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers de Recherche Sociologique is the property of Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Department de Sociologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We have been asked to provide a summarizing article on the role of sports in memorizing the Japanese nation. Each of the three dimensions of memory evoked and revealed in the studies that are contained in this issue demonstrate the promise of, and purchase that, a focus on sport and lieu de memoire provides to scholars of sport and Japanese society. We draw a tentative conclusion that the articles in this issue demonstrate that historical studies of sports can open a window onto the topology of Japanese symbolism. Amongst the questions we need to continue to ask are to what degree pre-modern societies have actually shared and nourished the 'living memory', the loss of which has been bemoaned by Nora. Also we must take issue with the notion of 'collective memory' as an absolute, all-encompassing, entity, since it is important to consider opportunities for the investigation of counter-memory and counter-memorialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the graphic design of the Tokyo 1964 Games as a symbolic site through which Japan's postwar identity was re-articulated in relation with both the realm of internationalization and tradition. The visual language utilized by the Tokyo Games adhered to the anti-historical approach of modernism, while it also encoded the visual composition of crest design, established in medieval Japan. In encoding their tradition in not directly decipherable means, postwar Japanese designers found an important resource for distinguishing their identity in the international arena, and for establishing a continuity with their past. In the years following the Olympics, their designs were recognized as instigators of an international design scene, becoming also reminiscent of the 1964 Olympic glory days. On the other hand, they also encapsulated memories of the nation that acted on a visceral level, echoing Japanese society's fluctuation between tradition and modernity, nationalism and internationalism, past and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that affects approximately 12,000 patients each year in the United States. Major causes for spinal cord injury include motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and direct trauma. Moderate hypothermia has gained attention as a potential therapy due to recent experimental and clinical studies and the use of modest systemic hypothermia (MSH) in high profile case of spinal cord injury in a National Football League (NFL) player. In experimental models of spinal cord injury, moderate hypothermia has been shown to improve functional recovery and reduce overall structural damage. In a recent Phase I clinical trial, systemic hypothermia has been shown to be safe and provide some encouraging results in terms of functional recovery. This review will summarize recent preclinical data, as well as clinical findings that support the continued investigations for the use of hypothermia in severe cervical spinal cord injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative incidence of catastrophic cervical spine injury in sports is low compared to other injuries. However, the potential catastrophic and life-altering consequences of spine injury cause understandable concern regarding the prehospital management and care of the cervical-spine-injured athlete. This is complicated when injured athletes participate in equipment-intensive sports, such as football, where helmets and face-masks are potential barriers to obtaining immediate access to the athlete's airway. Cervical spine injuries in these cases necessitate delicate and precise management, often involving the combined efforts of multiple health-care providers. The outcome of a catastrophic cervical spine injury is dependent on the efficiency of this management process and timeliness of transfer to a controlled environment for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Games of 1961 and 1964 transformed the theatrics of state power in postcolonial Laos. While using modern sporting spectacle to promote national unity and progress in a context of Cold War division, the games were also embedded in an existing theatrics of power, which dramatised the status of their founder, General Phoumi Nosavan. The modern motifs of national unity and progress were not only a device of state legitimation; they were also the currency of status display, an end in itself. Combining the theory of spectacle in modern societies with a modified reading of Geertz's “theatre state”, this article questions the modernising impact of sport, arguing instead that twentieth-century technologies of performance have transformed the theatrics of power in postcolonial Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coaching has a long history in athletics, dating back to the era of professional pedestrians such as Captain Barclay. By the early twentieth century, because of the dominance of the amateur hegemony, the notion of coaching in British athletics was in retreat. Governing bodies like the Amateur Athletics Association associated coaching with professionalism. However, due to the rise in international competition, especially the Olympic Games, this idea was reconsidered. As Britain began to slip from its place as the pre-eminent sporting nation, coaching took on a greater significance among the athletics hierarchy at least as far back as 1912. This article examines this process from 1912 to 1947, when criticism over Britain's performance increasingly began to be thought of as a reflection of national prestige and the fitness of the nation. In addition, it locates coaching developments not only within the shifting nature of amateurism but argues that coaching itself had an important role in changing the subtle and complex meanings of amateurism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about a man who was one of the best known Danes abroad in the 1930s. His name was Niels Bukh, and from 1920 on he built an imposing gymnastics school in the small town of Ollerup on South Funen. His team of young elite gymnasts demonstrated his gymnastics on several continents - in the East, in North and South America, in Africa and in many European countries. For instance Bukh's gymnasts gave demonstrations in the US in 1923 and 1926 and at the World Exhibition in New York in 1939. In several dictatorships too there was great enthusiasm about Bukh's gymnastics, not least because the strict discipline, endurance and appearance of strength of the gymnasts seemed promising for military purposes, as was especially evident from the interest Bukh's gymnastics enjoyed in several South American states during his tour in 1938. Bukh's gymnastics could help totalitarian regimes to create a young generation typified by straightness, dynamism and endurance. The perception that the Bukh gymnasts almost merged into one organism in their synchronized movements was used by the regimes, especially with the young, as a symbol of order, discipline and national unity in countries like the South American dictatorships, but not in pluralistic and democratic states like the US and Canada, where interest in the country's own youth education quite overshadowed the skills of the Bukh gymnasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sociological aspect of wheelchair basketball in the U.S. History outlines that sports for people with mobility impairments following World War II when the improved battlefield evacuation methods and medical technologies increased the survival rate of those who are wounded. It notes that this game tends to disrupt conventional assumptions on the ability of disabled people. It is considered as the most notable of all the disability sports that emerged this time.

Part of a wider examination into football during the collapse of Eastern European Communism between 1989 and 1991, this article studies the interplay between Serbian football and politics during the period of Yugoslavia's demise. Research utilizing interviews with individuals directly involved in the Serbian game, in conjunction with contemporary Yugoslav media sources, indicates that football played an important proactive role in the revival of Serbian nationalism. At the same time the Yugoslav conflict, twinned with a complex transition to a market economy, had disastrous consequences for football throughout the territories of the former Yugoslavia. In the years following the hostilities the Serbian game has suffered decline, major financial hardship and continuing terrace violence, resulting in widespread nostalgia for the pre-conflict era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes archival Carlisle school newspapers to demonstrate how the institution used news representations of athletics and recreation to foster assimilationist aims. The article argues that athletics and recreation were imbued with different meanings for the various constituencies, all of whom used athletics and recreation to construct identities, express emotions, and struggle over the politics of assimilation. The conjuncture of Carlisle's athletic programs and the growth of sports coverage resulted in representations of Indian athletes within the context of a racial ideology that portrayed the Indian as both a noble and primitive savage whose instinctive abilities and cunning allowed him to compete against whites despite a lack of scientific training. In the process, a modern bicultural athletic world came into being, but it was not destined to last. The very cultural system that had supported Indian athletes in the early twentieth century was transformed in ways that rendered Indian athletes invisible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the spread beyond England of the insertion of athleticism into the education of less privileged people. Links between athleticism and association football as related to elementary schoolteachers traveling outside of England are examined. The significance of the relationship between the Borough Road College in England and several training colleges in Europe in this context is described. Other topics include teaching students from England who wrote about their experience with athleticism in France.

The article discusses the technical nature of sports. Information is presented about the creation of modern sports facilities in Germany during the early decades of the twentieth century. The author discusses the architecture and location of these sports arenas as well as the decorations, running tracks, and specialized lawns which are part of these facilities. The author reflects on social aspects of sports and leisure in Germany. The author focuses on the connections between technologically sophisticated sports arenas and the subsequent formation of a thriving market for spectator sports.

This essay records a recent history of how dedicated and public-spirited lovers of a sport created a virtual community of cricket fans using what was then a new medium called the internet. The website "Cricinfo" was initially a product of this community. The essay then shows how commercial concerns came to override those of the virtual community, as Cricinfo was transformed from a community-based enterprise to a commercial entity. All of this happened at a time when the sport and the internet itself was being transformed by new technologies, and entrepreneurs were taking advantage of these changes to create new economic opportunities. The recent acquisition of Cricinfo by the media giant ESPN (itself owned by The Walt Disney Company) merely continues the trajectory outlined in this essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the problem of delimiting and contextualizing 'alternative modernities,' and the way in which sport factors into the logic of delimitation. After postulating six ideal type alternative sportive modernities in India, the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal is analyzed as the articulation of a type of modernity that is linked to liberal secular nationalism. By looking at both the development of the HVPM through time as well as the performance of yoga and mallakhamba in various international sporting and gymnastic events, a specific relationship between nationalist and transnational social imaginaries is examined. Finally, the HVPM is compared and contrasted with the sportive activities of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a militant Hindu nationalist organization. Through this comparison it is possible to see how similar configurations of sport and gymnastics articulate different modernities, and how these alternative modernities both intersect and diverge from one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay we examine the introduction of three points for a win in senior football, a reform that eventually became universally adopted. We have two objectives. First, we seek to answer the question of whether the effect of the new system has justified its proliferation. The second objective is to present a methodological discussion about how to measure this effect, which involves judgments that many would say are entirely subjective and which, at best, are hard to operationalize- a problem that is not unusual in social science. We measure the 'excitingness' of football through constructing an index of two distinct features of any match. We then apply the index to our data by combining quantitative analysis with strategic case-selection. Our preliminary findings are that three points for a win does seem to boost football's excitingness, but that the improvement takes four to five years to take full effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implications from a study on integrating mission statements in athletic programs of catholic universities and colleges. It reviews the relation between sports and spirituality, the current status of college athletics, and the significance of mission integration in colleges. It also presents the survey conducted to the athletic directors belonging to the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities to examine the best practices and requirements for integrating the institution's mission statements and their athletic program. The study results suggests that an institution's mission statement can be a powerful tool when clearly articulated and implemented.

There is a growing body of research investigating how athletes respond to (Fletcher, Hanton, & Wagstaff, 2006) and appraise (Hanton, Fletcher, & Wagstaff, 2006) sources of organizational strain. Even though these studies have begun to shed light on the nature of stress in sport organizations, what has not been explored is how individuals actually cope with these stressors and their responses to them. Ten sport performers (5 males and 5 females) were interviewed with regard to organizationalrelated demands they had encountered and the coping efforts they had used to deal with those stressors they perceived as stressful. Interviews allowed the researchers to use a diagnostic approach to building a model of the performers' stress story (Oakland & Ostell, 1996). These methods appear more suitable than many quantitative measurements heavily criticized owing to validity and reliability limitations (see Hoar, Kowalski, Gaudreau, & Crocker, 2006). Coding processes abstracted 42 raw data coping themes into 11 higher order themes, which in turn, consisted of three general dimensions: problem-approach, emotion-focused, and avoidance. The main problem-approach coping strategies were confrontation, effort/resilience, advice seeking, and personal change. The main emotion-approach coping strategies were emotional processing, affect countering, emotional expression, and discussion. The main avoidance strategies were evasive behaviors, substance abuse, and evasive cognitions. The findings indicate that performers cope with organizational stressors in a variety of ways in order to alter or avoid the stressful situation and their emotional responses to it, often with a cluster of efforts. Hence, practitioners must realize that, far from having a "canned solution" to provide performers with, a variety of strategies used interchangeably can be effective when encountering organizational stressors. Indeed, future research may explore how performers' ability to distinguish and select between different types of coping and employ these accordingly over time, influences career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a study which investigated the question of whether athletics contributes to the academic mission of colleges and universities in the United States. Empirical analysis of the study; Variable descriptive statistics; Relationship between graduation rates and big-time athletics.

Byline: Fabien Ohl, Marijke Taks The aim of the paper is to understand the social usage of sporting goods. Our observations show that goods are not only necessary to practice; they reveal values, social networks and consumption patterns which are an integral part of the sports culture. The consumption of sporting goods is often used to shape an identity, usually positive, to obtain recognition and to have new social and bodily experiences. We argue that sporting goods consumption is related to social presentations, representations and narratives that express the symbolic boundaries of one's self and is a resource in the construction of subcultures.

Presents an abstract of the study `Elite young athletes on the relationships in the athletic triangle,' by Paul Wylleman, Paul De Knop, Vrije Universieit, Yves Vanden Auweele, Katholieke Universiteit Brussel and Hedwig Sloore, during the 1995 Conference of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA).

An interview with Tom Galbraith, Athletics for Communications' associate director at Radford University, is presented. Topics discussed include the start of Galbraith's sports information career after the end of his basketball career, gaining personal and professional relationships from his experiences in working as athletics communications at the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Division I, II, and III level, and his trip in Calgary, Alberta in 2004.