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Why do first movers into a new industry sometimes gain an advantage simply because of the fact that they are perceived by audiences to be more authentic than second movers, whereas in other contexts such second movers are perceived as no less authentic than first movers? We theorize that this difference hinges on the amount of costly, risky "legitimation work" that entrants are perceived to have conducted in their efforts to establish that the new organizational form is reliable and acceptable. Whereas a first mover must expend great effort to reassure skeptical audiences that the new form coheres with their norms and that it can meet and even exceed their standards, later arrivals are often able to appropriate such legitimacy once it has been established. But such appropriation by the second mover makes its (often implicit) claim of original insight or vision seem less authentic than that of the first mover. In three complementary online experiments on audience reactions to online healthcare startups, we find support for our prediction that followers suffer from a lower consumer preference because they are perceived to have done less work in establishing the new form's legitimacy. Our results show that when follower firms show evidence of participation in legitimation work, it may overturn the default interpretation and reduce the authenticity discount. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.17215. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of authenticity has received much discussion in applied linguistics and educational studies. Valuable insights have been gained into how authenticity is problematised in language teaching and how to improve the situation by engaging learners with better-designed materials and activities. These achievements notwithstanding, empirical evidence remains insufficient to understand learners' meaning-making endeavours in real-life learning scenarios. The current study attempts to examine authenticity in additional language learning from a semiotic perspective, which may shed new light on the complex cognitive process of beginner learners' first encounter with a new language and how this process could be motivated and facilitated by teachers in a classroom setting. Evidence of semiotic articulation and production of authenticity from a low-pressure Spanish classroom is analysed focussing on cultural authenticity, interactive authenticity and authenticity of behaviour and engagement. The evidence is discussed to find how semiotic resources in combination with lived experiences may help learners' comprehension and appreciation of the target language and its culture. These findings reveal the relevance and value of semiotic approaches to language teaching research and provide practical implications for exposing pre-tertiary young learners to languages other than English for more diverse and extensive learning experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surf tourism authenticity has received limited theoretical attention. This study analyzed the surf tourism authenticity and its development by investigating Chinese tourists' online content using grounded theory modified by Corbin and Strauss. The findings concluded that surf tourism authenticity consists of objective and existential authenticity perceived by surf tourists. Objective authenticity is necessary for realizing existential authenticity, but passing the rite of struggle is a sufficient condition. Tourists' physical and mental competence are decisive factors that interactively determine whether or not they are able to pass the rite of struggle. This study contributes to the literature by (1) introducing authenticity to depict the surf tourism experience; (2) highlighting the importance of objective authenticity alongside existential authenticity for understanding surf tourism authenticity and discussing these two elements from a holistic perspective; and (3) proposing the rite of struggle to promote a better understanding of the relationship between two authenticities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispute over the authenticity of video has become a hot topic in judicial practice in recent years. Despite detection methods being updated rapidly, methods for determining authenticity have limitations, especially against high-level forgery. Deleting the integral group of pictures (GOP) length in static scenes could remove key information in the video, leading to unjust sentencing. Anyone can conduct such an operation using publicly available software, thus escaping state-of-the-art detection methods. In this paper, we propose a detection method based on noise transfer matrix analysis. A pyramid structure and a weight learning module are adopted to improve the detection rate and reduce the false positive rate. In total, 80 videos were examined through delicate anti-forensic forgery operations to verify the detection performance of the proposed method and three previously reported methods against anti-forensic forgery operations. In addition, two of the latest learning-based methods were included in our experiments to evaluate the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method significantly improves the detection of frame deletion points compared with traditional and learning-based methods, especially in low false positive rate (FPR) intervals, which is meaningful in forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWe investigated whether people show signs of conflict detection in both more implicit and explicit judgments about the authenticity of short video clips depicting interviews with famous American actors. If so, they would be less confident when incorrectly seeing deepfakes as authentic than when correctly seeing authentic videos as authentic. Participants (N = 128; Mage = 33.7, SD = 12.1) from the USA were recruited on Prolific. Results showed that participants were more accurate at recognising deepfakes and less accurate at recognising authentic videos when they were explicitly asked to judge if a video was authentic or deepfake compared to more implicit authenticity judgments. Interestingly, they showed signs of conflict detection both when making more implicit and explicit authenticity judgments. These findings are relevant for the literature on both conflict detection in reasoning and decision-making and on deepfake recognition, as well as for research on training people to learn to recognise deepfakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital age, images are widely used to document events, provide evidence, and communicate information. Ensuring the authenticity of digital images is crucial to maintaining trust and integrity in various domains, including journalism, forensics, legal proceedings, and historical documentation. In this research, a PeCA-DCNN model for digital image detection is proposed, employing a hybrid approach. Initially, the data from image forgery databases is collected and preprocessed to eliminate noise and artefacts. Subsequently, the Viola–Jones algorithm detects frontal faces, and feature extraction is performed using pre-trained models VGG-16 and Resnet-101. To reduce the computational overhead, feature extraction is performed and generates a feature vector. The PeCA algorithm, combined with an adaptive self-boosted DCNN, is used to classify fake and genuine images. The PeCA algorithm enhances model performance by adjusting classifier parameters’ weights and biases. When evaluating the PeCA-DCNN, significant improvements in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are obtained with enhancement rates of 1.48, 3.06, and 0.05 in an 80% training scenario, and 3.92, 3.24, and 2.22 in k-fold cross-validation. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authenticity of the Shroud of Turin, also known as the ‘Síndone’ or ‘Holy Shroud’, faces significant doubt based on scientific evidence. Carbon‐14 testing conducted decades ago placed its origin in the Middle Ages, raising questions about its connection to Jesus Christ. This article highlights an anatomical anomaly: the hand placement covering the genitals appears inconsistent with human proportions, suggesting a possible artistic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authenticity is a positive force for adolescent development. Taking middle school students as the main research objects, this paper examines the causal mechanism between state authenticity (SA) and sense of meaning in life through two studies: the diary method and authenticity level increase experiment. In study 1, through the daily diary data tracking investigation of 130 middle school students in daily life situations, the basic psychological needs (BPNs) and satisfaction with life (SWL) play a chain mediating role between state authenticity and sense of daily meaning in life. State authenticity has a one-way prediction effect on sense of meaning in life. In study 2, 140 participants were randomly divided into two groups (experimental group and control group). Middle school students in the experimental group were activated to recall the authenticity experience events to enhance the level of personal authenticity, and it was found that the subjects reported a higher sense of meaning in life. This study reveals the causal mechanism between authenticity and sense of meaning of life, which has positive practical significance for exploring ways to enhance the sense of meaning of life of middle school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global whisky market reaching $65.6 billion in 2024 and projected to reach $89.48 billion by the end of 2029, the incentives for fraud in relation to (and adulteration of) this alcoholic beverage are self-evident. Law enforcement agencies worldwide have taken actions against crimes of this nature, with forensic scientists playing crucial roles (mainly through expert testimonies on sample authenticities) during legal proceedings. Important issues associated with Scotch whisky authentication include: (a) understanding the typical manufacturing process; (b) acquisition of reference samples; and (c) effective utilization of instrumentations to characterize features derived from the manufacturing process and strategic approaches for the interpretation of analytical findings. Following a brief review of the definition/classification, manufacturing, and adulteration/counterfeiting of Scotch whiskies, this review focuses on the characterization of manufacturing-derived features and interpretation of analytical findings as grouped into: (a) quantitative analysis of single compounds; (b) qualitative analysis and intensity ratio of multiple compounds; (c) chemometric analysis of selected multi-compounds; and (d) quantitative analysis of selected elements. Finally, a flowchart for conducting the authentication process, from various significantly different perspectives, is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in existential authenticity and psychoanalytic alienation have challenged the traditional account of tourism's contribution to authenticity. To evaluate these distinct accounts and advance authenticity scholarship, we examined the changes in authenticity and alienation from tourism to routine life, using a longitudinal design. The results suggest that authenticity decreased, self-alienation increased, and acceptance of external influences declined after touring. This implies that the traditional account of existential authenticity still holds; yet, there is a need to recognize the importance of autonomous decisions to authenticity fulfilment, and the effect does not last long. Therefore, the latest developments in existential authenticity and psychoanalytic alienation complement and refine traditional accounts. Overall, this study offers a parsimonious and direct evidence of tourism's contribution to authenticity. The theoretical implications to authenticity, transformation, and wellbeing scholarship are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although brand authenticity has been studied across multiple domains, the development and maintenance of brand authenticity in new brands has never been explored. This study provides the first evidence of the evolving nature of brand authenticity (i.e., the creation and maintenance phases) through the interplay of iconic (impression‐based brand characteristics), indexical (evidence‐based brand characteristics), and existential (self‐referential brand characteristics) cues for a new brand. Sixteen season ticket holders for a new sports team brand were interviewed two times each (during and after the team's inaugural season). The analysis shows the interplay of authenticity cues in the development and maintenance of authenticity perceptions, such that indexical and existential cues replace iconic cues as the consumer‐brand relationship evolves. The results reveal the critical roles of existential cues in creating a self‐relevant relationship with consumers as well as the underlying dimensions (i.e., virtuousness, proximity, and transparency) and outcomes (e.g., brand attitude and emotional brand attachment) of authenticity for a new brand. This study provides evidence that new brands can benefit from authenticity perceptions and offers insights into the underlying process in terms of antecedents and outcomes, contributing to authenticity and branding literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ood authenticity, one of the three major attributes of food, is the property that the true state of food is corresponding to its claims and consumer expectations. The application of food authenticity is beneficial for boosting consumer confidence, improving regulatory efficiency, as well as promoting high-quality development of food industry. Food authenticity can be effectively supported by well -developed laws, regulations, standards, technology, and management systems. To guide scientific research on the food authenticity and promote high-quality development of the food industry, as well as to support government regulation, the relevant experts in academic and industrial circles were organized by Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology to form this consensus after extensive discussions through enquiries, literature retrieval and seminars, which promotes to build a good ecological environment for social co-construction of food authenticity and finally guarantees food safety in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of technological advancement and the increasing use of audio and audio-video recordings as evidence in criminal proceedings, in order to ensure the right to a fair and the defendant's right to defend itself, it is necessary to perform an a posteriori check of such evidence in the situation where its authenticity is disputed. A posteriori control of tapings used as evidence in criminal trials can be achieved only by an expert, which represents a legal means of evidence of great importance and consists in the conduct of investigations, analyses, assessments and conclusions of a technical nature. In case-law we note that the forensic technical expertise on digital data is rarely issued by courts. We also note that the reasoning of the courts in approving or denying such evidence is insufficient and unclear. To justify the denial of the evidence consisting in forensic technical expertise, the courts invoked reasons such as the celerity of criminal trials, the lack of usefulness of such proof (without providing a detailed analysis), and the court's own judgement regarding the authenticity of the recordings, from simply viewing / listening to the tapes. We believe that the courts should actively investigate the authenticity of the records used as evidence, since any deletion, editing, insertion of replicas or alteration of the original content of a recording can lead to a change in the meaning of a conversation. If an evidence is proved to be altered, it is necessary to eliminate such evidence from the case file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Country music has become commercially successful both in the US and worldwide. It is perceived as a genre that values authenticity, which may be reflected in the choice of linguistic features, with (White) Southern American English (SAE) serving as the "default" variety. Given the recent diversification of the genre, the question arises whether the use of SAE features is still considered obligatory as a kind of "supralocal norm". This study compared the lyrics of 600 highly successful songs by male and female artists from White Southern, Black Southern, and White non-Southern backgrounds. The aim was to test (i) whether morphosyntactic SAE features are used to index authenticity in the sense of having become enregistered for this music genre and (ii) whether non-Southerners engage in the styling of relevant markers. It emerged that non-Southerners use more of these features than their Southern counterparts, providing preliminary evidence for "genre fitting" as a means of indexing authenticity. However, there is only one marker that qualifies as a core Country feature used across all artist groups, namely negative concord. As this item arguably is better categorized as vernacular universal, SAE morphosyntax appears to have largely lost its indexical function in Country, while accent features are still vital to establishing cultural authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public notaries in Romania play an essential role in the legal and economic system of the country. They are responsible for the authentication of the legal documents, ensuring that comply with the law and that the rights and obligations of the parties involved are clearly defined and protected. Their activity is regulated by Law no. 36/1995, the law of public notaries and notarial activity. In the current economic and social context, public notaries contribute to the safety and stability of civil and commercial transactions, thus facilitating confidence in the market. They ensure the transparency and fairness of these transactions, which is crucial for the efficient functioning of the economy. The professionalism and impartiality of public notaries are guaranteed by rigorous training and strict compliance with deontological and legislative norms. Thus, public notaries in Romania are fundamental for ensuring legal certainty and for protecting the rights of citizens and legal entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can places feel authentic? Understanding the authenticity of place remains understudied compared to personal authenticity. Across three studies, we explore how place authenticity emerges and its impact on personal authenticity. We discover that while they are related (r =.52), they are distinct constructs associated with feelings of rootedness and uniqueness (Study 1). Experimentally, different types of rootedness have varying effects: connection to places increases place authenticity (and to some extent, personal authenticity), while connection to the self enhances personal authenticity (and to some extent, place authenticity; Study 2). Finally, when manipulating place authenticity experimentally, people reported no corresponding changes in personal authenticity (Study 3). In sum we find evidence that place and personal authenticity are distinct constructs, with related but distinct causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universitas, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gangsta rap is currently being taken up as a „parallel society" in jurisprudential research. What is ignored, however, is that gangsta rap and the law have numerous connections, starting in the late 1980s, when criminal activities were linked to rap music for the first time. Today, evidence of criminal authenticity (whether real or fictitious) is the basis for a gangsta rapper's reception. The core task of the judiciary is to recognize unlawful behavior, to work it out in court proceedings and, if necessary, to make special or general preventive judgments. Individuals who publicly endorse unlawful conduct or commit drug infractions, for example, must be punished. This chapter examines the current approaches to the phenomenon of gangsta rap from a jurisprudential perspective. The interpretation of the concept of art and the accompanying consideration of artistic freedom poses new challenges for the judiciary that can only be resolved with the involvement of experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of deepfake videos has resulted in rapid improvements in the technology used to create them. Although the use of fake videos and images is not new, advances in artificial intelligence have made deepfakes easier to make and harder to detect. Basic human perception is no longer sufficient to detect deepfakes. Yet, under the current construction of the Federal Rules of Evidence, trials judges are expected to do just that. Trial judges face a daunting challenge when applying the current evidence authentication standards to video evidence in this new reality of widely available deepfake videos. This article examines the gatekeeping role trial judges must perform in light of the unique challenges posed by deepfake video evidence. This article further examines why the jury instruction approach and the rule change approaches proposed by other scholars are insufficient to combat the grave threat of false video evidence. This article concludes with a discussion of the affidavit of forensic analysis ("AFA") approach, a robust response to the authentication challenges posed by deepfakes. The AFA approach preserves most of the current construction of the Federal Rules of Evidence while reviving the gatekeeping role of the trial judge in determining the admissibility of video evidence. The AFA provides the trial judges with the tools necessary to detect and exclude deepfake videos without leaving an everlasting taint on the juries that would have otherwise seen the falsified videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Media Syari'ah: Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam dan Pranata Sosial is the property of Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many disputes occur between the bank and customers as a result of the implementation of the contracts that bind them. So the bank presents its accounting data as evidence to prove its right or pleaded customer’s claim of his rights. The main subject of the research e is the extent of authenticity of these data, which the bank made. Also the extent of the validity of the condition that banks place in their contracts, which provides for absolute authenticity of the accounting data issued by the bank and its requirement to prevent appeals to these restrictions. The research concludes that the judiciary recognizes the validity of these conditions in the part related to its argument and invalidates it the possibility of appeal. The research follows inductive and analytical approach in order to monitor all the laws that regulate the authenticity of accounting data, which are numerous and dispersed within the Palestinian legal system including Trade Law No. 12 of 1966, Banking Law Resolution No.9 of 2010, and Electronic Transactions Law No.15 of 2017 as well as Evidence Law N.4 of 2001. The research compares between the laws that regulated the subject, especially the French law, which considered these conditions arbitrary. The Palestinian law considers accounting data as evidence by a specific provision which is the sixth paragraph of article 46 in the Banking Law Resolution No. 9 of 2010. The research find out that the Palestinian judiciary is not based on this article in any of its decisions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) exploded in popularity. Representing over sixty million dollars in sales, NFTs are currently being bought and sold in almost every industry, in the form of exclusive videos in the sports industry and digital paintings in the art industry. NFTs are digital certificates that use blockchain technology to verify authenticity and proof of ownership. Through NFTs' non-fungible and immutable characteristics, owners are able to create scarcity for and authenticity in digital copies of their works, replicating the tangible experience of owning a physical, limited-edition item. NFTs have also been able to promote a unique secondary marketplace, in which blockchain capabilities ensure that only the first consumer of an NFT has ownership and access to a particular copy and is able to show a record of any previous owners. Copyright law and the first sale doctrine have unique implications for the evolving NFT market. Under the first sale doctrine, a lawful owner of a copy of a good has the right to sell or dispose of the copy. Once a copy is bought, the buyer no longer requires the copyright owner's permission to do whatever they want to do with the copy (i.e., sell it, lend it, destroy it, etc.). Thus, the first sale doctrine effectively limits the copyright owner's exclusive right to distribute copies. However, the first sale doctrine has yet to be applied to digital transfers. For that reason, many copyright owners use contractual licenses to control subsequent digital transfers. Congress and the courts have remained hesitant in applying the first sale doctrine to digital copies, mainly due to the copies' intangibility and their behavior in the marketplace as compared to physical copies. Most importantly, a digital transfer requires an owner to reproduce a copy before sending the copy to someone else, thereby disturbing the copyright owner's reproduction right, to which the first sale doctrine does not apply. Over the years, scholars and commentators have proposed several solutions, ranging from forward-and-delete technology to proposed legislation to simply deferring to the courts to decide as issues arise. The decades-long question of the types of technology that should fall within the scope of the first sale doctrine is intensifying as the digital marketplace grows. At time of writing, this is the first piece of legal scholarship on NFTs that examines their interaction with the first sale doctrine. This Note examines the rise of the NFT phenomenon and the historical articulation of the first sale doctrine in the digital era. As NFTs present challenges for the copyright owner's reproduction right, this Note recommends legislative intervention to clarify the doctrine's applicability within the digital marketplace. This Note proposes an addition to the Copyright Act of 1976 that expressly allows for a first sale to be effective upon a digital transfer, albeit under certain conditions. Amending the act in this manner promotes the Copyright Act's purpose of balancing the interests of copyright owners and consumers in a dynamic digital marketplace, and serves as a guide that will be necessary to avoid legal ambiguities and increased litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most contemporary scholars maintain that James’s Greek is highly sophisticated. Those who understand James to be pseudepigraphical view the letter’s Greek as evidence against its authenticity, while many of those who defend the traditional view of the authorship of James account for the letter’s Greek by positing the amanuensis hypothesis. Underlying both of these approaches is a mostly unquestioned acceptance of a high view of the letter’s Greek. This article seeks to advance the debate over the authorship of James by challenging the standard view of the letter’s Greek and by evaluating recent work on secretarial assistance in Greco-Roman letter writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In natural language processing, fact verification is a very challenging task, which requires retrieving multiple evidence sentences from a reliable corpus to verify the authenticity of a claim. Although most of the current deep learning methods use the attention mechanism for fact verification, they have not considered imposing attentional constraints on important related words in the claim and evidence sentences, resulting in inaccurate attention for some irrelevant words. In this paper, we propose a syntactic evidence network (SENet) model which incorporates entity keywords, syntactic information and sentence attention for fact verification. The SENet model extracts entity keywords from claim and evidence sentences, and uses a pre-trained syntactic dependency parser to extract the corresponding syntactic sentence structures and incorporates the extracted syntactic information into the attention mechanism for language-driven word representation. In addition, the sentence attention mechanism is applied to obtain a richer semantic representation. We have conducted experiments on the FEVER and UKP Snopes datasets for performance evaluation. Our SENet model has achieved 78.69% in Label Accuracy and 75.63% in FEVER Score on the FEVER dataset. In addition, our SENet model also has achieved 65.0% in precision and 61.2% in macro F1 on the UKP Snopes dataset. The experimental results have shown that our proposed SENet model has outperformed the baseline models and achieved the state-of-the-art performance for fact verification. • We incorporate the syntactic information into this model. • We use keywords for understanding the key information in the sentence. • The sentence attention can provide a richer semantic representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authenticity has been widely acknowledged as a pivotal determinant in the success of ethnic restaurants. This study explores the influence of authentic dimensions and customer knowledge on the overall authenticity and revisits intention of Omani ethnic restaurants by moderating the gastronomic experience. Using a positivist approach, data were collected from 330 customers of Omani ethnic restaurants in Oman. All dimensions of authenticity (atmosphere, food, service, and price) have a positive influence on revisit intention. Concurrently, empirical evidence substantiates that customer knowledge significantly and positively impacts customers' perceptions of authenticity and revisit intention. Gastronomic experience moderates the association between overall authenticity and revisit intention. Overall authenticity mediates the influence of authenticity dimensions revisit intention, except true to self. The study contributes to the literature on the importance of authenticity and customer knowledge in the success of ethnic restaurants. It provides valuable insights for restaurant managers and marketers in Oman. [Display omitted] • Study explores the influence of authentic dimensions and CK on OA and RI. • Data were collected from 330 customers of Omani ethnic restaurants. • Dimensions of authenticity have a positive influence on RI. • Gastronomic experience moderates the association between OA and RI. • OA mediates the influence of authenticity dimensions RI, except true to self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Internet of Things (IoT) system, the data acquisition devices collect substantial volumes of diverse categories data, such as temperature, frequency and quantity data, etc., which is subsequently transmitted to the data center for analysis. To ensure precise outcomes, it is crucial to authenticate the data and their categories against any possible tampering, destruction or forgery throughout its transmission process. Traditional aggregate signature schemes are not capable of performing authentication on data as while as its category, which can lead to inefficiencies and security risks in data processing and management. On the other hand, authentication schemes relying on a central platform are susceptible to single point of failure and corruption issues at the center. To address these challenges, a novel data authentication protocol, named Classified Certificateless Aggregate Signature (CCAS), is proposed in this paper to perform aggregate authentication on data with specified categories, and is implemented in collaboration with Hyperledger Fabric. Elaborate design making the authentication is efficient and eliminating the need to manage the certificates. And an abnormal data isolation algorithm is proposed when an aggregate authentication fails, which can quickly identify abnormal data and preserves normal data. A rigorous proof on the unforgeability of the CCAS protocol is given, and multiple experiments are conducted to evaluate the scheme. The experimental results demonstrate the high efficiencies of CCAS, smart contracts on Fabric and our solution, indicating that proposed scheme is suitable for the classified authentication of IoT collection data in decentralized form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species categorical authentication of accelerants has traditionally relied on fire debris analysis. To explore a novel method for identifying the accelerants species, four commonly used accelerants for arson were loaded onto different substrates and ignited at different locations. The entire combustion process was recorded and flame characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the probability density function (PDF) of flame apex angle counts within a certain period after ignition can be used to distinguish accelerant species, and this method is not affected by accelerant loading amount, ignition location, and substrate, demonstrating strong stability and universality, while the temporal variation of flame area and the value obtained by dividing half of the flame width by the flame height (tangent of flame cone angle) can effectively differentiate gasoline and diesel. The utilization of flame characteristics for identifying accelerants species holds significant implications for arson investigation. • A novel method for species categorical authentication of accelerants was established. • Species categorical authentication of accelerants can be obtained by flame characteristics analysis. • Probability density function of flame apex angle counts can distinguish accelerant species. • This method is independent of accelerant loading amount, ignition location, ventilation condition and matrix type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We draw on institutional theory to study a common type of new venture creation that has been neglected in the literature: the translation of an existing organizational form from a different—and misaligned—institutional context. To do so, we conducted an in-depth case study of H-Farm, an Italian venture that was founded as a business incubator, a type of organization that first emerged in Silicon Valley and other U.S. technology regions. Our study illuminates the specific configuration of legitimacy pressures inherent in this type of entrepreneurship, and theorizes the strategies that entrepreneurs can enact to address them: local authentication work, category authentication work, and dual optimal distinctiveness work. We also show that the legitimacy pressures experienced by entrepreneurs may vary significantly as ventures mature, and challenge the notion of a specific "legitimacy threshold" that new ventures are required to reach. Finally, our model conceptualizes translation as an iterative, dynamic, and ongoing accomplishment rather than a "one off" activity with clear beginning and end points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issue of authenticity of digital evidence in the ICC. While some types of digital evidence have been used at the ICC, some challenges persist. ICC Chambers have used old methods of verifying the authenticity of physical documents to analyze pieces of digital evidence. These practices do not fully grasp the issue of authenticity in relation to a piece of digital evidence, which may require specific practices and technologies. This paper discusses how ICC judges can update its practices in order to address such issue. With an ever-growing use of digital evidence in its courtroom, it is essential for ICC Judges to develop solid practices that allow them to fully examine the authenticity of a piece of digital evidence. This paper claims that such adaptations may require capacity-building for judges, as well as changes in the evidence management system and in the ICC legal framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast revolution in networking is increasing rapidly along with technology advancements, which requires more effort from all cyberspace professionals to cope with the challenges that come with advanced technology privileges and services. Hence, Cognitive Radio Network is one of the promising approaches that permit a dynamic type of smart network for improving the utilization of idle spectrum portions of wireless communications. However, it is vulnerable to security threats and attacks and demands security mechanisms to preserve and protect the cognitive radio networks for ensuring a secure communication environment. This paper presents an effective secure MAC protocol for cognitive radio networks, significantly enhancing the security level of the existing DSMCRN and SSMCRN protocols by eliminating the authentication server's necessity, which can be a single point of failure to compromise the entire network communication. The proposed protocol has proven to be effective and reliable since it does not rely on a centralized entity for providing the required security for a single pair of cognitive users. The protocol also improves the performance in the context of fast switching to data channels leading to higher throughput is achieved compared to the benchmark protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increase in the requirement of digital image authentication in law, journalism, and medicine, even in the industry. Copy move forgery is the most common method of forgery methods which are applied to digital images. The importance of verifying digital images that are used in important areas with real-time systems is increasing. Taking this need into consideration, in this study, a robust digital image copy move forgery detection method is proposed to realize in real time. The proposed method first extracts the textural form of the input image. The SIFT keypoints and descriptors are obtained from textual images thus more robust keypoints and descriptors will be utilized. Keypoint matching is realized to reveal the image is forged or not and suspicious regions are determined. The localization of forged pixel is realized via Ciratefi based approach. The post-processing step is applied to make the labeling pixels more accurate by utilizing Connected Component Labeling and morphological operation. The GRIP and CMH datasets are used to showing the effectiveness of the state-of-the-art and proposed method. The method is robust to geometric distortion attacks and image degradation attacks. The results indicate that the proposed method has the highest performance especially against geometric distortion attacks suck as rotation and scaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, public blockchains have emerged as innovative, technology platforms capable of highly secure and sophisticated peer-to-peer online transmission of data between unknown parties. However, public blockchains challenge traditional regulatory models that assume centralised, single points of control facilitated via established intermediaries. In such a context, the present paper analyses the potential liability attaching to blockchain participants and considers how privacy laws apply to blockchain transactions, given the immutable nature of blockchain records. The paper then recommends reforms to strengthen blockchain regulation, including statutory recognition of fiduciary obligations for elite developers with super-user access to allow recourse for loss resulting from hard forks. A 'hard fork' is a radical change to a network's protocol that leads to formerly valid blocks and transactions becoming invalid or vice-versa. Finally, the paper considers changes to privacy laws to permit ongoing consent and cross-border disclosure of data to accommodate blockchain operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate specific matters linked to the so-called authentication and judicial verification of the authenticity of artwork in the Italian system. After an analysis of the so-called right of authentication and archiving of the work of art (Art 21, para 1, of the Constitution), the essay analyses the issue of court assessment of the artwork's authenticity, for the purposes of which a case-by-case assessment of the adequacy and reasonableness of the related claims is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies show that perceived authenticity is a reliable predictor of mental health outcomes. To expand on these studies, we examined whether such relations could be due to perceived authenticity’s confounding with both self-esteem and executive functioning. A representative sample of US participants (N = 446; Mage = 46.10; 51.1% female; 78.0% White) completed measures of perceived authenticity, self-esteem, executive functioning, and various indicators of mental health (e.g., subjective wellbeing, depression). At the bivariate level, perceived authenticity had a positive, large correlation with a mental health composite. However, after controlling for self-esteem and executive functioning, this relationship became nonsignificant and trivial in size. The findings extend basic understanding of how self-relevant constructs contribute to mental health and suggest advice for individuals looking to capitalize on evidence linking perceived authenticity to mental health benefits: Build a strong base of self-worth and exercise agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rights abuses are increasingly documented through smartphones and personal cameras, generating hundreds of terabytes of digital content from Idlib to Minneapolis. While digital evidence provides an important opportunity to democratize the documentation of abuses, the quantity and diversity of this data present challenges for those seeking accountability. Legal advocates must find ways to safely store digital content, parry attempts at manipulation or corruption, and eventually ensure authentication before a court of law. Should litigation arise, the individual who created the digital record is often unreachable or otherwise unavailable to testify, further complicating the underlying legal questions. NGOs and legal advocates have increasingly adopted two new tools--cryptographic hashing and distributed-ledger technology (DLT)--to clear these hurdles. In addition to imbuing civilian-generated evidence with a greater sense of legitimacy and providing immutable protection, these technologies help human rights documentation satisfy U.S. standards for admissibility of evidence. Existing legal scholarship has neither examined these technologies as they relate to U.S. authentication standards nor scrutinized whether they support authentication without witness testimony. There is also a dearth of scholarship that (1) deconstructs and explains these technologies for a legal audience; and (2) provides specific recommendations for courts and litigants. This Note fills these gaps by arguing that, with or without witness testimony, these technologies can support the authentication of digital evidence under U.S. statutory and common law requirements. In doing so, it creates a roadmap for how cases that rely on digital evidence can proceed in U.S. courts. Ideally, this roadmap will help to democratize accountability by facilitating new opportunities for justice where admissibility issues previously foreclosed litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the criminal trials take a long time to complete in Colombia, largely because of the requirement of witness to authenticate documentary evidence. This paper addresses some of the reasons why such an approach to witnessing is unnecessary in most cases. Among them: i) Trial by jury was not created; ii) the representative nature of the documentary evidence makes it easy to identify its origin or its author; iii) representative documents, except those that are the subject of study or object of evidence, do not require submission to the chain of custody system; & iv) There is a precise regulation of the presumption of authenticity for documents. Considering these guidelines, the authentication of documents goes from being a problem of admissibility to one of weight of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several authenticated encryption modes for block cipher GIFT in the NIST lightweight cryptography standardisation process. In this study, the authors research on the fault attacks on this kind of authenticated encryption modes and mainly complete two tasks. First, the fault attack on the nonce‐based authenticated encryption mode LOTUS/LOCUS is presented. At Asiacrypt2016, Dobraunig et al. showed the first fault attacks on several nonce‐based authenticated encryption modes. Because LOTUS/LOCUS adopts the structure similar to XEX with secret nonce‐dependent masks, their work is not applicable to LOTUS/LOCUS. A new fault attack is launched on LOTUS/LOCUS assuming that two bits can be made to reset in the fixed location during the encryption process. In this attack, neither plaintext nor ciphertext of the underlying block cipher is necessary to be known. To recover the correct key, a few hundred faulty ciphertexts are needed when transient faults are injected, while just one faulty ciphertext is sufficient for a permanent fault. Second, the Collision Fault Attack on GIFT is shown, in which 64 faulty ciphertexts are needed to recover the correct key. Based on this attack, authenticated encryption modes ESTATE_TweGIFT‐128, GIFT‐COFB and SUNDAE‐GIFT are analysed and their keys are efficiently obtained with chosen nonce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented and exponential growth of resale is both a rose and a thorn to the luxury market. Some fashion brands construe resale as an opportunity to diversify and expand their client base; while others, who firmly subscribe to a luxury philosophy grounded in exclusivity, believe resale threatens everything from their brand allure to their very existence. Indeed, when Chanel declared that "[o]nly Chanel itself can know what is genuine Chanel," it opened Pandora's box by providing far more than a peek into its litigation strategy. Chanel's declaration all but declared war on the secondary resale market in not only undermining the authenticity of authentic products in the resale stream of commerce, but in claiming the sole right to preserve, protect and police its marks throughout its branded products' life, well after the first sale. Because counterfeiting's proliferation and resale's global expansion, luxury brands' desire to police their trademarks has effectively expanded the scope of trademark enforcement rights beyond what the Lanham Act confers. Largely as a result of the law's inability to keep pace and afford mark holders expanded enforcement rights to target counterfeiters at their source, luxury brands have resorted to policing their marks through instituting litigation against resellers, "partnering" with resellers to serve as authentication gatekeepers to the resale stream of commerce; or in expanding their own businesses by bringing resale in-house. Irrespective of whichever poison they pick, luxury brands are effectively seeking to expand their trademark rights beyond the first sale--which the Lanham Act's legislative history specifically proscribed against--in effectively adding a stick to the trademark bundle of rights to claim a post-first sale trademark enforcement and authentication right. In so doing, luxury brands are pushing the bounds of trademark law into the very territory the Lanham Act drafters feared mark holders world: antitrust territory. This Note examines how luxury brands' recent entree and involvement in resale raises antitrust concerns and how both luxury brands and resellers can more effectively address their concerns within the bounds of trademark law through alternative respective resale engagement strategies; revised strategies to solidify their respective legal and market positioning; and partnership opportunities between resellers and luxury brands to collaborate in fighting their common enemy in counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biometric systems gather information from the person's biometric attributes, used extensively to authorize the individuals. Due to the obvious convenience of using specific individual traits such as face, fingerprints, palm veins, and irises, biometric authentication is becoming more common. In particular, Iris systems are in high demand for high-assurance applications, because they contain a broad feature set and remain stable. Authentication methods based on iris biometrics are now commonly used in a variety of fields. This is due to the fact that iris biometric authentication is both safer and more comfortable than conventional passwords. Template Security is a major concern in biometric systems. The template security mechanism ensures reusable, permanent, and un-linkable models. The Fuzzy Vault strategy is one of the most popular security schemes for Template protection. Fuzzy vault has demonstrated to be an effective protection method but lacks revocability and security attacks. This article introduced an improved fuzzy vault system. The improved fuzzy vault system was introduced, which uses more than one key to protect biometric data. Different keys make the search space more detailed. The additional key was used to encrypt vault data, which stopped the intruder from accessing the information on the person's biometry. The system was tested using CASIA.v1 and IITD.v1 datasets, and findings showed that the system ensures the protection and authentication of the iris templates without compromising performance. The proposed modification gave a 0.0 % False Accepted Rate (FAR) for both the dataset and False Rejected Rate (FRR), 0.14 % for CASIA v1 and 0.12 % for ITTD v1 False Rejected rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artist Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669) is a highly regarded master of the Dutch Golden Age, and consequently the subject of extensive international research. Museums worldwide give him pride of place in their collections. Given the artist's established prominence it is therefore shocking that in the last fifty years researchers have been able to successfully challenge the status of hundreds of artworks previously considered authentic. Added now to these challenges is a small unsigned portrait of an old bearded man in the University of Pretoria Museums. In 2016 this painting formed part of a pilot study investigating the provenance and authenticity of the J. A. van Tilburg Collection, donated to the university in 1980. Although international experts had attributed the portrait to Rembrandt since the 1890s, this article presents contradictory research that raises significant issues regarding these authentication processes and highlights the current position of considered art experts in such processes. Exploring the provenance of the painting and using the conclusions drawn from technical analysis, we show it is clear the painting in the University of Pretoria collection is not a Rembrandt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses for the first time a special type of seal for Jewish debt records. In the course of studying debt seals and the records associated with them, I argue that they were most likely introduced by the (arch-)bishop in the dioceses of Mainz and Würzburg. Sigilla ad debita were used voluntarily alongside other possible authentication methods to provide security to Jewish money lenders and all Jews and Christians involved in these transactions. To learn more about this special type of seal, I also compare similar debt seals from the kingdoms of England and France. This comparison suggests that the German Sigilla ad debita functioned in highly similar ways. Both kinds of debt seals reflect a positive effort to bring order and stability to the business of moneylending, rather than a restriction or penalty imposed only upon Jewish lenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]