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Mental health issues regarding pediatric persons with liver disease are discussed. Considerable research has been accomplished with respect to liver transplantation that includes the key issue of medical adherence; considerations in this regard include psychological factors influencing adherence, identifying barriers to adherence, interventions to improve adherence, transition of care and adherence, measuring medical adherence, and the importance of preoperative psychological screening. Issues of post-operative neuropsychological outcomes and hepatic encephalopathy are also reviewed. Cognitive dysfunction in those with liver disease and liver transplantation is also considered as well as such concerns as medical trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Finally, mental health issues are also presented regarding children with Wilson's disease and hepatitis C virus infection as well as metabolic side-effects of psychotropic medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to assess the antioxidant activity of ethanolic sugarcane leaf extract for the stabilisation of sunflower, (SFO), soybean and (SBO) canola oils (CO) at ambient temperature. SFO, SBO and CO were added with 600 ppm sugarcane leaf extract, filled in transparent PET bottles, stored at ambient temperature for 180 days, sampled at 0, 60, 120 and 180 days for the assessment of oxidative stability. Total phenolic content in sugarcane leaf extract (SLE) was 724.3 (mg GAE/100g). 2,2,diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of SLE was 76% as compared to 88% in butylated hydroxyl toluene. C18:1 and C18:2 in fresh, 6 months stored controls and SLE supplemented SFO were 46.12%, 42.59%, 44.91% and 47.15%, 40.29, 43.13%, respectively. C18:2 and C18:3 in fresh and 180 days stored control and SLE supplemented SBO were 51.19%, 45.61%, 48.97% and 6.19%, 3.37% and 5.67%, respectively. Similar trend was also recorded in canola oil. Induction period of supplemented vegetable oil was higher than the un-supplemented samples (P<0.05). Viscosity and specific gravity of supplemented vegetable oils were not different from non-supplemented samples. Sensory characteristics of SLE supplemented vegetable oils were not different from the control. Sugarcane leaf extract can be used for the long term preservation of SFO, SBO and CO at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is definitely an approach towards attaining price competency of bio-diesel to petroleum diesel. The oils extracted from abundantly available waste of Zahidi, Basra and Khazravi date seeds were used to produce biodiesel using acid (HCl), base (KOH), immobilized enzyme (lipase), immobilized enzyme/acid (lipase/HCl) and immobilized enzyme/base (lipase/KOH) catalyzed processes. Mixed catalysis (immobilized enzyme + acid or immobilized enzyme + base) resulted in better yields in comparison to acid or base catalysis. The properties of biodiesel were evaluated by fuel standard tests and the results were compared with EN14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Biodiesel produced from date seed oil was found to have a high cetane number (55–60.3), low iodine value (44–50) and good flash point (135–140 °C). Pour point of pure biodiesel produced from Khazravi and Zahidi was found to range from 2 to −2 °C. Biodiesel produced from Basra exhibited good pour point (−4.7 to −8.3 °C) in comparison to other varieties. The components present in biodiesel produced from various date varieties were determined by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses (GCMS). The fatty acid (%) detected in date seed biodiesel were oleic acid (33.4–47.4), lauric acid (19–28), palmitic acid (13.6–19.2), myristic acid (13.6–17.44) and linoleic acid (6.4–8.5). A special feature of date seed oil biodiesel was the presence of considerable amounts of low chain fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Restraints are used as one of the safety interventions for children and adolescents in various community, hospital, and treatment settings. Although considered safety interventions, restraints are known to have many adverse effects on children and staff, including injuries; even reports of death are noted in the literature. Objective In an effort to reduce the use of restraints and to provide trauma-informed care in a 52-bed Pediatric Psychiatric Hospital, a quality improvement project was launched. Interventions Primary prevention principles based on trauma-informed and strength-based care were utilized to provide care for children and adolescents. Hospital leadership played an instrumental role in bringing positive culture change. Staff involvement and training in restraint reduction and prevention tools played a key role in this project. Debriefing and problem solving were effective interventions for the prevention of restraints. Involvement of youth and family in treatment planning built stronger relationships with staff and paved the way for better communication and trust, and improved understanding of strengths and needs of children and adolescents. Results Over a 10-year period, mechanical restraints decreased by 100%, from 485 in 2005 to 'zero' in 2014 and none in the last 3 years. Physical restraints decreased by 88%, from 3,033 in 2005 to 379 in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical characterization of pure, blended watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) oil and impact of blending on oxidative stability was investigated. Watermelon oil was added with mango (Mangiferaindica L.) kernel oil at four different concentrations, 5, 10, 15 and 20% (B1, B2, B3 and B4) and referenced with a control (100% watermelon oil).All the blends were stored in transparent PET bottles at ambient temperature (25-28°C) for 3 months; storage stability was assessed at the interval of 1 month. Free fatty acid, unsaponifiable matter, saponification value, refractive index and iodine value of watermelon seed oil and mango kernel oil was, 1.38%, 0.34%; 0.71%, 1.68%; 198, 193; 1.468, 1.457; 107.51, 54.62; respectively. The α tocopherol content of watermelon oil, mango kernel oil, B1, B2, B3 and B4 was 127.49, 205.44, 135.24, 144.52, 156.81 and 169.34 mg/kg. δ tocopherol in watermelon oil, mango kernel oil, B1, B2, B3 and B4 was 55.26, 34.81, 53.64, 51.27, 50.14 and 48.23 mg/kg. Concentration of linoleic acid decreased from 50.78% to 30.17% when 40% mango kernel oil was added to watermelon oil. Oleic acid increased from 22.89% in watermelon oil to 25.19%, 28.84% and 30.64% in B1, B2, B3 and B4. The increase in peroxide value of watermelon oil, B1, B2, B3 and B4 was 10.07, 9.56, 7.62, 5.17 and 2.87 (meqO2/kg) in a time dependent manner. Induction period of pure watermelon oil was less than mango kernel oil and blends. These results suggest that chemical characteristics and oxidative stability of pure watermelon oil can be improved by blending with mango kernel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Association between Intellectual disability (ID) and psychiatric disorders in children & adolescents is well established but there is a paucity of published studies from Pakistan on this topic. The main aim of the study was to assess the frequency of ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis in the hospital outpatient sample of children with ID in Lahore, Pakistan as well as to find out which challenging behaviors, caregivers find difficult to manage in this setup. Methods: Socio-demographic information was collected, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised & ICD-10 diagnostic criteria was used to assess children (age range 6 - 16 years) with suspected ID along with identification of behaviors found to be difficult to manage by caregivers. Results: 150 children were assessed with mean age of 10.7 years (males 70%). Majority (72%) had mild ID while 18.7% and 9.3% had moderate and severe ID respectively. Thirty percent of children met the criteria for any psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being Oppositional Defiant Disorder (14%) and Hyperkinetic Disorders (10%). Verbal and physical aggression, school difficulties, socialization problems, inappropriate behaviors (e.g. disinhibition), sleep & feeding difficulties were the significant areas identified by the caregivers as a cause of major concern. Conclusions: Significantly high prevalence of ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis in children with ID was found in Lahore, Pakistan. Support services for these children should be responsive not only to the needs of the child, but also to the needs of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep problems are common in children and adolescents with up to 50% of children experience some sleep difficulties and up to 4% have a formal sleep disorder diagnosis1,2. In Pakistan there is a shortage of child psychiatrists and pediatric physicians, therefore it is important for the physicians in primary care and general psychiatry to befamiliarwith common sleepdisorders.This article provides an overview of common sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Moreover, many children do not get adequate amount of sleep, which now is known to cause behavioral and emotional problems3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have shown an association between parental distress and caretaking of children with developmental cognitive delays. There is little data in developing countries, such as Pakistan, concerning the impact of raising children with intellectual disability upon the quality of parent functioning and risk for psychopathology. Objective: To assess the level of psychopathology i.e. anxiety, depression and both anxiety and depression together among parents of children with intellectual disability (ID). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. The study was approved by the Institutional Research Committee. Participants were 198 parents (99 fathers/99 mothers) of 100 children with the diagnosis of ID. Informed consents were obtained. The parents were assessed for anxiety and depression using DSM IV criteria. Results: Significantly high proportion of mothers (89%) had anxiety, depression, or both anxiety and depression together as compared to fathers (77%) (p-value < 0.05). Among mothers, 35% met criteria for anxiety, 40% for depression and 13% for both anxiety and depression. Among fathers 42% had anxiety, 31% depression and 3% both anxiety and depression. There was a significant association between gender of parent and individual psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety, depression and anxiety and depression together (p-value <0.05). A significant association was also found between mother's anxiety, depression or both and degree of ID of their children (p-value <0.05). Conclusions: 1) Significantly high proportion of parents of children with ID has psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety, depression or both; 2) the psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety, depression and anxiety and depression together is associated with gender of parent; and, 3) the diagnosis of anxiety, depression or both in mothers was associated with severity of ID in their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing the use of seclusion and restraints with hospitalized youth. METHODS: The hospital staff received training in March 2005 in six core strategies that are based on trauma informed care. Medical records were reviewed for youth admitted between July 2004 and March 2007. Data were collected on demographics, including age, gender, ethnicity, number of admissions, type of admissions, length of stay, psychiatric diagnosis, number of seclusions, and restraints. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-eight youth (females 276/males 182) were admitted between July 2004 and March 2007. Seventy-nine patients or 17.2% (females 44/males 35) required 278 seclusions/restraints (159 seclusions/119 restraints), with average number of episodes 3.5/patient (range 1-28). Thirty-seven children and adolescents placed in seclusion and/or restraints had three or more episodes. In the first six months of study, the number of seclusions/restraints episodes were 93 (73 seclusions/20 restraints), involving 22 children and adolescents (females 11/males 11). Comparatively, in final six months of study following the training program, there were 31 episodes (6 seclusions/25 restraints) involving 11 children and adolescents (females 7/males 4). The major diagnoses of the youth placed in seclusion and/or restraints were disruptive behavior disorders (61%) and mood disorders (52%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows downward trend in seclusions/restraints among hospitalized youth after implementation of National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors six core strategies based on trauma informed care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are one of the most terrible and catastrophic natural disasters, responsible for widespread infrastructure and population losses. This study presented an integrated procedure to assess seismic risk considering the seismic hazard, vulnerability, coping capacity and resilience in the seismically active area in Northern, Pakistan. High-resolution satellite imageries coupled with extensive field investigations have led to the creation of building footprints along with building typological information. Twenty-eight envisaging subfactors related to seismic hazard, physical, social and economic vulnerability accompanied by response and recovery were utilized for the evaluation of detail and comprehensive seismic risk map. Overriding the constraint of limited factors and using the rich vulnerability data on a local scale, a detailed risk assessment at high resolution is performed to identify sites prone to high seismic risk. Prepared with Arc GIS grid technology and Analytical Hierarchy Process, the seismic vulnerability map revealed that 1.8 km2 (6.4%) and 0.5 km2 (1.8%) of the total area have high to very high vulnerability. The final seismic risk map shows that villages including Chella Bandi, Dhanni Mysiba, Makri, Dherian Syedian, Ranjata, Baila Noor Shah, Taami, Middle Gojra, Lower Gojra, Rasheed Abad and Upper Chattar lie in high-risk class while Pilot, Madina Market area, Shahnara and Domail villages fall in very high class taking up an area of 1.8 km2 (6.4%). Seismic risk hotspots identified in this study can help decision-makers in prioritizing the deployment of funds and other resource allocation in these areas. This knowledge informs building codes and land use planning, guaranteeing higher building standards in seismically active areas. Critical structures in designated hotspots are the main focus of infrastructure design and retrofitting efforts can be aimed at improving their seismic resilience framework. Plans for emergency responses can be created taking into account possible effects in high-risk regions to enable effective and focused crisis management. Furthermore, these results impact public awareness campaigns, insurance plans, and community involvement programs to lessen the overall damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participants will be able to do as follows: 1) appreciate the process of developing a national ASD plan in a small country similar to Qatar; 2) identify the challenges faced in developing a national ASD plan; and 3) discuss the factors included in the development of a national ASD plan. It is possible to create a national ASD plan with the right components in place, including the country's top leadership support, involvement of all the stakeholders, and families and parents leading the way. [Extracted from the article]

Since the start of January 2019, COVID-19 has caused unparalleled disruption to all aspects of life globally, including the delivery of medical education. Each university and institution have a different approach on how medicine, as a course, is taught and delivered, however, generally there is a consensus that in the earlier years, more emphasis should be given to the acquisition of theoretical and scientific knowledge, including anatomy and physiology. In the later years, medical students are then expected to apply their theoretical knowledge in a practical setting by attending various placements and interacting with patients and other healthcare professionals. The duality of this approach results in doctors who are both competent in their knowledge of the basic sciences whilst being good clinicians with sound practical and inter-personal skills. Covid-19 causes an unprecedented interruption to all students, however with courses such as Medicine, whereby a practical element is crucial, the adaptation to deliver the course effectively is more of a challenge. Clinical rotations were cancelled during the start of the pandemic due to concerns about the students and their families contracting the virus and also for the protection of the vulnerable patients in hospitals. In this manuscript we have explored the adaptations made in order to deliver medical education and evaluate the effectiveness of these methods. We will also be discussing the implications and limitations of these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the condition of child psychiatry in Pakistan. It notes the Second Fellowship in Child Psychiatry by the College of Physicians and Surgeons which scores the realization of setting up scientific and modern mental health services for Pakistani children. It also highlights the medical organizations dedicated to child psychiatric research including the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

This paper reflects on mental health issues in pediatric persons with cardiovascular disorders. Research notes that chronic diseases, including cardiovascular illness, may lead to the development of mental health conditions, which have a negative social and academic impact on the lives of pediatric persons. Though more research is needed, clinicians need to be aware of these issues so that they can intervene in a timely manner to improve the quality of life of these patients and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health is a key component of health, yet appropriate care is limited. Evidence concerning child and adolescent mental health has predominantly come from western countries, while the Middle East region, with a large youth population, has reported very little on it. This original, cross-sectional study of child and adolescent psychiatry in the Middle East provides an assessment of current postgraduate programs, services and what is needed to build workforce capacity. Academic psychiatrists from 16 Middle East countries were invited to form a Consortium to map current postgraduate training as one of the determinants of available child and adolescent psychiatry services, identify gaps in the distribution of child and adolescent psychiatrists, and propose potential steps to improve access to child and adolescent mental health care. The study collected data from 15 of the 16 countries invited (no data provided from Yemen). The study revealed underdeveloped child and adolescent psychiatry academic systems throughout the region. Despite recognition of the specialty in a majority of the countries (11/15), only six countries had established a designated child and adolescent psychiatry training program. The overall shortage of child and adolescent mental health specialists varied, yet all Consortium members reported a need for additional child and adolescent psychiatry specialists and allied professionals. Lack of child and adolescent psychiatry specialized programs in place throughout the region has evidently contributed to the shortage of qualified child and adolescent mental health workforce in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite calls for the much-needed involvement of physicians in leadership, very few medical colleges in Pakistan provide explicit training on the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to be an effective physician leader. Objective: To explore Pakistani medical students' perceptions, attitudes, and interests regarding Leadership training in medical education. Methods: Participants were asked about their perceptions and attitudes towards medical leadership on a 5- point Likert scale. Students also self-rated their leadership competencies noted as per Medical Leadership Competency Framework. Survey also assessed the perceived need and topics for a leadership curriculum for physician leaders, the teaching format, and barriers to leadership training in medical schools. Data was analyzed using SPSS 26. Results: About 60.6% of the total 1204 respondents rated their leadership training in medical college as "very poor" or "poor" and 80.3% of them endorsed their interest and need for it. 77.4% of the participants agreed that clinicians should influence leadership decisions in a clinical setting. Only 25% of respondents were aware of the demands of a leadership rank in medicine. Leadership competencies endorsed for training included problem-solving, leading a team, confronting problematic employees, and communication skills with a multimodal teaching approach, including teaching methods like small group discussions. The main barriers to leadership training were identified as time constraints (66.1%), lack of available curriculum (69.0%), and disinterest by faculty (67.0%). Conclusion: Our study suggests that medical students in Pakistan appreciate the importance of leadership training in undergraduate education. There is a need for dedicated leadership teaching and study data to specify the possible content and delivery methods to serve as goals for an undergraduate leadership curriculum in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stressful situations are often linked with poor health and lifestyle behaviors (e.g., unhealthy diet, limited physical activity, poor sleep quality etc.). Subsequent to the nationwide lockdown in Pakistan due to COVID-19 pandemic, medical students experienced substantial lifestyle changes along with academic stresses. The goal of this study was to measure the impact that the COVID-19 lockdown had on lifestyle like sleep, physical activity and nutrition, substance abuse, dealing with finances, spirituality and family life, with respect to a sample of Pakistani medical students. Methods: This cross- sectional online study involving 1100 medical students (68.7% females) from five medical colleges in Pakistan, used self-administered questionnaire to evaluate the impact of pandemic related restrictions on lifestyle of medical students in Pakistan from August- September 2020. Parameters such as physical activity, sleep, nutrition, smoking and substance abuse, family life, finances, internet use and spirituality were studied. Results: Fifty-nine percent of medical students reported a significant effect of lockdown on their physical activity. Only 5.8% people clearly followed or adhered to a routine during the pandemic. About 54.6% students have found that physical activity and exercise significantly reduced their anxiety. More than half of respondents reported increase in screen time, weight gain and poor sleep with 3.1% of students stating an increased use of sleeping pills to fall asleep Another 18.3% students had an increased worry regarding COVID19 based on the information they received on internet. No significant increase in substance uses and alcohol use or family conflicts among students post pandemic was noted. Conclusion: Our findings underscore that COVID-19 pandemic has led to undesired changes in health and lifestyle habits of medical students, which may, to some extent, be responsible for higher negative impact. Hence it is important for medical colleges to start awareness campaigns to tackle challenges for medical students physical and emotional well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a chronic illness with a prevalence rate of two percent. As many as 66% of persons develop this condition during the adolescent years, while up to 20% develop signs of PBD before ten years of age. Various aspects of this condition are considered, including its neurobiology, theoretical underpinnings, relationship to disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, comorbidities, clinical features, diagnosis, and management, including pharmacologic treatment. A combination of pharmacotherapies and psychosocial interventions is the current standard of care; however, more long-term studies are needed to better understand the efficacy of treatment and long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity provides better patient outcomes, reduces physician burnout, and therefore lessens the burden of the healthcare system. In this study, we explore the gender and racial trends in the recruitment of medical graduates into US psychiatry residency programs. Retrospective data analysis was performed utilizing the data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Data's annual Resource Books from the year 2007 to 2018. Demographic data, including gender and race, were extracted for psychiatry residents. Gender was categorized as Male, Female, and Not Reported. Race/ethnicity was categorized as White (Non-Hispanic), Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Black/African-American (Non-Hispanic), Native American/Alaskan, Others (not in the aforementioned categories), and Unknown. Female psychiatry residents relatively decreased by 2.6% whereas male psychiatry residents relatively increased by 15.5% from 2007 to 2018. Between the years 2011 and 2018, there was a relative increase in African American/Black and Native American/Alaskan psychiatry residents by 5.5% and 1%, respectively, whereas the Asian/Pacific Islanders, White (Non-Hispanic), and Hispanic/Latino psychiatry residents relatively decreased by 5.1%, 2.3%, and 1.7%, respectively. Despite the overall increase of women and ethnic minorities in US medical schools, women and racial minorities remain significantly under-represented in psychiatry residency programs in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dearth of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) is a global problem. Integrating CAMHS in primary care has been offered as a solution. We sampled integrated care perspectives from colleagues around the world. Our findings include various models of integrated care namely: the stepped care model in Australia; shared care in the United Kingdom (UK) and Spain; school-based collaborative care in Qatar, Singapore and the state of Texas in the US; collaborative care in Canada, Brazil, US, and Uruguay; coordinated care in the US; and, developing collaborative care models in low-resource settings, like Kenya and Micronesia. These findings provide insights into training initiatives necessary to build CAMHS workforce capacity using integrated care models, each with the ultimate goal of improving access to care. Despite variations and progress in implementing integrated care models internationally, common challenges exist: funding within complex healthcare systems, limited training mechanisms, and geopolitical/policy issues. Supportive healthcare policy, robust training initiatives, ongoing quality improvement and measurement of outcomes across programs would provide data-driven support for the expansion of integrated care and ensure its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of personalized medicine has begun, and personalized psychiatry is following the approach of personalized medicine. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports that there are currently over 100 prescription medications that have pharmacogenomic information in their product labels and approximately 30% of these are psychotropic medications. For these psychotropics, the pharmacogenomic information included within the label addresses genotypes of either CYP2D6 or CYP2C19. This makes our understanding of cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450) pharmacogenomics especially important. In addition, a high percentage of psychotropic medications are metabolized by these enzymes. Enzymes that are most relevant to the metabolism of psychotropics Include CYP450 1A3,2B6,2C9,2C19,2D6,and 3A4. The fields of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenetics have experienced tremendous development Polymorphisms in the genes which code for the production of CYP450 enzymes can alter the rate at which affected enzymes ran metabolize medications (also referred to as substrates). I or each enzyme, a patient may be characterized as being an: extensive (normal) mctabolizcr, intermediate mctabolizcr, poor mctabolizcr, or ultra-rapid mctabolizcr. Extremes in metabolic rates resulting from gene polymorphisms may contribute to either poor tolerability (poor metabolizers), or to poor efficacy (ultra-rapid metabolizers) when using psychotropics that are dosed in anempirical manner, The capacity to genotype a patient's CYP450 enzymes is currently available. Therefore knowing the patient's inherited metabolizer status can be helpful in selecting psychotropic medications that avoid metabolism through a polymorphic pathway, or to adjust a dosing strategy in an effort to avoid poor treatment outcomes when the patient is treated with a meditation thai is being metabolized through a polymorphic pathway. This review will focus on the metabolism of psychotropics and important aspects of understanding the genomics of the cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review will also discuss a case scenario which illustrates a process that physicians can use when applying genomic laboratory data to patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 has posed unique challenges for adolescents in different dimensions of their life including education, home and social life, mental and physical health. Whether the impact is positive or negative, its significance on the overall shaping of adolescents' lives cannot be overlooked. The aim of the present study was to explore impacts of the pandemic on the adolescents' everyday lives in Pakistan. Methods: Following ethical approval, this cross-sectional study was conducted through September to December, 2020 via an online survey on 842 adolescents with the mean age of 17.14 ± SD 1.48. Socio-demographic data and Epidemic Pandemic Impact Inventory-Adolescent Adaptation (EPII-A) was used to assess the multi-dimensional effects of the pandemic. Results: Among the 842 participants, 84% were girls. Education emerged as the most negatively affected Pandemic domain (41.6–64.3%). Most of the adolescents (62.0–65.8%) had reported changes in responsibilities at home including increased time spent in helping family members. Besides, increase in workload of participants and their parents was prominent (41.8% & 47.6%). Social activities were mostly halted for approximately half (41–51%) of the participants. Increased screen time, decreased physical activity and sedentary lifestyle were reported by 52.7%, 46.3% and 40.7% respectively. 22.2–62.4% of the adolescents had a direct experience with quarantine, while 15.7% experienced death of a close friend or relative. Positive changes in their lives were endorsed by 30.5–62.4% respondents. Being male and older adolescents had significant association with negative impact across most domains (p<0.05). Conclusions: Results have shown that COVID-19 exert significant multidimensional impacts on the physical, psycho-social, and home related domains of adolescents that are certainly more than what the previous researches has suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused widespread psychological distress. The aims of the study were a) to assess mental health symptoms experienced by expatriate hospital staff and b) to determine the impact of staff wellbeing interventions specific to pandemic related stress. Methods: The study was conducted from June 2020 until August 2020. A 16-question survey was disseminated online via Survey Monkey to assess the mental health needs of hospital staff during the pandemic. Based on results, a virtual, tiered mental health support model was developed, and staff feedback was collected. Results: Almost 46.2% of respondents (N: 1001) reported at least one mental health symptom in the initial survey. The most common symptoms were anxiety, low mood and feelings of isolation. Being single and in poor health status were predictors of developing mental health symptoms (P <0.01). Female gender was a predictor for experiencing fear of getting infected. Time constraints at work was the most common reason for not accessing mental health support. Conclusions: As in other parts of the world, hospital staff in Qatar experienced mental health symptoms and significant fear related to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Being single and in poor health status were risk factors. Mental health interventions at work must take into account time constraints experienced by staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timing, kinematics, and geodynamic evolution of the India-Asia continental collision are crucial to understanding the geological and geomorphological evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. However, the debate over how and when the collision occurred persists due to disputes concerning the reliability of paleomagnetic data obtained on both sides of the suture zone. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of paleomagnetic studies to address this controversial issue. The study focuses on well-preserved Cretaceous-Paleocene rocks from the Lhasa and Tethyan Himalaya (TH) terranes over the past two decades. We conclude that: (1) the paleomagnetic data of the Linzizong Group of the Lhasa Terrane and the Zongpu Formation of the TH are in their primary origin and can be used for tectonic reconstruction; (2) the Tethys Himalaya Basin (THB) was generated due to the rifting of the TH from Greater India before the Late Cretaceous; (3) the southern margin of Asia was aligned in the NW-SE direction before the India-Asia collision. The study suggests a quasi-synchronous multi-stage collision where the TH collided with the Trans-Tethyan subduction system in Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene times (∼65 Ma), followed by collision with Asia at 56–59 Ma. Finally, the India Craton collided with the TH, resulting in the synchronous closure of the THB at approximately 40 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with intellectual disability have been shown to suffer from affective disorders at a higher rate than the general population. Effective treatment of mood disorders in those with intellectual disabilities has not been well documented in the literature, and particularly not with psychological modalities or in adolescents. Here we report the treatment course of a 14-year old girl with intellectual disability and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-stigma has a negative impact on the lives of children with mental health illnesses. These results identified significant self-stigmatization among the children diagnosed with mental health illnesses in Lahore, Pakistan. [Extracted from the article]

Novel mutant camelina has become a crop of interest inspired by its short growing season, low harvesting costs and high oil composition. Despite those advantages, limited research has been done on novel mutant lines to determine applicability for biodiesel production. Jatropha is an extremely hardy, frugal and high oil yielding plant species. The major aim of the present study was not only to compare biodiesel production from jatropha and camelina but was also to test the efficacy of camelina mutant lines (M6 progenies) as superior feedstock. The biodiesel yield from camelina oil and jatropha oil was 96% and 92%, respectively. The gas chromatographic analysis using flame ionization detector (GC-FID) showed that mutant camelina oil biodiesel sample contain major amount of oleic acid (46.54 wt%) followed by linolenic acid (20.41 wt%) and linoleic acid (16.55 wt%). Jatropha biodiesel found to contain major amount of oleic acid (45.03 wt%) followed by linoleic acid (25.07 wt%) and palmitic acid (19.31 wt%). The fuel properties of produced biodiesel were found in good agreement with EN14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The mutant camelina lines biodiesel have shown comparatively better fuel properties than jatropha. It has shown low saponification value (120.87–149.35), high iodine value (130.2–157.9) and better cetane number (48.53–59.35) compared to jatropha biodiesel which have high saponification value (177.39–198.9), low iodine value (109.7–123.1) and lesser cetane number (47.76–51.26). The results of the present student of utilizing novel mutant camelina lines for biodiesel production are quite promising and are helpful in turning out the outcomes of the previous studies suggesting that C. sativa biodiesel presents serious drawbacks for biodiesel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep health issues and sleep disorders regarding pediatric persons are discussed. Research has confirmed the need for healthy sleep for all persons, including those with chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disorders. Normal sleep parameters for pediatric persons are defined, and developmental perspectives of sleep disorders are considered. Various sleep disorders in different pediatric ages are reviewed from infants/toddlers to adolescents. An essential approach to caring for those with chronic illnesses is to improve their sleep hygiene and screen for as well as manage overt sleep disorders that may be present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To assess quality of sleep and associated health issues in psychiatric patients. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional design. PLACE AND DURATION OF THE STUDY The study was conducted in the department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, D.H.Q Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan over the period of six months. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Through purposive consecutive sampling, 108 psychiatric patients participated in the study. Data were collected on Demographic variable Performa and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS Results demonstrated that more than half of the sample was females and married. One sample t-test confirmed thai majority of sample had poor quality of sleep (M = 11.57, SD = 4.14), t (107) = 13.89, p - 0.00. Further Analysis of Variance showed that psychiatric patients with lung disease and obesity had poor quality of sleep, similarly negative correlation was found between pain andquality of sleep. CONCLUSION Research findings concluded that most of the psychiatric patients were females suffering from different types of physical health issues and had poor quality of sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To measure the knowledge of healthcare professionals about increasingly prevalent Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) along with perceptions around its management and prognosis and comparison across various specialties. Methods: This Cross sectional survey based comparative analysis took place at Maternity and Children Hospital and King Faisal Hospital Makkah from December 2017 to May 2018. The validated self-administered “Knowledge about childhood autism among health workers” questionnaire was used along with additional questions regarding perceptions about ASD. The mean and mean percent scores were calculated. Chi squared test and ANOVA were applied to find the association between quantitative and qualitative variables respectively. Results: Out of 162 participants, 153 returned the questionnaire and 147 were included in final analysis. Physicians constituted 81.6% (120) of participants. The mean score for participants was 9.80(S.E.M ±0.32) where non-physicians yielded higher mean score (11.2±4.41) as compared to physicians (9.6±3.28) (p=0.113). Psychiatrists had highest score of 16/19 while general physicians had lowest (6/19). Participants with more years of experience had higher mean scores (p-value = 0.01). About 72.10% (106) of participants opted for medication as a treatment option. Nearly 38.1% (56) of participants were skeptical about improvement of ASD with early interventions. Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge about ASD amongst healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia. Experienced professionals working with ASD children can be utilized to deliver targeted trainings nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To examine the self-esteem, quality of Life and psychiatric disturbances in HIV positive Drug dependents in Pakistan. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional design. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The study was conducted, in Model Drug Abuse; Trcatment Center DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan from February 2016 to February 2017. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 114 HIV positive drug dependents participated in the study through non-probability consecutive sampling. Demographic variable Proforma, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, WHO QOL BREF and Self Report Questionnaire-24 wereadministered. RESULTS Results showed that about half of the sample lived in urban areas, was married and started abusing drugs on peer pressure and there was significantly positive correlation among all four domains of QOL. One sample t-test confirmed that majority of sample had low self-esteem (M = 11.25, SD - 432), t(113) - -9.26, p - 0.00 and high psychiatric symptomatology (M = 14, SD=4.4), t( 113)=23.1, p=0.00. CONCLUSION HIV positive drug abusers belonged to special population segments like young males, uneducated daily wagers or unemployed. Most of the HIV positive drug abusers had low self-esteem and high psychiatric disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the rate of anxiety and depression in the patients suffering from various medical diseases. Design: Cross sectional study. Palace and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in District Headquarter Hospital and Allied Hospital, Faisalabad from 2005 to 2007. Subjects and Methods: Participants were inducted in the study through purposive convenient sampling technique. 339 patients of cardiac, cancer, hepatic, and dermatological diseases from both the above mentioned hospitals participated in this study. Co morbidity of psychiatric disorders was screened out with the help of DSM IV TR's criteria for depression and generalized anxiety. Results: Anxiety (n=32, 9.43%) was the major diagnosis in age group 40 - 49 and depression (n=31, 9.14%) in age group 50 - 59. All the diagnosis i.e., anxiety (n=30, 8.84%), depression (n=51, 15.04%) and both anxiety and depression (n=25, 7.37%) were common in illiterate patients. Anxiety (n=37, 10.91%) and depression (n=57, 16.81%) was found more in housewives. All the diagnosis i.e., anxiety (n=77, 22.71%), depression (n=93, 27.43%) and both anxiety and depression (n=45, 13.27%) were common in married patients. Anxiety (n=54, 15.92%) was common in hepatic patients and cardiac patients were having highest share of depression (n=51, 15.04%) and both anxiety and depression (n=32, 9.43%). Conclusion: Most cardiac patients were depressed; most heaptic patinets were anxious; almost half of cancer patients were both anxious and depressed; while majority of dermatological patients were having no psychiatric illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depleting petroleum resources coupled with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel combustion have led to the search for renewable alternatives, such as biodiesel. In this study, sunflower (Helianthus annus), mustard (Brassica compestres) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) seed oils were converted into biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) by acid-, base- and lipase-catalyzed transesterification, and the resultant fuel properties were determined. The methyl esters displayed superior iodine values (102–139), low densities, and a high cetane number (CN). The highest yield of biodiesel was obtained from mustard seed oil, which provided cloud (CP) and pour (PP) points of −3.5 and 5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 53. The sunflower seed oil methyl esters had a density of 0.81–0.86 kg/L at 16 °C, CP of 2 °C, PP of −8 °C, and a CN of 47. The pearl millet seed oil methyl esters yielded a density 0.87–0.89 kg/L, CP and PP of 4 °C and −5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 46. The major fatty acids identified in the sunflower, mustard, and pearl millet seed oils were linolenic (49.2%), oleic acid (82.2%), and linoleic acid (73.9%), respectively. The present study reports biodiesel with ideal values of CP and PP, to extend the use of biodiesel at the commercial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To look at factors contributing to successful transition from inpatient psychiatric unit to outpatient psychiatric treatment SUBJECTS AND METHODS Information regarding the effectiveness of the discharge plan was collected by phone in the cases of 33 patients randomly chosen from those discharged from an in patient psychiatric unit in a period of one month. The study was performed at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College. Either the patient or significant others were contacted within 3 months of discharge. Compliance with the follow-up appointment and medication, general condition, effectiveness of living arrangements were assessed either by self report or from collateral sources of information like parents, treating clinicians. RESULTS Most of the patients used the follow-up arrangements and did go to the first outpatient visit yet only a little more than a half were still in any form of treatment at the moment of the interview. Patients gave two main reasons for non compliance: either lack of geographical accessibility (lack of transportation to and from the clinic) or Ineffectiveness of treatment. Discharge to places other than non therapeutic home placements appeared in this group of patients to be the least associated with compliance after discharge, placement in a residence the most. CONCLUSION: Discharge planning is a crucial phase of inpatient treatment. Patients do use the discharge arrangements but fail to persist in their relation with the outpatient facilities. The type of housing has a major impact on further compliance after discharge even more so than diagnosis, age or gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prospective study was done to determine the referrals patterns, demographic profile, and predominant medical and psychological concerns in children and adolescents referred to a new dedicated pediatric consultation liaison (CL) psychiatry service in the Middle East. Referrals to the inpatient CL team most commonly occurred through general pediatrics, endocrinology, and pulmonology specialties, each with a 20.8% referral rate. 2) There were 5 times more outpatient clinic referrals than inpatient in keeping with initial CL development period. [Extracted from the article]