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Tylenchorhynchus clarus Allen, 1955 (Figure 5, Table 4), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publications in Zoology, 61, 129 - 165."]}

Bitylenchus parvus (Allen, 1955) Jairajpuri, 1982 Syn: Tylenchorhynchus parvus Allen, 1955 Bitylenchus parvus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 (Figure 2, Table 3) Description Female Body straight to curved ventrally after heat fixation. Cuticle annuli 0.9–1 μm wide at mid-body. Lateral field consisting of four longitudinal incisures, often areolated. Lip region continuous to slightly offset, 7–7.7 μm wide at base, 4.0–4.1 μm high, and bearing six or seven transverse annuli. Cephalic framework slightly sclerotized, outer margins extending two or three body annuli posteriorly. Stylet strong, basal knobs laterally directed; the conus almost half of the total stylet length. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.2–2.3 μm behind stylet knobs. Median pharyngeal bulb oval, 10–11 μm wide; basal bulb pyriform. Hemizonid 2–4 annuli anterior to secretoryexcretory pore. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic; spermatheca rounded, with globular sperm. Vagina 12–13 μm long, almost 50–60% of the vulval body width. Intestinal fasciculi present in the intestine and inside the post rectal sac which extends into almost the entire tail cavity. Tail cylindrical, finely striated or sometimes smooth terminus, bearing 60–67 annuli on ventral side. Hyaline region of tail terminus 5–6 μm thick. Phasmids located 25–30 μm posterior to anus, located in the posterior half of the tail. Male Not found. REMARKS Compared to the original description of B. parvus Allen (1955), the Iranian population has a lower c' ratio (11.5–12.1 vs 13–16). No other difference in morphological or morphometric diagnostic characters was found. Although this population shows similarity to Sauertylenchus maximus, it can be distinguished from it by a smaller body and stylet (680–800 vs 940–1062, and 17.7–19.6 vs 20–24 μm), and the number of tail annuli (60–67 vs 25– 45). This species was recovered from the rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Zanjan and Qazvin provinces during the present study., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on pages 430-432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publications in Zoology, 61, 129 - 165.","Jairajpuri, M. S. (1982) Some studies on Tylenchorhynchinae: The subgenus Bitylenchus Filipjev, 1934, with description of Tylenchorhynchus (Bitylenchus) depressus n. sp. and a key to species of Bitylenchus. Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 47, 765 - 770.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, Slough, UK, 645 pp."]}

Sauertylenchus maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 2000 Syn: Bitylenchus maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 Tylenchorhynchus maximus Allen, 1950 Tylenchorhynchus wilskii Kornobis, 1980 (Brzeski, 1998) Bitylenchus wilskii (Kornobis, 1980) Jairajpuri, 1982 Bitylenchus wilskii (Kornobis, 1980) Siddiqi, 1986 (Figure 4, Table 3) Description Female Body curved ventrally to C-shaped after heat fixation. Cuticle with distinct annuli, 1.5–2.3 μm wide at midbody. Lateral field with four longitudinal incisures, outer bands areolated. Lip region offset, hemispherical, 8.0– 9.0 μm wide at base, 4.0–5.0 μm high, and bearing six or seven distinct transverse annuli. Cephalic framework lightly sclerotized, outer margins extending over two or three body annuli. Stylet moderately strong, knobs rounded, slightly directed posteriorly; the conus almost half of the total stylet length. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.0–2.1 μm behind stylet knobs. Median pharyngeal bulb oval, 12–13 μm wide; basal bulb pyriform, abutting anterior intestine. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, spermatheca elongated, empty. Vagina 10 μm long, 40–60% of the vulval body diameter. Intestinal fasciculi present throughout intestine and inside post rectal sac which enters into about two-thirds of the tail length. Tail cylindrical with a hemispherical, annulated terminus, bearing 33–40 annuli on ventral side. Hyaline portion thickness 6–7 μm. Phasmids located 16–17 μm posterior to anus, in the anterior half of the tail. Male Not found. Remarks Compared to the original description of S. maximus by Allen (1955), the Iranian populations differ by the absence of males. The Iranian populations of S. maximus were recovered from Semnan, Ardabil and West Azerbaijan provinces in the rhizosphere of peach (Prunus persica), grass, hawthorn (Crataegus aronia) and apple (Malus pumila), respectively., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on pages 434-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publications in Zoology, 61, 129 - 165.","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. 2 nd edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 833 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851992020.0000","Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, Slough, UK, 645 pp.","Brzeski, M. W & Dolinski C. M. (1998) Compendium of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cob, 1913 sensu lato (Nematodea: Belonolaimidae). Russian Journal of Nematology, 6 (2), 189 - 199.","Jairajpuri, M. S. (1982) Some studies on Tylenchorhynchinae: The subgenus Bitylenchus Filipjev, 1934, with description of Tylenchorhynchus (Bitylenchus) depressus n. sp. and a key to species of Bitylenchus. Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 47, 765 - 770."]}

Bitylenchus dubius (Bütschli, 1873) Filipjev, 1934 Syn: Tylenchus dubius Bütschli, 1873 Anguillulina dubia (Bütschli, 1873) Goody, 1932 Tylenchus (Bitylenchus) dubius (Bütschli, 1873) Filipjev, 1934 Tylenchorhynchus dubius (Bütschli, 1873) Filipjev, 1936 Bitylenchus dubius (Bütschli, 1873) Siddiqi, 1986 (Figure 1, Table 3), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Butschli, O. (1873) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden. Nova acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, 36, 1 - 124.","Filipjev, I. N. (1934) Harmful and Useful Nematodes in Rural Economy. Moscow, Leningrad, USSR, 440 pp. [In Russian]","Filipjev, I. N. (1936) On the classification of the Tylenchinae. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 3, 80 - 82.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, Slough, UK, 645 pp."]}

Tylenchorhynchus microconus Siddiqi, Mukherjee and Dasgupta, 1982 (Figurs 6, Table 4), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R., Mukherjee, B. & Dasgupta, M. K. (1982) Tylenchorhynchus microconus n. sp., T. crassicaudatus leviterminalis n. subsp. and T. coffeae Siddiqi and Basir, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Systematic Parasitology, 4, 257 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009626"]}

Bitylenchus serranus Gomez-Barcina, Siddiqi & Castillo, 1992 (Figure 3, Table 3), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Gomez-Barcina, A., Siddiqi, M. R. & Castillo, P. (1992) The genus Bitylenchus Filipjev, 1934 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) with descriptions of two new species from Spain. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 59, 96 - 110."]}

Trophurus ussuriensis Eroshenko, 1981 (Figure 7, Table 4), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Eroshenko, A. S. (1981) Plant parasitic nematodes of underwood; families Tylenchorhynchidae and Hoplolaimidae (Nematoda). In: Svobodnozhivuschie I fitopatogennye nematody fauny Dal'nego Vostoka Biol. Pedolog. Inst. of Far Eastern Research Center of USSR Academic Science Vladivostok, pp. 22 - 27 + 85 - 92."]}

The venom is a mixture of various compounds with specific biological activities, such as the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme present in scorpion venom. PLA2 plays a key role in inhibiting ryanodine receptor channels and has neurotoxic activity. This study is the first investigation of molecular characterization, cloning, and in silico analyses of PLA2 from Iranian Scorpio maurus, named Maurolipin. After RNA extraction from S. maurus venom glands, cDNA was synthesized and amplified through RT-PCR using specific primers. Amplified Maurolipin was cloned in TA cloning vector, pTG19. For in silico analyses, the characterized gene was analyzed utilizing different software. Maurolipin coding gene with 432 base pair nucleotide length encoded a protein of 144 amino acid residues and 16.34 kilodaltons. Comparing the coding sequence of Maurolipin with other characterized PLA2 from different species of scorpions showed that this protein was a member of the PLA2 superfamily. According to SWISS-MODEL prediction, Maurolipin had 38.83% identity with bee venom PLA2 with 100% confidence and 39% identity with insect phospholipase A2 family, which Phyre2 predicted. According to the three-dimensional structure prediction, Maurolipin with five disulfide bonds has a very high similarity to the structure of PLA2 that belonged to the group III subfamily. The in silico analyses showed that phospholipase A2 coding gene and protein structure is different based on scorpion species and geographical condition in which they live.