Search

Abiotic stress is the major threat confronted by modern-day agriculture. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that influence geographical distribution, survival, and productivity of various crops across the globe. Plants perceive salt stress cues and communicate specific signals, which lead to the initiation of defence response against it. Stress signalling involves the transporters, which are critical for water transport and ion homeostasis. Various cytoplasmic components like calcium and kinases are critical for any type of signalling within the cell which elicits molecular responses. Stress signalling instils regulatory proteins and transcription factors (TFs), which induce stress-responsive genes. In this review, we discuss the role of ion transporters, protein kinases, and TFs in plants to overcome the salt stress. Understanding stress responses by components collectively will enhance our ability in understanding the underlying mechanism, which could be utilized for crop improvement strategies for achieving food security.

This study is about mitigation of salt stress in Setaria italica L. and Panicum miliaceum L. by selenium (Se) which is a micronutrient beneficial for plant growth and development, but its role in combating salt stress in millets has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenously applied selenium (Se) on the biochemical stress indicators in both the crops grown under different salt treatments (50 mM–200 mM NaCl). The results indicated that salinity increase the antioxidant enzyme activities viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, guaiacol peroxidase and glutathione reductase, which were amplified in both the genotypes by Se application. The effect on antioxidative enzymes was more prominent in case of S. italica L. Furthermore, salt stress-triggered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and Se supplementation lowers it down. The osmolyte concentrations (total soluble sugar, proline, glutathione and glycine betaine) increased under salinity however they were further increased upon Se treatment. The results suggest that there is a Se-mediated alleviation of salt stress in millets (S. italica L. and P. miliaceum L.) which is mostly related to stimulation of the plant’s antioxidative defence system.

Salinity stress is continuously declining crop production throughout the world. Various strategies are in use to mitigate its effect on crop plants. The current study was performed to resolve the effects of exogenous selenium (Se) (1 μM) on the two millet varieties viz., Panicum miliaceum L. (proso millet: PM) and Setaria italica L. (foxtail millet: FM), which were subjected to salt stress (NaCl) of varying amounts. The salt treatments (50–200 mM NaCl) decreased the tolerance index (TI) of both shoots and roots and the Se application reversed the effect. The PM shoots and FM roots showed better tolerance index ranging up to 95.42% and 101%, respectively. The salt treatments decreased the biomass, relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigments (PP) in a dose-dependent manner with respect to control. The Se application showed a maximum improvement in biomass (49.09% and 293.28%), RWC (14.49% and 20.42%) and PP (228.86% and 507.22%) in PM and FM, respectively, in comparison to highest salt treatment (200 mM). The salt treatments increased the membrane damage as evidenced by electrolyte leakage (EL) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). However, Se application showed improvement in EL (15.62% and 49.18%) and TBARS (42.34% and 34.20%) in PM and FM, respectively, in comparison to salt treatments. When comparing the two varieties for the parameters it was found that FM performed better than PM. The Se-mediated resistance of millets (PM, FM) toward salinity makes them a model for studying stress responses at different stages of growth and development. This would help screen the resistant varieties and in future, these could be utilized for cultivation on marginal lands for sustainable growth and yield. Thus, overall the application of Se in low doses offers promising potential for use in high salinity conditions.

Nanotechnology discusses about the manufacture and exploitation of materials whose ingredients exist at the nanoscale. Recent manufacturing progressions have managed to alter nanomaterials into different sizes and shapes. Nanoparticles are being used for multiple purposes like in electronics, sensor technology optical devices, biological labeling, and medical treatments. However, the use of nanoparticles in agriculture, especially for crop production and protection, is an unmapped area. This review sums up application and role of nanomaterials in enhancing future crop production and protection.