15 results on '"Aamaas, B."'
Search Results
2. Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants
- Author
-
Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L.H., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., and Heyes, C.
- Abstract
This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs; methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20-year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH4) and black carbon (BC) emissions by about 50 and 80 %, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH4 SLCPs, elimination of high-emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU, the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11.12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with the four ESM were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulation, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70 +/- 0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041-2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22 +/- 0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22 +/- 0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH4 SLCPs contribute ~ 22 % to this response and CH4 78 %. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90 % of the temperature response to CH4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH4 SLCP emission reductions and BC specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the mission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, possibly because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea ice responses cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may counteract (and, thus, mask) the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39-0.49)K the largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in southern Europe, where surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6.21) mm yr^-1 more than 4 % of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE roject.
- Published
- 2015
3. Evaluating the CLimate and Air Quality ImPacts of Short-livEd Pollutants (ECLIPSE)
- Author
-
Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L.H., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T.K., Boucher, O., Cherian, R., Collins, W., Daskalakis, N., Dusinska, M., Eck-hardt, S., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Harju, M., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Hao, J., Im, Ulas, Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Lund, M. T., Maas, R., MacIntosh, C. R., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Olivié, D., Quaas, J., Quennehen, B., Raut, J.-C., Rumbold, S. T., Samset, B.H., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Shine, K. P., Skeie, R. B., Wang, S., Yttri, K. E., and Zhu, T.
- Published
- 2015
4. Multimodel emission metrics for regional emissions of short lived climate forcers
- Author
-
Aamaas, B., primary, Berntsen, T. K., additional, Fuglestvedt, J. S., additional, Shine, K. P., additional, and Bellouin, N., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Supplementary material to "Multimodel emission metrics for regional emissions of short lived climate forcers"
- Author
-
Aamaas, B., primary, Berntsen, T. K., additional, Fuglestvedt, J. S., additional, Shine, K. P., additional, and Bellouin, N., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants
- Author
-
Stohl, A., primary, Aamaas, B., additional, Amann, M., additional, Baker, L. H., additional, Bellouin, N., additional, Berntsen, T. K., additional, Boucher, O., additional, Cherian, R., additional, Collins, W., additional, Daskalakis, N., additional, Dusinska, M., additional, Eckhardt, S., additional, Fuglestvedt, J. S., additional, Harju, M., additional, Heyes, C., additional, Hodnebrog, Ø., additional, Hao, J., additional, Im, U., additional, Kanakidou, M., additional, Klimont, Z., additional, Kupiainen, K., additional, Law, K. S., additional, Lund, M. T., additional, Maas, R., additional, MacIntosh, C. R., additional, Myhre, G., additional, Myriokefalitakis, S., additional, Olivié, D., additional, Quaas, J., additional, Quennehen, B., additional, Raut, J.-C., additional, Rumbold, S. T., additional, Samset, B. H., additional, Schulz, M., additional, Seland, Ø., additional, Shine, K. P., additional, Skeie, R. B., additional, Wang, S., additional, Yttri, K. E., additional, and Zhu, T., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Simple emission metrics for climate impacts
- Author
-
Aamaas, B., primary, Peters, G. P., additional, and Fuglestvedt, J. S., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Multimodel emission metrics for regional emissions of short lived climate forcers.
- Author
-
Aamaas, B., Berntsen, T. K., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Shine, K. P., and Bellouin, N.
- Subjects
AEROSOLS ,CLIMATE change ,POLLUTION prevention ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,TEMPERATURE measurements - Abstract
For short lived climate forcers (SLCFs), the impact of emissions depends on where and when the emissions take place. Comprehensive new calculations of various emission metrics for SLCFs are presented based on radiative forcing (RF) values calculated in four different (chemistry-transport or coupled-chemistry climate) models. We distinguish between emissions during summer (May-October) and winter season (November-April) for emissions from Europe, East Asia, as well as the global shipping sector. The species included in this study are aerosols and aerosols precursors (BC, OC, SO
2 , NH3 ), and ozone precursors (NOx , CO, VOC), which also influence aerosols, to a lesser degree. Emission metrics for global climate responses of these emissions, as well as for CH4 , have been calculated relative to CO2 , using Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature change Potential (GTP), based on dedicated RF simulations by four global models. The emission metrics include indirect cloud effects of aerosols and the semi-direct forcing for BC. In addition to the standard emission metrics for pulse and sustained emissions, we have also calculated a new emission metric designed for an emission profile consisting of a ramp up period of 15 years followed by sustained emissions, which is more appropriate for a gradual implementation of mitigation policies. For the aerosols, the emission metric values are larger in magnitude for Europe than East Asia and for summer than winter. A variation is also observed for the ozone precursors, with largest values in East Asia and winter for CO and in Europe and summer for VOC. In general, the variations between the emission metrics derived from different models are larger than the variations between regions and seasons, but the regional and seasonal variations for the best estimate also hold for most of the models individually. Further, the estimated climate impact of a mitigation policy package is robust even when accounting for correlations. For the ramp up emission metrics, the values are generally larger than for pulse or sustained emissions, which holds for all SLCFs. For a potential SLCFs mitigation policy, the dependency of metric values on the region and season of emission should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. A synthesis of climate-based emission metrics with applications
- Author
-
Aamaas, B., primary, Peters, G. P., additional, and Fuglestvedt, J. S., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. A synthesis of climate-based emission metrics with applications.
- Author
-
Aamaas, B., Peters, G. P., and Fuglestvedt, J. S.
- Subjects
- *
EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *CARBON dioxide , *RADIATIVE forcing , *GLOBAL warming , *LIFE cycles (Biology) , *CARBON cycle , *IMPULSE response - Abstract
The article discusses the synthesis and calculation of climate-based emission metrics of different species. It integrates radiative forcing (RF) with temperature change to a reference gas. It mentions several methods such as the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Bern Carbon Cycle. It concludes that the importance of short lived climate forcers (SLCFs) varies depending on the metric used.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. [Disposable surgical equipment from Pakistan – a case study on sustainability].
- Author
-
Pedersen R, Skagen KM, Aamaas B, and Trulsen PU
- Subjects
- Humans, Pakistan, Surgical Equipment
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. A global review of the state of the evidence of household air pollution's contribution to ambient fine particulate matter and their related health impacts.
- Author
-
Chowdhury S, Pillarisetti A, Oberholzer A, Jetter J, Mitchell J, Cappuccilli E, Aamaas B, Aunan K, Pozzer A, and Alexander D
- Subjects
- Particulate Matter toxicity, Particulate Matter analysis, Mortality, Premature, Dust, Coal adverse effects, Air Pollutants toxicity, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution adverse effects, Air Pollution analysis
- Abstract
Direct exposure to household fine particulate air pollution (HAP) associated with inefficient combustion of fuels (wood, charcoal, coal, crop residues, kerosene, etc.) for cooking, space-heating, and lighting is estimated to result in 2.3 (1.6-3.1) million premature yearly deaths globally. HAP emitted indoors escapes outdoors and is a leading source of outdoor ambient fine particulate air pollution (AAP) in low- and middle-income countries, often being a larger contributor than well-recognized sources including road transport, industry, coal-fired power plants, brick kilns, and construction dust. We review published scientific studies that model the contribution of HAP to AAP at global and major sub-regional scales. We describe strengths and limitations of the current state of knowledge on HAP's contribution to AAP and the related impact on public health and provide recommendations to improve these estimates. We find that HAP is a dominant source of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) globally - regardless of variations in model types, configurations, and emission inventories used - that contributes approximately 20 % of total global PM2.5 exposure. There are large regional variations: in South Asia, HAP contributes ∼ 30 % of ambient PM2.5, while in high-income North America the fraction is ∼ 7 %. The median estimate indicates that the household contribution to ambient air pollution results in a substantial premature mortality burden globally of about 0.77(0.54-1) million excess deaths, in addition to the 2.3 (1.6-3.1) million deaths from direct HAP exposure. Coordinated global action is required to avert this burden., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Health and Climate Impacts of Scaling Adoption of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for Clean Household Cooking in Cameroon: A Modeling Study.
- Author
-
Kypridemos C, Puzzolo E, Aamaas B, Hyseni L, Shupler M, Aunan K, and Pope D
- Subjects
- Cameroon, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis, Climate Change, Cooking instrumentation, Environmental Health, Natural Gas
- Abstract
Background: The Cameroon government has set a target that, by 2030, 58% of the population will be using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a cooking fuel, in comparison with less than 20% in 2014. The National LPG Master Plan (Master Plan) was developed for scaling up the LPG sector to achieve this target., Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the potential impacts of this planned LPG expansion (the Master Plan) on population health and climate change mitigation, assuming primary, sustained use of LPG for daily cooking., Methods: We applied existing and developed new mathematical models to calculate the health and climate impacts of expanding LPG primary adoption for household cooking in Cameroon over two periods: a ) short-term (2017-2030): Comparing the Master Plan 58% target with a counterfactual LPG adoption of 32% in 2030, in line with current trends; and b ) long-term (2031-2100, climate modeling only), assuming Cameroon will become a mature and saturated LPG market by 2100 (73% adoption, based on Latin American countries). We compared this with a counterfactual adoption of 41% by 2100, in line with current trends., Results: By 2030, successful implementation of the Master Plan was estimated to avert about 28,000 ( minimum = 22,000 , maximum = 35,000 ) deaths and 770,000 ( minimum = 580,000 maximum = 1 million ) disability-adjusted life years. For the same period, we estimated reductions in pollutant emissions of more than a third in comparison with the counterfactual, leading to a global cooling of - 0.1 milli ° C in 2030. For 2100, a cooling impact from the Master Plan leading to market saturation (73%) was estimated to be - 0.70 milli ° C in comparison with to the counterfactual, with a range of - 0.64 to - 0.93 milli ° C based on different fractions of nonrenewable biomass., Discussion: Successful implementation of the Master Plan could have significant positive impacts on population health in Cameroon with no adverse impacts on climate. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4899.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A warmer policy for a colder climate: Can China both reduce poverty and cap carbon emissions?
- Author
-
Glomsrød S, Wei T, Aamaas B, Lund MT, and Samset BH
- Abstract
Reducing global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is often thought to be at odds with economic growth and poverty reduction. Using an integrated assessment modeling approach, we find that China can cap CO2 emissions at 2015 level while sustaining economic growth and reducing the urban-rural income gap by a third by 2030. As a result, the Chinese economy becomes less dependent on exports and investments, as household consumption emerges as a driver behind economic growth, in line with current policy priorities. The resulting accumulated greenhouse gas emissions reduction 2016-2030 is about 60billionton (60Mg) CO2e. A CO2 tax combined with income re-distribution initially leads to a modest warming due to reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. However, the net effect is eventually cooling when the effect of reduced CO2 emissions dominates due to the long-lasting climate response of CO2. The net reduction in global temperature for the remaining part of this century is about 0.03±0.02°C, corresponding in magnitude to the cooling from avoiding one year of global CO2 emissions., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Alternative "global warming" metrics in life cycle assessment: a case study with existing transportation data.
- Author
-
Peters GP, Aamaas B, T Lund M, Solli C, and Fuglestvedt JS
- Subjects
- Greenhouse Effect, Models, Theoretical, Environmental Monitoring methods, Global Warming, Vehicle Emissions analysis
- Abstract
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) impact category "global warming" compares emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) using Global Warming Potential (GWP) with a 100-year time-horizon as specified in the Kyoto Protocol. Two weaknesses of this approach are (1) the exclusion of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) and biophysical factors despite their established importance, and (2) the use of a particular emission metric (GWP) with a choice of specific time-horizons (20, 100, and 500 years). The GWP and the three time-horizons were based on an illustrative example with value judgments and vague interpretations. Here we illustrate, using LCA data of the transportation sector, the importance of SLCFs relative to LLGHGs, different emission metrics, and different treatments of time. We find that both the inclusion of SLCFs and the choice of emission metric can alter results and thereby change mitigation priorities. The explicit inclusion of time, both for emissions and impacts, can remove value-laden assumptions and provide additional information for impact assessments. We believe that our results show that a debate is needed in the LCA community on the impact category "global warming" covering which emissions to include, the emission metric(s) to use, and the treatment of time.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.