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A descriptive cross-sectional research design was conducted in the agricultural community of Bardia, Banke, Surkhet and other districts of mid-western Nepal. A total of 310 residents of mid-western Nepal who had experienced diarrhea, of all age groups, were selected by using probability random sampling. Residents or resident family members were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect qualitative and quantitative data Simple descriptive statistics were taken from the data collected from the questionnaire for statistical analysis and comparison. Out of 310 diarrhoeagenic patients exhibits the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, slightly over half (52.6%) reported as illiterate .16.4% reporting as a farmer and 18.1% reporting as a housewife. The significance test of the prevalence of risk factors for diarrhea. It is expected that all four categories of risk factors for diarrhea are equally responsible for causing diarrhea in the study area.so it is required to examine whether it is valid or not on the basis of sample data. The chi-square test of goodness of fit is used for multinomial distribution of the risk factors. The test results reject (χ2 = 148.471), df =3 and P < 0.001 that the risk factors equally contribute to diarrhea at 5% level. Knowledge and practice seem to be the biggest factor (53.5%) followed by education (23.9%). Malnutrition (2.9%) and flood (9.7%) in causing diarrhea among the given factors. It exhibits the significance test of the prevalence of risk factors of diarrhea in children It is expected that all four categories of the risk factors of diarrhea and children are equally responsible for causing diarrhea in the study areas, so it is required to examine whether it is valid or not on the basis of sample data. chi-square test of goodness of fit is used for multinomial distribution of the risk factors The test results reject( χ2= 65.175), df=3 and p< 0.001 that the risk factors equally contribute to diarrhea at a 5% level. Malnutrition seems most prevalent (43.9%), followed by a shortage of breastfeeding (24.5%), Lack of education of mother towards the disease (16.1%) and vitamin A deficiency (15.5%) prevalent in causing diarrhea in children among the risk factors given. The presence of these risk factors should alert the epidemiologist and clinician to take appropriate measures to decrease the prevalence of diarrheal disease. Proper nutritional support, vitamin A supplementation and diligent search for secondary infection and its treatment is of utmost importance in management. There is still a need to acknowledge the mothers of children having 5 years of old and providing the information regarding diarrheal outbreaks and manage the risk factors of diarrhea to midwestern part of Nepalese as per the national standards to meet the sustainable goal.

This retrospective study was conducted during January to September in the year 1997. Three hundred and forty nine stool samples were collected from diarrhoea patients from different places of Kathmandu valley and examined at National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Teku, Kathmandu. Acute diarrhoea becomes epidemic in rainy season and is a major public health problem of the city. In this study, people with poor hygiene practice and poor education were infected more than other people. Among the 349 patients with the gastrointestinal disease, 26.0% were found to have bacterial infection. Out of which, 88 (25.1%), one (0.28%), one (0.28%), and one (0.28%) were found to be Vibrio cholerae 01, Vibrio cholerae 0139, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli respectively. Cholera cases were found almost throughout the year in the city though the numbers increased during the rainy season. It was highest during July (34.6%) followed by August (32.35%), September 32% and June (6.89%). The uncommon species of Vibrio i.e. Vibrio cholerae 0139 was also found in the study. Higher prevalence was found in urban areas (83.52%) than in rural areas (16.48%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates showed that Ciprofloxacin (97.85%) was found to be the most effective antibiotic followed by Tetracycline (92.34%), Erythromycin (92.34%), Norfloxacin (93.34%), Cholramphenicol, Ampicillim, but Cotrimoxazole were found to be resistant to all isolated Vibrio cholerae.

A retrospective study was conducted among out-patient and in-patient in Kathmandu medical collegeTeaching hospital of one month from the duration 2060-11-15 to 2060-12 -15. Mid-stream urine [MSU] of300 patient were cultured. Out of these, 75 patients’ urine were found to have significant bacterial growth.Total of five species of bacterial species isolated were viz.E.coli 37(33.3%), Proteus species 25(27.7%),Klebsiella species 15(16.6%), Staphylococcus aureus 8(8.8%) and Pseudomonas aureginosa 1(1.1%).Regarding their antibiotic sensitivity pattern, E. coli were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin 31 (83.8% ), Norfloxacin25 (67.5%), Ofloxacin 30(81.0%), Amoxycillin 16(43.2%), Nalidixic acid 15 (40.5%).proteus species weresensitive to Nitrofurantoin 15 (60.0%), Norfloxacin 15 (60.0%), Ofloxacin 12(48.0%), Amoxycillin 13(52.0%),Nalidixic acid 10 (40.0%), Ciprofloxacillin 12(48.0%). Klebsiella species were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin 9(60.0%), Norfloxacin 5 (33.3%), Oflaxin 6(40.0%), Amoxycillin 5(33.3%), Nalidixic acid 4 (26.6%),ciprofloxacillin 6(40.0%).Staphylloccus aureus were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin 8(100.0%), Norfloxacin 6(75.0%), Oflaxin 8(100.0%),Amoxycillin 7(87.5%), Nalidixic acid 6(75.0%), Ciprofloxacillin 8(100 %). And Pseudomonas aureginosawere resistant to all antibiotics which we are using in this research work.Key Words: Urine sample, Identification, Sensitivity pattern.