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Objective: The purpose behind this study was to determine the predictors of morbidity and mortality during hospitalization caused by cerebrovascular accident. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Emergency Department of Medicine, Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad. Period: October 2017 to May 2018. Material & Methods: We have evaluated a total of 124 patients who presented and were admitted with signs and symptoms of stroke and confirmatory diagnosis was made based on CT scan. All baseline and clinical variables recorded in a structured questionnaire and the data were evaluated in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Outcome of these patients were observed based on the number of patients died during hospitalization and poor outcome associated predictors. Results: A total of 124 patients were selected for this study. The mean age of patients was 58.52 years (13.44 ± SD). In this observational study we have observed hypertension (N = 106, 85.5%) was the most common predictor of hospitalization among patients with stroke. The overall mortality associated with stroke was 16.13% (20 cases out of total 124). Infection of urinary tract during hospitalization, patients presented with unconsciousness, area of thalamic infarction, involvement of middle cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery infarction were the most common predictors of stroke related in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Overall, corrected stroke related in-hospital mortality rate was 16.13% and patients who presented with loss of consciousness, infection of urinary tract, thalamic infarction, and area involving the middle cerebral artery were associated with higher in-hospital stroke related mortality.

This chapter discusses both the impact on aviation of the partition of British India into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan and the aviation’s impact on Partition. Post-war gains in civil aviation were threatened by the unsustainable policies that emerged as a result of disagreements between Congress and the Muslim League. The colonial Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) was also divided between India and Pakistan during the Partition. If Partition had a major impact on aviation then aviation too had an important role to play in Partition. The RIAF helped restore order while Indian airline companies were strained to breaking point by the evacuation of refugees during Partition. Eventually both India and Pakistan would have to rely on British airline companies to evacuate crucial government personnel and isolated refugees.

This chapter argues that the Indian princely states used aviation in different ways to claim to be modern and therefore legitimate entities. In particular it looks at three examples. In Jodhpur, Maharaja Umaid Singh mobilized a new ‘martial modernity’ by associating old Rajput martial traditions with the modernity of the aeroplane. Mysore meanwhile invested heavily in the Hindustan Aircraft Factory at Bangalore in the hopes of kickstarting industrialization. India’s richest princely state, Hyderabad, established its own airline and held out for a year against an Indian blockade by availing the services of an Australian gunrunner. All three states sought to make new claims to sovereignty against both the colonial and the independent Indian governments but were ultimately forced to accede to the Indian Union.

This conclusion is divided into three broad parts. First I turn to the story of Indian aviation in the years after nationalization. Indian aviation has grown phenomenally in the years following independence, yet both the Indian Air Force and Indian civil aviation are confronted by a range of problems. The discussion then moves to a broad comparison of Indian aviation with two other post-colonial states: Egypt and Peru. Both these states shared much in common with the historical trajectory, meaning that the Indian case is emblematic of the experiences of poor states with aviation. Finally it sums up the arguments presented in the book before concluding.

This chapter traces the evolution of aviation policy in the first five years of independence, leading up to the nationalization of airline companies in 1953. The 1950 Bengal crisis foregrounded the importance of air power resulting in plans to rapidly expand the Indian Air Force. Civil aviation meanwhile was internationalized as a result of a series of bilateral negotiations between India and other major states. While India was able to claim formal equality with several rich western states, its material inferiority had resulted in decidedly lopsided outcomes in bilateral negotiations. Aviation’s success in protecting and projecting state power resulted in its nationalization in 1953, which heralded a new era of state control of air transport.

The chapter introduces readers to the Indian state’s engagement with aviation. It puts forward the argument that aviation played a crucial role in the decolonization of South Asia. The aeroplane served as a symbol of modernity and its control was vital for the assertion of Indian sovereignty. The introduction states that this subject is one that has received little attention from academic historians through an examination of the existing historiography on aviation and Indian history. This is followed by a definition of some of the key terms used throughout the text including modernity, sovereignty, and the state. A description of the book’s individual chapters, the sources used, and the scope of the book are then discussed. Finally, the introduction is concluded by pointing out the fields in which the book makes interventions.

Civil and military aviation helped initiate, sustain, and then escalate India’s war in Kashmir. This chapter studies three incidents in the war in Kashmir; the Srinagar airlift, the siege of Punch, and the bombing of Palak. Indian airline companies were crucial to airlifting troops to Srinagar in October 1947 when Kashmir was in danger of being overrun by invading tribesmen initiating a conflict that pitted India against Pakistan. Aircraft also kept the besieged town of Punch supplied permitting India to sustain military operations in Kashmir in the face of daunting terrain and weather. While air power initially permitted India to manage escalation as the conflict wore on it contributed to the escalation of the conflict through the bombing of Palak which resulted in massive Pakistani relation. Higher Indian defence policy would be profoundly influenced by the conflict, entrenching the Royal Indian Air Force.

This chapter begins with a discussion of Indian attempts to gain access to military aviation in the interwar years with a view to ensuring the colony was protected from air attack. The colonial government which had long hindered both civil and military aviation was forced to expand it as a response to the demands of the Second World War. The Indian Air Force (IAF) performed well in the war and civil aviation was well placed for a post-war boom. The hurried expansion of the IAF however gave rise to serious instability in the force after the end of the war culminating in a series of ‘strikes’ by Indian airmen in 1946. The ‘strikes’ and increased Indian control of aviation contributed to the British decision to depart from the subcontinent.

The aeroplane played a small but significant role in India’s transformation from colony to republic. Through the prism of aviation, both civil and military, this book traces the story of India’s journey from the Second World War to the emergence of India as a sovereign state. Drawing on archives in India and the United Kingdom, untapped personal collections, and newspaper reports it points to the critical impact of aviation on the shaping of modern South Asia. Control of aviation enabled the Indian state to survive the twin crises of partition and the war in Kashmir. The aeroplane also served as a potent symbol of modernity. The strategic and ideological importance of aircraft was not lost on other contenders for power in South Asia. The Indian princes and Pakistan both also invested substantially in aviation with a view to entrenching their sovereignty. The book makes two key arguments. First, a study of the state’s relationship with aviation reveals that independent India conceptualized sovereignty in ways that diverged radically from its colonial predecessor, stressing the importance of ruptures over continuities in explaining decolonization. Second, that aviation was critical to securing and legitimating independent India. Indeed, the indispensability of aircraft would be confirmed by the independent Indian government’s decision in 1953 to nationalize aviation, heralding an era of near-total state control of aviation. This book is the first comprehensive history of aviation in India and makes important interventions in a number of fields including histories of technology, warfare, politics, transport, and law.

Mitochondria are the crucial regulators for the major source of ATP for different cellular events. Due to damage episodes, mitochondria have been established for a plethora ofalarming signals of stress that lead to cellular deterioration, thereby causing programmed cell death. Defects in mitochondria play a key role in arbitrating pathophysiological machinery with recent evince delineating a constructive role in mitophagy mediated mitochondrial injury. Mitophagy has been known for the eradication of damaged mitochondria via the autophagy process. Mitophagy has been investigated as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. Impaired mitophagy has been critically linked with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism is not quite revealed, and it is still debatable. The purpose of this review was to investigate the possible role of mitophagy and its associated mechanism in inflammation-mediated diseases at both the cellular and molecular levels.

To determine the reliability of a newly developed software application (Shadent) in natural tooth shade selection.A smartphone device with the self-developed Shadent software (patent no. 201841046815, Intellectual Property of India) recorded tooth shades of the maxillary right central incisor and canine for 250 volunteers. A prospective, clinical, double-blind trial was conducted. The shade match obtained under the standardized condition from Shadent software was compared with the visual method and spectrophotometer. The digital recordings were captured by two master's candidates, while the visual shade match was evaluated by four master's candidates and one faculty member from the Department of Prosthodontics. Crosstab analysis assessed the relationship between the visual method of shade selection, a spectrophotometer, and the Shadent software. Cohen kappa was used to measure the agreement between the methods.A kappa coefficient of 0.59 was observed between the visual assessment and the Shadent software, with an agreement percentage of 64.6%. A kappa coefficient of 0.65 was observed between the spectrophotometer and the Shadent software with an agreement of 69. 3%. The software also had a better Cohen kappa agreement with the maxillary central incisor than the maxillary canine.Shadent's reliability was comparable with the visual and spectrophotometric methods and offered repeatability with standardized light intensity.

Specific genetic variations in the gene for the selenium-containing antioxidant protein glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) are associated with the risk of a variety of common diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. Two common variations have been focused upon, one resulting in leucine or proline at codon 198 and another resulting in 5, 6, or 7 alanine repeats were previously shown to affect the distribution of GPX1 between the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Human MCF7 cells engineered to exclusively express GPX1 with five alanine repeats at amino terminus and proline at codon 198 (A5P) and seven alanine repeats at amino terminus and leucine at codon 198 (A7L), as well as derivatives targeted to the mitochondria by the addition of a mitochondrial localization sequence (mA5P and mA7L) were used to assess the consequences of the expression of these proteins on the cellular redox state and bioenergetics. Ectopic expression of A5P and A7L reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species, and the mitochondrially targeted derivatives exhibited better activity in these assays. Bioenergetics and mitochondrial integrity were assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and the levels of lactate dehydrogenase. The results of these assays indicated distinctively, and sometimes opposing, patterns with regard to differences between the consequences of the expression of A5P, A7L, mA5P, and mA7L. These data provide new information on the consequences of differences in the primary structure and cellular location of GPX1 proteins and contribute to the understanding of how these effects might contribute to human disease.

Specific genetic variations in the gene for the selenium-containing antioxidant protein glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) are associated with the risk of a variety of common diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. Two common variations have been focused upon, one resulting in leucine or proline at codon 198 and another resulting in 5, 6, or 7 alanine repeats were previously shown to affect the distribution of GPX1 between the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Human MCF7 cells engineered to exclusively express GPX1 with five alanine repeats at amino terminus and proline at codon 198 (A5P) and seven alanine repeats at amino terminus and leucine at codon 198 (A7L), as well as derivatives targeted to the mitochondria by the addition of a mitochondrial localization sequence (mA5P and mA7L) were used to assess the consequences of the expression of these proteins on the cellular redox state and bioenergetics. Ectopic expression of A5P and A7L reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species, and the mitochondrially targeted derivatives exhibited better activity in these assays. Bioenergetics and mitochondrial integrity were assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and the levels of lactate dehydrogenase. The results of these assays indicated distinctively, and sometimes opposing, patterns with regard to differences between the consequences of the expression of A5P, A7L, mA5P, and mA7L. These data provide new information on the consequences of differences in the primary structure and cellular location of GPX1 proteins and contribute to the understanding of how these effects might contribute to human disease.

Aim: To understand the effects of gallic acid (GA) on ampicillin (Amp) sensitive or resistant strain of Pseudomonas sp. and also in modulating the corresponding biofilms. Methodology: The cell viability was determined by broth dilution, dry weight and CFU assays. Biofilm formation was measured by crystal violet assay while oxygen consumption rate was measured to verify the metabolic status of the cells. The membrane damage and drug efflux/accumulation were studied by fluorimetric assays. Results: GA transformed the Amp resistant cells, both planktonic and biofilms, into highly sensitive one by inducing membrane damage and enhancing accumulation of drug, whereas the Amp sensitive cells gained resistance against Amp. Conclusion: Use of GA as an antimicrobial compound should be analyzed more critically depending on the drug dosages, drug sensitivity as well as types of bacterial strains being studied.

Background Single piece implant in fixed prosthesis is widely been evaluated, however, long term evaluation of crestal bone loss and the wear of O-ring in single piece ball attachment implant supported overdenture is yet to be evaluated Purpose The present article evaluates the crestal bone loss around single piece ball attachment implants placed bilaterally in the canine region and the wear of O-ring in implant supported overdenture over a period of three years. Materials and Methods Twelve completely edentulous patients between the age group of 55-65 years were selected. Two 3.3 mm × 13 mm myriad snap fit implants were placed in the mandibular interforaminal region. All the implants were conventionally loaded at three months after surgical placement. Intra-oral periapical radiographs were made and crestal bone loss was measured at the end of one year and three years. The elasticity and wear of O-Ring was assessed after three years of usage. Results The crestal bone loss showed no significant difference between the first and third year after implant placement. The mean bone loss at the end of third year was 1.5 mm. Analysis of O-ring for change in the elasticity showed reduction in displacement and a significant increase in maximum displacement and elongation. The area of O-ring and yield stress did not show any changes from the standard value. Compression set damage was observed in the O-ring at the end of three years. Conclusions The present study shows that the bilateral single piece implant supported overdenture has a success rate equivalent to the two piece implant supported overdenture and is a viable treatment option.