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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and/or gender minority (LGBTQ+) people experience numerous health disparities. Graduate medical education (GME) programs need curricula to address these disparities. We sought to characterize curricula related to LGBTQ+ health in primary care specialty (internal medicine, combined internal medicine/pediatrics, family medicine, pediatrics, and geriatric medicine) GME, and to identify barriers experienced by program directors (PDs) in incorporating LGBTQ+ curriculum. We conducted a national survey study of PDs in August–October 2020 via Qualtrics. Overall, 292 of 1,571 eligible PDs responded (18.6%). Nearly a third of PDs (n= 96%; 32.9%) indicated that their program did not include any didactic training about LGBTQ+ health. Those who did indicated a mean of 5.4–5.7 hours in each year from PGY1-3 dedicated to LGBTQ+ health. Didactic and clinical training about LGBTQ+ health was overwhelmingly focused on content related to sexual health. PDs who indicated they had ‘out’ faculty were more likely to include didactic and clinical training on multiple aspects of LGBTQ+ health. Our results identify a significant gap and a need for the integration of LGBTQ+ content into primary care GME curricula with additional focus placed on domains associated with known mental and physical health disparities, beyond sexual health, and inclusion of transgender and gender diverse health needs. Programs may aim to accomplish this through recruitment of LGBTQ+ health educators, invitations to content experts in the field, and adaptation of existing resources to teach about LGBTQ+ health.

Introduction While great strides have been made in favor of the LGBT community overall, transgender individuals are still facing many legal challenges and suffer from more marked health issues and disparities compared to other members of the LGBT community. Our multimodal transgender curriculum was designed in accordance with the Kern model to address educational gaps in the area of transgender health. Methods This three-part module consists of: (1) a didactic PowerPoint presentation reviewing unique health issues and disparities experienced by transgender patients, (2) a small-group session viewing and analyzing a pair of videos showcasing competent and poor communication between a provider and a transgender patient, and (3) a large-group patient panel featuring members of the transgender community. Results One hundred and sixty-one students returned pre- and postworkshop surveys with 123 matched pairs. When comparing participants reported pre- and postworkshop confidence levels, the mean rating increased significantly for all three learning objectives. Based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = poor, 5 = excellent), participants’ mean ratings were highest for the patient panel at 4.5, compared to 3.9 for the large-group didactic lecture, and 3.8 for the small-group video session. Discussion The use of this multimodal approach using a didactic session, video-based case discussion, and patient panel provided a strong foundation and primer for transgender health and resulted in an increase in learner confidence in module objectives regarding care for the transgender community.

As of July 2013, pediatric resident trainee guidelines in the United States no longer require proficiency in nonneonatal tracheal intubation. We hypothesized that laryngoscopy by pediatric residents has decreased over time, with a more pronounced decrease after this guideline change.Prospective cohort study.Twenty-five PICUs at various children's hospitals across the United States.Tracheal intubations performed in PICUs from July 2010 to June 2016 in the multicenter tracheal intubation database (National Emergency Airway Registry for Children).None.Prospective cohort study in which all primary tracheal intubations occurring in the United States from July 2010 to June 2016 in the multicenter tracheal intubation database (National Emergency Airway Registry for Children) were analyzed. Participating PICU leaders were also asked to describe their local airway management training for residents. Resident participation trends over time, stratified by presence of a Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship and airway training curriculum for residents, were described. A total of 9,203 tracheal intubations from 25 PICUs were reported. Pediatric residents participated in 16% of tracheal intubations as first laryngoscopists: 14% in PICUs with a Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship and 34% in PICUs without one (p0.001). Resident participation decreased significantly over time (3.4% per year; p0.001). The decrease was significant in ICUs with a Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship (p0.001) but not in ICUs without one (p = 0.73). After adjusting for site-level clustering, patient characteristics, and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine fellowship presence, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education guideline change was not associated with lower participation by residents (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.59-1.24; p = 0.43). The downward trend of resident participation was similar regardless of the presence of an airway curriculum for residents.Laryngoscopy by pediatric residents has substantially decreased over time. This downward trend was not associated with the 2013 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education change in residency requirements.

Objectives Increasing evidence supports simulation-based training; however, limited data exist regarding its use in pediatric gastroenterology (GI). We explored the use of simulation-based endoscopy training in pediatric GI fellowship programs across North America. Methods GI fellowship program directors (PDs) from the United States and Canada were surveyed between August to November 2018. The pretested, electronic survey comprised 3 sections: program demographics; details of current simulation-based training; and PDs' perceptions of endoscopy simulation. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Forty-three of 71 (61%) PDs responded (6 Canadian, 37 US). Programs were predominantly academic (95%) and enrolled 1.87 ± 1.01 fellows/yr. Twenty-four programs (56%) reported using simulation for endoscopy training, whereas 8 (19%) used simulation for nonprocedural education. Only 2 programs (5%) used endoscopy simulation for assessment. Of those using simulation (n = 24), upper endoscopy and colonoscopy were trained most frequently, and mechanical simulators were used most commonly. Eight programs (33%) required simulation training prior to clinical performance. Although 10 programs (42%) provided protected training time, only 2 (8%) tracked hours. Three programs (13%) reported having an organized curriculum and 6 (25%) train their endoscopic trainers. Cost, time constraints, and lack of a standardized curriculum were perceived as key barriers to integration. Most PDs reported a need for endoscopy simulation to train both technical and nontechnical skills; however, they felt simulation cannot replace clinical experience. Conclusion PDs recognize the potential importance of endoscopy simulation, particularly for novices; however, only 56% report using it. Perceived barriers indicate the need for inexpensive portable simulators and a validated pediatric simulation curriculum to promote uptake.

IntroductionIntermittent hypoxemia (IH) is defined as episodic drops in oxygen saturation (SpO2). Preterm infants are at increased risk for IH due to their immature respiratory control/apnea of prematurity. The clinical relevance of IH is a relatively new observation with rising evidence linking IH to neonatal morbidities and long-term impairment. Hence, assessing factors that influence IH in preterm infants is imperative. Given the epidemic of opioid misuse in the USA, there is an urgent need to understand the impact of prenatal opioid exposure on neonatal outcomes. Hence, we wanted to assess the relationship between isolated prenatal opioid exposure and IH in preterm infants.MethodsIn order to accurately calculate IH, SpO2 data were prospectively collected using high-resolution pulse oximeters during the first 8 weeks of life in preterm infants less than 30 weeks gestational age. Data related to prenatal opioid misuse were retrospectively collected from medical charts. Infants with tobacco or poly-drug exposure were excluded. The primary outcome measure is percent time spent with SpO2 below 80% (%time-SpO2