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One of the most pressing challenges facing human society is the lack of freshwater, Traditional desalination is energy-intensive, posing challenges in energy-scarce regions, especially in less developed nations. Solar stills are a promising alternative but face efficiency limits due to design constraints. Previous studies have employed techniques like integrating reflectors and combining them with other solar still to enhance the evaporation section, but these have resulted in bulky and space-consuming vertical solar still (VSS) designs. This research proposes and evaluates a new vertical solar still (VSS) design to boost freshwater production by increasing evaporation rates. The study uses numerical simulations with Fluent 18.2 and indoor experiments to evaluate the new VSS design. The proposed VSS design introduces a wire mesh plate as an expanded surface behind the wick, improving heat and mass transfer processes at three distinct radiation rates (in two designs: fully mesh plate and partially mesh plate). The study shows that the fully mesh VSS design can boost efficiency by 10.72 %, producing 1384 ccm2 of freshwater, while the partially mesh VSS design can increase efficiency by 6.2 %, yielding 1328 ccm2. Wire mesh technology effectively enhances evaporation rates, addressing desalination energy challenges.

Electrothermal pumping is a recently trending method to force highly conductive fluids in a wide range of microfluidics applications with biological processes. Although most polymer fluids (biological and synthetic) are highly conductive exhibiting viscoelastic rheological properties that are relevant to biomedical applications, their behavior under the effect of electrothermal force has not yet been studied. To this aim, the PTT model (non-linear rheological constitutive equation) and electrothermal equations are implemented in the developed OpenFOAM solver. The effect of rheological characteristics of the fluids on the physical parameters such as velocity, elastic behavior, and vortices strength of electrothermal flow are investigated through the viscoelastic non-dimensional numbers. According to the results, electrothermal outlet velocity decreases by 726% as the retardation ratio (β number) increases from 0.2 to 0.9 and increases by 107% as the Weissenberg number raises from 0.001 to 10. Investigating all non-dimensional numbers simultaneously leads to the conclusion that higher electrothermal velocity is achieved by viscoelastic fluids with lower viscosity and higher relaxation time. This fact is useful for choosing the proper fluid for a particular application. As a practical example, 3000 ppm polyethylene oxide solution results in higher velocity in electrothermal flow compared to the 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone and 2000 ppm xanthan gum solution.

Background This study was based on three objectives which included; financial accessibility and growth of small scale, financial technology and growth of small and medium enterprises, financial literacy and growth of small and medium enterprises. The study was guided by three theories which include; the resource-based theory, neoclassic theory, and finance growth theory. Methodology The study employed a descriptive study design and sectional survey was used and a sample size of 186 respondents was used from a target population of 360 SMEs operating in the Makindye urban division. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (correlation and regression) with the aid of SPSS. Results The study findings concerning the main objective indicated that financial inclusion influences the growth of small and medium enterprises in Makindye urban division, Kampala, Uganda. The findings indicate financial accessibility as a major challenge limiting the growth of SMEs in Makindye urban division since most of the respondents disagreed that they easily access finance financial technology was also another challenge that limited their growth while financial literacy wasn’t a challenge to the owners of SMEs in this area. There is a moderate positive significant relationship between financial inclusion and the growth of SMEs in Makindye Urban Division. Conclusion SMEs around are limited to accessing financial services by financial players financial technology in terms of mobile money and mobile banking are being used in SMEs which is improving their growth. Financial literacy has a positive relationship with the growth of SMEs in Makindye Urban Division Recommendation There is a need for sensitization of the financial inclusion strategies to the beneficiaries. Financial institutions must make SMEs aware of the importance of full disclosure of the personal and business information required when looking for financial services.

One of the most significant sources of government funding that has an impact on social and economic trends is tax income. One of the most significant elements impacting macroeconomic variables, particularly tax income, are exchange rate swings. In this regard, the current study has looked at the impact of currency rate changes on tax receipts in the Iranian economy from 1979 to 2018. The World Bank, the Iranian Statistics Center, and the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran's economic time series databases were used to extract the necessary data. To do this, the actual exchange rate fluctuation was first calculated using the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heterogeneity Variance (GARCH) model, and the required relationships were then estimated using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The study's findings indicated that increased exchange rate swings when a firm is open and have an impact on tax income and put it at risk, which causes a short-term decline in tax revenue.

تُعدّ المفارقة من أهمّ الأسس الجمالية في الأدب العربي المعاصر عموماً وفي الشعر العربي المعاصر على وجه أخصّ بحيث تناول الأدباء والكتّاب والشعراء هذه التقانة بطرائق متنوّعة، تسمح لهم بالدخول إلى عالم النص الأدبي، وتؤدّي مجموعة كبيرة من الوظائف التي تختلف مستوياتها من نصّ إلى آخر، إذ لا يمكن إدراك طبيعة النصّ الأدبي ودلالاتها من دون فهم مصطلح المفارقة واستيعاب ردودها فتعدّدت الدراسات حول المفارقة وأنواعها وكيفية توظيفها في الأثر الأدبي، وبما أنّ للمفارقة أنواع ليست بقليلة إلا أنّ معظم الدراسات قد اقتصرت حول المفارقة اللغوية، وقد امتلأت نصوص محمود درويش بالمفارقات المختلفة، لاسيما المفارقة اللغوية، وله أصوات منفردة في تاريخ الشعر العربي المعاصر، وقارئ شعره بوسعه أن يتلمس هذا التفرّد عن كلّ الأصوات الشعرية التي سبقته أو عاصرته أو جاءت بعده. فتأتي جدة البحث وإبداعه أنّنا درسنا النصوص الشعرية لدرويش على أساس المفارقة التصويرية، ووفقاً لهذا المعيار وقد تمّ اختيار "جداريته" ودُرست وفقاً للمفارقة التصويرية، كي تكون دراسة مستقلة تعتبر مقوّماَ من المقوّمات الشعرية في "جداريته" الّتي وظّفها الشاعر كعنصر فنّي لإبراز أفكاره وعواطفه، واستعمل خلالها أنواع التقنيات الحديثة، ممّا أثارت إدهاش القارئ وتحفيزه علي تأمل النصّ وتحريك الفكر والحواس. يحاول هذا البحث التطرّق إلى موضوعات مثل مفارقة الخيال

The demand for a more efficient and targeted method for intranasal drug delivery has led to sophisticated device design, delivery methods, and aerosol properties. Due to the complex nasal geometry and measurement limitations, numerical modeling is an appropriate approach to simulate the airflow, aerosol dispersion, and deposition for the initial assessment of novel methodologies for better drug delivery. In this study, a CT-based, 3D-printed model of a realistic nasal airway was reconstructed, and airflow pressure, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and aerosol deposition patterns were simultaneously investigated. Different inhalation flowrates (5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 L/min) and aerosol sizes (1, 1.5, 2.5, 3, 6, 15, and 30 µm) were simulated using laminar and SST viscous models, with the results compared and verified by experimental data. The results revealed that from the vestibule to the nasopharynx, the pressure drop was negligible for flow rates of 5, 10, and 15 L/min, while for flow rates of 30 and 40 L/min, a considerable pressure drop was observed by approximately 14 and 10%, respectively. However, from the nasopharynx and trachea, this reduction was approximately 70%. The aerosol deposition fraction alongside the nasal cavities and upper airway showed a significant difference in pattern, dependent on particle size. More than 90% of the initiated particles were deposited in the anterior region, while just under 20% of the injected ultrafine particles were deposited in this area. The turbulent and laminar models showed slightly different values for the deposition fraction and efficiency of drug delivery for ultrafine particles (about 5%); however, the deposition pattern for ultrafine particles was very different.

Nowadays, the optimal use of energy, speed increase, fuel consumption reduction and environmental pollution prevention are essential in the ship design and manufacturing discussion. So it is critical to be able to estimate ship's response to waves, since the resulting added resistance and increasing fuel consumption also increasing environmental pollution. In this study, the numerical solution of the Iran-Bushehr container ship model was determined to simulate the free surface flow around the hull and estimate the total resistance and investigate ship motions in 2 degree-of-freedom (heave and pitch) in regular head waves. Finally, the results of simulation in different conditions are presented and compared. KCS container ship used for validation. CFD codes in Star-CCM+ used to calculate three dimensional, incompressible, unsteady RANS equations.

Background: Tracheoesophageal voice prostheses (TVPs) have been the gold standard in rehabilitation, after laryngectomy, producing faster and premier voicing towards esophageal speech. Fungal colonization shortens the device’s lifetime and leads to prosthesis dysfunction, leakage, and subsequent respiratory infection. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to investigate the fungal colonization patterns and to propose prophylactic measures that shall increase the longevity of voice prosthesis. Methods: Failed TVPs were removed - due to leakage and/or aspiration - from 66 post laryngectomy patients and examined. They were referred to Amiralam and Rasoul Hospital, the main centers of Ear, Nose, and Throat in Tehran, Iran from April 2018 to January 2020. Fungal colonization patterns were assessed using DNA sequencing techniques. Furthermore, the susceptibility to fluconazole, amphotericin B, nystatin, and white vinegar was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Resident fungal species from the upper airways colonized all the 66 TVPs (100%). Diabetes (31%) and smoking (98%) were the predominant underlying disease and predisposing factors, respectively. Among the 79 fungal agents isolated from the 66 TVPs, Candida glabrata (n=25, 31.7%) was the most common. A significant reduction in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were observed for white vinegar when used alone (P

The objective of this study was to compare the therapeutic potential of canine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSCs) augmented mesh scaffold for wound healing potential in guinea pig before and after cryopreservation. Bone marrow aspirate was obtained from healthy dogs and culture was expanded in vitro. MSCs augmented mesh scaffold were cryopreserved for 30 days and then used for therapeutic purposes. Both fresh and frozen thaw MSCs augmented mesh scaffold along with fresh MSCs were used for therapeutic purposes in guinea pig. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed in population doubling time (PDT) among fresh and frozen thawed BM MSCs. Both fresh and frozen thawed BM MSCs expressed cell surface markers (CD73, CD90, and CD105), and did not express CD34 as was confirmed by Immunocytochemistry and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. The fresh and frozen thawed BM MSCs successfully differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages. Therapeutic results revealed that the percent wound contraction on day 14 was more than 65 % for the mesh augmented with MSCs as well as freshly injected MSCs group as against 33–34 % in the control group. Healed wound quality parameters viz. surface epithelium, neovascularization, and collagen characteristics were better for the mesh augmented with MSCs as well as freshly injected MSCs group compared to the control group. No significant difference was noted among fresh and frozen thawed BM MSCs group and fresh MSCs injected group. Thus, it is concluded from this study that canine BM MSCs augmented mesh scaffold both fresh and frozen thaw can be used for quality wound healing.

Introduction: Potato virus x (PVX) is one of the most devastating viruses in the fields of tobacco and no effective method to control the virus has been provided yet. Magnetism is known as one of the environmental stresses that can directly or indirectly affect the plants, especially plants under stress. The magnetic fields can have beneficial affects plants. Materials and Methods: In the present study to investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields on PVX control, an experiment based on completely randomized design with eleven treatments (10, 50 and 90 mT in a period of 60, 90 and 120 minutes on tobacco seedlings infected with the virus and two control, and the other one is free from analog infected with the virus) in tobacco seedlings carried on six repeats.. After inoculation at the four-leaf stage and after 14 days, the amount of turbidity virus infection rate is calculated and then ensure equality of tobacco seedlings, where the electromagnetic device. 30 days after applying an electromagnetic field analysis of the results of ELISA test two samples were tested with antisera Chndhmsanh of PVX. The amount of salicylic acid and the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia in systemic acquired resistance and plant defense mechanisms are involved, the treatments were measured, for evaluation of HPLC as salicylic acid and phenylalanine ammonia-based assessment of trans-cinnamic acid was used. Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis ELISA test results revealed that there is a significant difference between treatments 0/05. So that the treatment was a no pollution treatment and 11 who were infected but had not been exposed to the electromagnetic field had a significant difference compared to other treatments, among the treatments that were exposed to the electromagnetic field treatment 8 (100 mT, 120 minutes) showed the lowest OD in ELISA and later treatment 7 (50 mT and 60 minutes) was the lowest OD, the two treatments were observed in less than two OD. If the treatment number 11, OD (2/85) and in pollution-free treatment that was an OD (0/35) was observed. The OD also in other treatments were not exposed between 2.00 to 2.46 were visible. The results showed that the treatment 11 (infected control) actually infected treatment that has not been exposed, and treatment 8 is the most desirable treatment for a reduction in the OD, the difference in the OD are available 0/98. The results suggest that the electromagnetic field decreases the amount of OD in tobacco seedlings are infected with PVX. Researchers said electromagnetic field growth rate and the number of spores grown in three species are affected. In another study, it was found that the impact on dry and wet mycorrhiza. The electromagnetic field decreases witches' broom disease infected lemon trees that were probably due to the decline phytoplasmas in plant tissues. Another study on the antibacterial effects of electromagnetic fields on Serratia marcescens was conducted, which resulted in the inhibition of bacterial growth. The results of salicylic acid and PAL determine the tobacco crop treatments, there are significant differences in the level of 0/05. So that treatment (7) (50 mT, 60 min) the highest salicylic acid and treatment 1 (control non-infected) showed the lowest rates. Also, reviews PAL treatment and treatment (7) most (1) (see non-polluting) had the lowest. In fact, with the arrival of the pathogen to the host salicylic acid and phenylalanine ammonia will increase. But the electromagnetic stress in some treatments of both traits, from infected plants, should take over. However, some treatments less than 11 treatments (infection control) is (but treatment Salicylic acid (4) was less than healthy plant). Interestingly, in both treatments was the highest for both traits in treatments of 7, 6 and 5, respectively. Pre-plant treatments with salicylic acid caused a significant increase in the PAL activity, which indicates the role of these enzymes in plant defense mechanism, the researchers concluded that electromagnetic frequency is very low, possibly because of the resistance of tobacco to TMV and increased Ca2+ signaling pathway involving PAL and ODC hormones in plants. Conclusions: Comparing results of ELISA plants that had been under different electromagnetic fields the survey showed that 11 infected untreated control treatment without exposure possession was the highest infection. While treatment 8 (100 mT and 120 minutes) and 7 (50 mT for 60 minutes) showed the least amount of turbidity virus. Also in measuring hormone salicylic acid and PAL significant difference between treatments in both studies showed that treatment trait No. 7 in both traits were seen as the highest value. These results suggest a positive effect in reducing turbidity electromagnetic virus, an increase of salicylic acid and phenylalanine ammonia enzymes, hormones and enzymes that are involved in plant defense mechanisms as well.

The article discusses a study which examines the graphitization in blast furnace coke samples. High temperature X-ray diffraction and thermal diffusivity measurements were performed to determine the degree of graphitization. The study found that the degree of graphitization depends on temperature. Thermal diffusivities also increase with the degree of graphitization.

In this work, numerical study of two dimensional laminar incompressible flow around an oscillating NACA0012 airfoil is proceeded using the open source code OpenFOAM. Oscillatory motion types including pitching and flapping are considered. Reynolds number for these motions is assumed to be 12000 and effects of these motions and also different unsteady parameters such as amplitude and reduced frequency on aerodynamic coefficients are studied. For flow control on airfoil, dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is used in two different positions on airfoil and its effect is compared for the two types of considered oscillating motions. It is observed that in pitching motion, imposing plasma leads to an improvement in aerodynamic coefficients, but it does not have any positive effect on flapping motion. Also, for the amplitudes and frequencies investigated in this paper, the trailing edge plasma had a more desirable effect than other positions. Keywords: Airfoil, Flapping, Oscillating, Plasma, Pitching

In this work, a numerical study of two dimensional laminar incompressible flow around the flexible oscillating NACA0012 airfoil is performed using the open source code OpenFOAM. Oscillatory motion types including pitching and flapping is considered. Reynolds number for these motions is assumed fixed at 12000. One of the important issues that must be considered in designing air structures, in particular the aircraft wing, is the interaction between the air and the elastic aircraft wings that is known as the Aeroelastic phenomenon. For this purpose, the effect of airfoil flexibility and flow induced vibration in these motion types is investigated and compared with the case of rigid airfoil. It is observed that the flexibility in both types of motions causes improvement of the thrust which is boosted with increasing the frequency. Contrary to thrust, the significant improvement of lift is only achievable in high frequencies. It was also found that the effect of flexibility on the flapping motion is higher than the pitching motion. For flow control on the airfoil, Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma actuator is used in the trailing edge of a flexible airfoil, and its effect on the flexible airfoil is also investigated.

درس تفکر و سبک زندگی با هدف تقویت مهارت های تفکر و سبک زندگی دانش آموزان در بعضی مدارس ابتدایی کشوراجرا شده است. هدف: مطالعه ی حاضر، بررسی تأثیرآموزش کتاب » تفکر و سبک زندگی » بر مهارت های تفکر و سبکزندگی دان شآموزان شهرستان قلعه گنج به انجام رسیده و در پی بررسی میزان تأثیرگذاری این درس آزمایشی بودهاست.روش: روش این پژوهش، نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون - پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود، جامعه پژوهش شاملکلیه دان شآموزان پایه ششم ابتدایی شهرستان قلعه گنج در سال تحصیلی ۹۳- ۹۴ بود. نمونه مورد مطالعه شامل 48نفر بود که در قالب ۳ گروه ۱۶ در سه گروه مداخله، شبه مداخله وگواه با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخابو جایگزاری شدند. برای گردآوری اطلاعات از پرسش نامه ی 20 سوالی مهارت تفکر و پرسش نامه ی 30 سوالی سبکزندگی استفاده شده است. داد هها با کمک نرم افزار SPSS 21 وبا استفاده ازآماره های توصیفی، تحلیل کواریانس و تحلیلواریانس چندمتغیره تجزیه و تحلیل شدند.یافته ها: یافته های این مطالعه، نشان دادندکه آموزش تفکر بر یادگیری تفکر و سبک زندگی دان شآموزان مؤثر بوده است.بعلاوه میزان اثربخشی مداخله بر زیرمقیاس های 10 گانه سبک زندگی تفاو تهایی را نشان داد. یافته ها در قالب جایگاهنظری موجود و ادبیات پژوهش تبیین شده اند. بنا بر نتایج، تعمیق و آموزش این گونه دوره های آموزشی و تربیتیتوصیه می شود.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after cardiac surgery. AF leads to longer duration of hospitalization, thromboembolism, and impaired hemodynamics after heart surgery. One of the most important causes of postoperative AF, inflammation, and oxidative stress status. For this reason, it is useful to control the dysrhythmia. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as an antioxidant that has an important role in reducing the incidence of postoperative AF. The present study aimed at administering CoQ10 as a way to reduce the incidence of post-CABG atrial fibrillation. Methods: In this double-blind randomized controlled trial study, 80 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center from April to November 2014, randomized are divided into intervention and control groups to receive placebo or CoQ10 The surgical characteristics of the patients in two groups were similar. The intervention group will receive the oral CoQ10 supplement 150 mg/d for 7 days before surgery. After operation two groups were compared regarding important outcomes such as postoperative arrhythmia, intensive care unite (ICU) stay and hospital stay. Atrial arrhythmias are considered significant If more than 10 minutes duration atrial and with a shorter duration of arrhythmia, but with recurrence again. Results: Thirty-eight women and forty-two men with a mean age of 58.37±7.98 years were enrolled in the study in two CoQ10 and placebo groups (each consisting of 40 patients). The incidence of postoperative AF was 45% in the control group to 20% in the intervention group decreased after supplementation (P=0.030). ICU stay and length of in-hospital stay did not significant. The incidence of arrhythmias ventricular tachycardia (VT) and VF in this period was not significant (P=0.865). Conclusion: Q10 supplements have low side effects. Due to the reduction in the incidence of AF in patients after, CABG, these supplements can be recommended for the prevention of AF.

The endotoxin is one of pollutants with lipopolysaccharide structure which release from gram negative bacteria and cyanobacters. The aim of this study was removal of endotoxin from water using catalytic ozonation by bone char. The endotoxin for experiments have extracted from Escherichia coli bacterium cell wall by Stefan and Jan method. Chromogenic limulus ambusite lysate method in 405-410 nm wave length was used for analysing of endotoxin. The ozone have analysed by potassium iodine method. Results: Results of the research shown endotoxin removal rates using heterogenous catalytic ozonation were 6.0 Eu/ml.min and 0.5 Eu/ml.min for grey bone char and white bone char, respectively. The efficency of the process was found eighty percent. Primary concentration of basic compounds had no effect on endotoxin removal rate. Therefore, endotoxin removal kinetic of reaction is a zero order reaction. This study revealed that ozonation process using bone char is more efficient than other proposed methods such as ozonation or chlorination and can be used successfully for endotoxin removal from water as a efficient method.

(AD) مقدمه: درماتیت آتوپیک شایع‌ترین اگزمای شیرخوارگی است که میزان شیوع آن درکودکان کشورهای غربی 10 تا 25 درصد می‌باشد. با توجه به عوارض جانبی درمان‌های موجود، نیاز به یک عامل درمانی ایمن‌تر وجود دارد. طبق مطالعات، Prebiotic‌ها نقش مهمی در پیش‌گیری و درمان درماتیت آتوپیک ایفا می‌نمایند. بنابراین، هدف این مطالعه تعیین اثربخشی مصرف مکمل Prebiotic در کاهش شدت درماتیت آتوپیک در کودکان 24-7 ماهه‌ی مبتلای ساکن اصفهان بود. روش‌ها: 70 کودک 24-7 ماهه‌ی مبتلا به درماتیت آتوپیک در یک کارآزمایی بالینی شاهددار تمام کور، با تخصیص تصادفی ساده به گروه دریافت کننده‌ی Prebiotic (مخلوط مساوی فروکتوالیگوساکارید و اینولین) و دارونما (پودر مالتودکسترین) تقسیم شدند و به مدت 3 ماه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. در آغاز و پایان مطالعه، پرسش‌نامه‌ی آزمون SCORAD توسط پزشک از تمام کودکان تکمیل گردید. داده‌های گردآوری شده با به کارگیری نرم‌افزار SPSSو استفاده از آزمون‌های آماری t زوج و مستقل تجزیه و تحلیل شد. مقدار P کمتر از 05/0 معنی‌دار در نظر گرفته شد.. یافته‌ها: میانگین نمره‌ی آزمون پیش از مداخله در دو گروه آزمایش و شاهد تفاوت معنی‌دار نداشت (به ترتیب 6/23 ± 9/53 و 9/20 ± 4/43). پس از مداخله، میانگین این نمایه در هر دو گروه کاهش یافت ولی اختلاف بین دو گروه معنی‌دار بود (به ترتیب 6/9 ± 3/4 و 0/13 ± 4/19؛ 001/0 > P). Prebiotic درکاهش شدت درماتیت آتوپیک درکودکان مؤثر است.نتیجه‌گیری: مکمل

Background: One of the most important enzymatic disorders that interact with malaria is deficiency of G6PD (Gloucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). This enzyme protects red blood cells from hydrogen peroxide and other oxidative damages. Distribution of this enzyme deficiency usually accompanies with low level distribution of malaria disease in most malarious areas. So this hypothesis may be considered that the G6PD deficiency could be protective against malaria. Methods: Totally 160 samples were taken from vivax malaria infected and non-infected individuals. Preparing blood smears and quantitative test for G6PD deficiency were employed for all of the samples. To ensure accuracy of the malaria in negative samples besides using microscopical examination,semi-nested multiplex PCR was also performed for the two groups. Results: In microscopical examination 36 and 124 samples were vivax malaria positive and negative respectively. Out of 36 P.vivax positive cases 3 (8.3%) cases were detected to be G6PD deficient versus 30 (24.2%) cases out of 124 P. vivax negative cases. The results showed a significant differentiation between P. vivax positive and P. vivax negative cases in the rate of G6PD deficiency (3/36 in positive cases versus 30/124 in negative cases) (P

Similar (assimilation) is one of the linguistic phoneme phenomena that were and still play an important role in the development that occurs in languages ​​in general for historical and sometimes contextual reasons. In general, people tend to achieve this phenomenon as a result of their tendency to exert the least muscle effort (least muscular efort) possible while using language in its daily dealings economy in the muscle effort (economy ofeffort). Done by the human speech device. Through extensive study of the Arabic and English languages, we saw that there are points of convergence between the first Arab linguists such as Hebron, Sibawayh, Ibn Geni, and the linguists of the West, especially the modernists, such as Jones, Gimson, Ward, and Abercrombie, to pay attention to this phenomenon and explain its different cases. It is noticed that these two languages ​​are replete with examples that fall within this classification of linguistic phenomena, so we have seen that a corresponding study of this phenomenon in both languages ​​can better illustrate the picture and show the similarities and differences in its many types that we will deal with in detail in our research. The results of our research can also benefit English language learners from Arabic speakers on the one hand, and Arabic language learners from English speakers on the other hand. The study dealt with the definition of the phenomenon as it appeared in the literature of Arab and Western linguists, and specifying its types according to three criteria in permissibility or obligation, the direction of influence, and degree of influence, explaining each type within the scope of one word or in two adjacent words (i.e. in related words and we will review in our analysis of this Examples of similarities and differences wherever they are found, and we hope that this study will be an incentive for linguists to carry out research and opposite studies for other important linguistic phenomena.

Objective: Inflammatory diseases are influenced by oxidative stress. Oxidatively damaged 8-oxoG in DNA is linked to inflammation. The enzyme OGG1 is responsible for repairing the damaged base in the DNA which is linked to pro-inflammatory signaling and severe inflammation. This study aims to explore the potential of targeting OGG1 as a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory disease conditions., Methods: A comprehensive search and review of literature were conducted using appropriate scientific databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and other references to obtain relevant information that suited the title and content of this article., Results: Compelling pieces of evidence from many previous studies have shown the crucial role of the OGG1/8oxoG pathway in inflammatory disease conditions, leading to severe inflammatory response and death. Therefore, based on these pieces of evidence, targeting this enzyme (OGG1) using specific pharmacological inhibitors or interventions might lead to downregulation and amelioration of severe inflammation to reduce the morbimortality related to several disease conditions., Conclusion: This review highlighted the molecular mechanism of OGG1 activity via the 8-oxo/OGG1 pathway and its role in inflammation and inflammatory disease conditions. Due to the paucity of studies involving OGG1in inflammatory infectious diseases, further research projects are needed to explore the therapeutic potential of various OGG1 inhibitors to serve as novel therapeutic strategies in infectious inflammatory diseases of medical importance in developing countries such as malaria, meningitis, tuberculosis among others.

Phytochemicals are compounds found in plants that possess a variety of bioactive properties, including antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of phytochemicals in targeting specific signalling pathways involved in cytokine storm, a life-threatening clinical condition resulting from excessive immune cell activation and oversupply of proinflammatory cytokines. Several studies have documented the immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals on immune function, including their ability to regulate essential cellular and molecular interactions of immune system cells. This makes them a promising alternative for cytokine storm management, especially when combined with existing chemotherapies. Furthermore, phytochemicals have been found to target multiple signalling pathways, including the TNF-α/NF-κB, IL-1/NF-κB, IFN-γ/JAK/STAT, and IL-6/JAK-STAT. These pathways play critical roles in the development and progression of cytokine storm, and targeting them with phytochemicals represents a promising strategy for controlling cytokine release and the subsequent inflammation. Studies have also investigated certain families of plant-related constituents and their potential immunomodulatory actions. In vivo and in vitro studies have reported the immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals, which provide viable alternatives in the management of cytokine storm syndrome. The collective data from previous studies suggest that phytochemicals represent a potentially functional source of cytokine storm treatment and promote further exploration of these compounds as immunomodulatory agents for suppressing specific signalling cascade responses. Overall, the previous research findings support the use of phytochemicals as a complementary approach in managing cytokine storm and improving patient outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2024 The Authors.)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO report, the morbidity and mortality caused by CVD will continue to rise with the estimation of death going up to 22.2 million in 2030. NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in sustained oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Seven distinct members of the family have been identified of which four (namely, NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular functions. Currently, the treatment and management plan for patients with CVDs mainly depends on the drugs. However, prolonged use of prescribed drugs may cause adverse drug reactions. Therefore, it is crucial to find alternative treatment options with lesser adverse effects. Natural products have been gaining interest as complementary therapy for CVDs over the past decade due to their wide range of medicinal properties, including antioxidants. These might be due to their potent active ingredients, such as flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Numerous natural compounds have been demonstrated to have advantageous effects on cardiovascular disease via NADPH cascade. This review highlights the potential of natural products targeting NOX-derived ROS generation in treating CVDs. Emphasis is put on the activation of the oxidases, including upstream or downstream signalling events.

During the third week of human pregnancy, an embryo transforms from two germinal disc layers of hypoblast and epiblast to three germinal layers of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. Gastrulation is a complex process that includes cellular mobility, morphogenesis and cell signalling, as well as chemical morphogenic gradients, transcription factors and differential gene expression. During gastrulation, many signalling channels coordinate individual cell actions in precise time and location. These channels control cell proliferation, shape, fate and migration to the correct sites. Subsequently, the anteroposterior (AP), dorsoventral (DV) and left-right (LR) body axes are formed before and during gastrulation via these signalling regulation signals. Hence, the anomalies in gastrulation caused by insults to certain molecular pathways manifest as a wide range of body axes-related disorders. This article outlines the formation of body axes during gastrulation and the anomalies as well as the clinical implications., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest None., (© Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2022.)

Clinacanthus nutans dichloromethane fraction (CN-Dcm) extract has previously been proven to suppress breast cancer (MCF7) cell proliferation. Despite this, the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis mechanisms involved in C. nutans extract-treated MCF7 cells are still unknown. This study was intended to subfractionate CN-Dcm extract using column chromatography and analyse the treated MCF7 cells using the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation (MTS) assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay, western blot, and reverse transcription-qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Out of nine subfraction extracts (SF1 to SF9), SF2 extract strongly inhibited MCF7 cells with the lowest IC 50 value (23.51 ± 1.00 µg/mL) and substantially induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cells. In treated MCF7 cells, SF2 extract significantly upregulated the expression of P53, BAX, BID, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, while downregulating the expression of BCL2. The presence of potential bioactive chemical compounds in the SF2 extract was identified using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Thus, the SF2 extract has the potential to induce apoptosis in MCF7 cells through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

In the vascular wall, defence against pathogenic damage requires a group of monocytes, the endothelium, dendritic cells, macrophages and a subsequent involvement of pattern recognition receptors anticipating damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to initiate an innate immune response. The endothelium plays a crucial role in regulating the duration, location and extent of the inflammatory cascade to ensure a definitive immune defence. Molecular changes in the expression of chemokines and cell adhesion molecules ensure protective responses against infection and injury. The multiprotein oligomer complex nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a key role in the activation of inflammatory processes in response to DAMPs and pattern-associated molecular patterns. As a result of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase-1 is activated and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is produced. Caspase-1 is the main mediator of inflammatory feedback to tissue injury, and it is engaged both in the initiation of the inflammatory response and in the induction of cell death. NLRP3 inflammasome promotes further inflammatory responses and pyroptosis in the vascular endothelium; thus, its optimum regulation is crucial in cardiovascular homeostasis. This review outlines our current perception of the role of NLRP3 in vascular endothelial cells., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest None., (© Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2022.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects the elderly and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration caused by different pathologies. The most significant challenges in treating AD include the inability of medications to reach the brain because of its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, current evidence suggests the disruption of BBB plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. One of the critical challenges in treating AD is the ineffective treatments and their severe adverse effects. Nanotechnology offers an alternative approach to facilitate the treatment of AD by overcoming the challenges in drug transport across the BBB. Various nanoparticles (NP) loaded with natural products were reported to aid in drug delivery for the treatment of AD. The nano-sized entities of NP are great platforms for incorporating active materials from natural products into formulations that can be delivered effectively to the intended action site without compromising the material's bioactivity. The review highlights the applications of medicinal plants, their derived components, and various nanomedicinebased approaches for the treatment of AD. The combination of medicinal plants and nanotechnology may lead to new theragnostic solutions for the treatment of AD in the future., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Paeonol is a naturally existing bioactive compound found in the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa and it is traditionally used in Chinese medicine for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. To date, a great deal of studies has been reported on the pharmacological effects of paeonol and its mechanisms of action in various diseases and conditions. In this review, the underlying mechanism of action of paeonol in cardiovascular disease has been elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that paeonol treatment improved endothelium injury, demoted inflammation, ameliorated oxidative stress, suppressed vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and repressed platelet activation. Paeonol has been reported to effectively protect the cardiovascular system either employed alone or in combination with other traditional medicines, thus, signifying it could be a hypothetically alternative or complementary atherosclerosis treatment. This review summarizes the biological and pharmacological activities of paeonol in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and its associated underlying mechanisms for a better insight for future clinical practices.

A 43-year-old male patient with underlying diabetes mellitus presented with lower abdominal pain radiating to left thigh. He was hemodynamically stable, but appeared lethargic. Both iliac fossae were tender, and crepitus appreciated along the anteromedial aspect of the left thigh. The patient initially responded well to treatment and was discharged; however, he was re-admitted several months later due to recurrent collection showing the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the culture and succumbed to sepsis due to deep-seated intramuscular abscess and lung empyema. In conclusion, psoas abscess is a condition that can mimic various pathologies related to the lower abdomen and, therefore, clinicians should always have a high index of suspicion to prevent a missed diagnosis. Early detection may yield good outcomes, if managed with adequate surgical drainage and appropriate antibiotics.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as angina, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and heart failure are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One of the major transcription factors widely associated with CVDs is nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB). NFκB activation initiates the canonical and non-conical pathways that promotes activation of transcription factors leading to inflammation, such as leukocyte adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines. Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenolic compounds found abundantly in various fruits, vegetables, beverages (tea, coffee), nuts, and cereal products with cardiovascular protective properties. Flavonoids can be classified into six subgroups based on their chemical structures: flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. As NFκB inhibitors, these flavonoids may modulate the expression of pro-inflammatory genes leading to the attenuation of the inflammatory responses underlying various cardiovascular pathology. This review presents an update on the anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids via inhibition of NFκB mechanism supporting the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds in various CVDs., (Copyright © 2019 Choy, Murugan, Leong, Abas, Alias and Mustafa.)

Introduction: Food safety concerns remain a challenge across nations and among citizens. Microbial contamination of foods and antibiotic resistance constitutes a global threat to food security. The present study assessed microbial quality of "Tuo-Zaafi" sold in the Tamale metropolis as well as antibiotic resistance of isolates from these products., Results: Samples were collected aseptically and transported to the Spanish laboratory complex of the University for Development Studies, Ghana, for microbial analysis. E. coli which recorded the highest occurrence was detected in 50% of the T.Z samples with bacterial loads ranging from < 100 to 2.3 × 10 6 cfu/g (4.49 × 10 5  ± 5.72 × 10 4  cfu/g). Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus recorded the least occurrence representing 33.3%. There were significant differences in the levels of E. coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus ( p  < .001) across the four zones demarcated. Results of the antibiotic test revealed higher resistance to the antibiotics employed in the present study (81%). Susceptibility of microbes to ciprofloxacin (100%) was the highest, and higher resistance to gentamycin (100%) was observed in this study., Conclusion: The study revealed that T.Z sold in the business district of Tamale could constitute a likely health risk to consumers especially when it is consumed in a cold state. It is hereby recommended that the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) should enforce food hygiene laws and ensure strict adherence., Competing Interests: There were no competing interests among the authors., (© 2019 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Despite the availability of anticancer drugs, breast cancer remains the most death-causing tumor-related disease in women. Hence, there is a need for discovery and development of efficient alternative drugs, and sources such as plants need to be explored. In this study, antioxidant capacities and inhibitory effects against MCF7 cells of the extracts of stem bark of three Nigerian medicinal plants ( Detarium microcarpum , Guiera senegalensis, and Cassia siamea ) were investigated. The D. microcarpum extracts had the highest antioxidant and antiproliferative effects, followed by that of G. senegalensis , and the C. siamea extracts had minimal effects. The IC 50 values of the methanol and aqueous extracts from the three plants that inhibited the proliferation of MCF7 cells ranged from 78-> 500 μ g/ml. Moreover, all the plant extracts but the aqueous extract of Cassia siamea exhibited antimetastatic action and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MCF7 cells. Liquid chromatography/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry profiling revealed that the five potent extracts contain many phenols and omega-6 fatty acids, and some of the identified compounds (isorhamnetin, eupatorin, alpinumisoflavone, procyanidin B3, syringin, and gallic acid) have been reported to have antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. Hence, the stem bark of these plants could be potential sources of antibreast cancer agents.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the antiproliferative activity of extracts of Clinacanthus nutans leaves against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Methods: C. nutans leaves were subjected to extraction using 80% methanol or water. The methanol extract was further extracted to obtain hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and aqueous fractions. The antiproliferative activity of the extracts against HeLa cells was determined. The most cytotoxic extract was furthered analyzed by apoptosis and cell cycle assays, and the phytochemical constituents were screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: All of the extracts were antiproliferative against HeLa cells, and the DCM fraction had the lowest IC50 value of 70 μg/mL at 48 h. Microscopic studies showed that HeLa cells exposed to the DCM fraction exhibited marked morphological features of apoptosis. The flow cytometry study also confirmed that the DCM fraction induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, with cell cycle arrest at the S phase. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of at least 28 compounds in the DCM fraction, most of which were fatty acids. Conclusion: The DCM fraction obtained using the extraction method described herein had a lower IC50 value than those reported in previous studies that characterized the anticancer activity of C. nutans against HeLa cells., (Creative Commons Attribution License)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the risk factors in the development of vascular complications. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and increased lipid peroxidation in diabetes mellitus are the dominant exaggerating factors. Mormodica charantia (MC) was proven to be useful in improving diabetes mellitus and its complications. In the present study, a total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Diabetes was induced by a single dose (50 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ), intramuscularly. Following 4 weeks of STZ induction, the animals were equally divided into five groups (n = 8); Control group (Ctrl), control group treated with MC (Ctrl-MC), diabetic untreated group (DM-Ctrl), diabetic group treated with MC (DM-MC) and diabetic group treated with metformin 150 g/kg (DM-Met). Oral administration of the MC fruit extract (1.5 g/kg) was continued for 28 days. DM-MC group showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the DM-Ctrl group. Aortic tissue NO level was significantly increased and malondialdehyde level was decreased in the DM-MC group. Immunohistochemical staining showed an increase in eNOS expression in the endothelial lining of the DM-MC group. Similarly, morphological deterioration of the aortic tissues was reverted to normal. In summary, treatment with the MC fruit extract exerted the significant vasculoprotective effect in the type 1 diabetic rat model.

In diabetes mellitus, cardiac fibrosis is characterized by increase in the deposition of collagen fibers. The present study aimed to observe the effect of Momordica charantia (MC) fruit extract on hyperglycaemia-induced cardiac fibrosis. Diabetes was induced in the male Sprague-Dawley rats with a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Following 4 weeks of STZ induction, the rats were subdivided (n = 6) into control group (Ctrl), control group treated with MC (Ctrl-MC), diabetic untreated group (DM-Ctrl), diabetic group treated with MC (DM-MC), and diabetic group treated with 150 mg/kg of metformin (DM-Met). Administration of MC fruit extract (1.5 g/kg body weight) in diabetic rats for 28 days showed significant increase in the body weight and decrease in the fasting blood glucose level. Significant increase in cardiac tissues superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione contents (GSH), and catalase (CAT) was observed following MC treatment. Hydroxyproline content was significantly reduced and associated morphological damages reverted to normal. The decreased expression of type III and type IV collagens was observed under immunohistochemical staining. It is concluded that MC fruit extract possesses antihyperglycemic, antioxidative, and cardioprotective properties which may be beneficial in the treatment of diabetic cardiac fibrosis.