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Peristalsis of non-Newtonian nanofluid via a non-uniform conduit has several applications in physiology and industry. This study proposes a mathematical model as well as exploration of the impacts of entropy generation for peristalsis of magneto nanofluid with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity via an expanding asymmetric channel. Buongiorno's model for study of nanofluid flow has been adopted. Rheological aspects are accounted using the Carreau–Yasuda model due to its experimentally validated significance. Impacts of applied electric and magnetic fields have been taken into account. Thermophoresis, ohmic heating, viscous heating and Brownian motion effects are incorporated in the model. Numerical method is used via NDSolve in Mathematica after implementing the lubrication approach and Debye–Huckel linearization. The effects of embedded parameters on the flow, heat transfer, entropy generation and Bejan number are studied using graphical depictions. Outcomes indicate that a rise in electroosmotic parameter enhances heat transfer rate, whereas it reduces entropy generation and mass transfer rate at the boundary. Therefore, this study can provide basics to study nanofluidic systems which has applications in drug delivery. Increasing trends for temperature, heat transfer rate and entropy generation, while declining trends in the concentration of the particles are noted for higher joule heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the consequences of inclined magnetic field and thermal radiation on peristaltic transportation of nanofluid through a porous media. The nanoliquid is composed of graphene nanoparticles and water. Viscous dissipation, mixed convection, thermal radiation, Joule heating and gravity effects are also considered. Mathematical modeling is carried out under small Reynolds number and large wavelength approximations. Resulting system of equations is numerically solved through built-in command NDSolve through Mathematica. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of volume fraction of nanoparticles, phase difference, inclination angle of the applied magnetic field, geometry parameters, Hartmann, Darcy and Brinkman numbers on axial velocity, temperature profile, heat transfer rates at the boundaries, pressure gradient, and pressure rise per wavelength. Outcomes of this study reveal that the addition of graphene nanoparticles enhances heat transfer performance. Velocity profile reduces and temperature increases for greater Hartmann number. Moreover, higher values of Hartmann number enhance heat transfer performance and peristaltic pumping. The enhancement of Darcy number increases velocity, temperature, and pressure while decreasing the peristaltic pumping. Variation in thermal radiation parameter reduces the temperature profile. The rate of pumping and pressure gradient decreases on increasing Froude number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental importance of peristaltic phenomena in numerous biological systems, including dialysis, heart-lung machines, urine transportation, invertebrate locomotion, and the passage of gallbladder bile into the intestines, persuaded scientists to investigate the different aspects of it over the past few years. In addition, peristaltic pumping is an important consideration in industrial processes including, roller pumps used for the transport of sanitary materials, finger pumps, cell separation, and endoscopes. Keeping such inspirational applications in mind, the present investigation is dedicated to exploring the peristaltic transport of a Cross-magneto nanofluid through a curved geometry in the presence of heat transfer. The inspection of the heat transfer is conducted by utilizing variable viscosity and ohmic heating aspects. This study also retains the characteristics of viscous dissipation, heat generation/absorption, and thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Modeling of the 2D, incompressible Cross nanofluid with peristaltic movement is carried out using a curvilinear coordinate system. The basic equations of the problem are mPodeled in the light of physical laws and then simplified by adopting the lubrication theory. The solutions of the resulting nonlinear system are computed numerically. The outcomes of the related flow parameters on the nanofluid’s temperature, pressure gradient, velocity distribution, heat transfer, streamlines pattern, and stresses at the wall are discussed through graphs. The graphical results depict that the rates of heat transfer are augmented by increasing the curvature parameter, Hartmann number, and nanoparticles’ volume fraction while decreasing the Hall parameter and temperature-dependent viscosity parameter. Moreover, the nanofluid’s temperature increases by improving the values of the heat generation parameter, whereas it decreases for the Hall parameter. Furthermore, a reduction in the axial velocity occurs near the center of the channel, when Hartmann number attains higher values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Malvidin is a natural, biologically active polyphenol found in several fruits. It exhibits several therapeutic benefits; however, limited studies are available on its effects on neurodegenerative clinical conditions, including Parkinson's disease. The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic properties of malvidin on rotenone-triggered Parkinson's disease in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the effects of malvidin, rotenone (1.5 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously into Wistar rats for 21 days, followed by a dose of malvidin (200 and 100 mg/kg). Behavioral tests were performed on the experimental animals before sacrifice. On the 22nd day of the experiment, biochemical tests were performed, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). The activity of neurotransmitters and their metabolites, including acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) along with neuroinflammatory markers including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) were estimated. Moreover, the level of the apoptotic marker, caspase-3, was also estimated. In addition, molecular docking was performed. RESULTS: The administration of rotenone resulted in oxidative stress, cholinergic imbalances, dopaminergic alternations, and increased expression of inflammatory compounds. The docking analysis revealed that malvidin displayed a favorable binding affinity for AChE, showcasing a binding energy of -9.329 Kcal/mol. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation concludes that malvidin exhibits neuroprotective effects due to its curative effects against inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that malvidin possesses therapeutic potential against rotenone-triggered behavioral, oxidative, and inflammatory abnormalities in rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present communication explores a novel application of the computational intelligence technique, namely, the Levenberg–Marquardt scheme under a Backpropagated Neural Network (LM-BNN) to solve the mathematical model for the magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic transport of Reiner–Philippoff (R–Ph) pseudoplastic fluid considering the influences of Ohmic heating, mixed convection, and viscous dissipation through a symmetric channel. The R–Ph fluid model is used in this investigation to elucidate the non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid under consideration. The Reiner–Philippoff fluid model delineates the intricate relationship between stress and deformation rate within the fluid. There are a few studies available on the peristaltic transport of the Reiner–Philippoff fluid that do not incorporate Joule heating, mixed convection, and magnetic field effects. Therefore, a novel mathematical model is developed to employ an artificial neural network technique with a different approach that has not been examined before. The governing equations of the problem are simplified using long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations, and the resulting system is numerically solved using the BVP4c scheme in MATLAB based on the shooting algorithm. Furthermore, a dataset is constructed through the BVP4c technique for the proposed LM-BNN, considering eight scenarios of peristaltic motion of the Reiner–Philippoff fluid model by varying the Bingham number, the Brinkman number, the Grashof number, the R–Ph fluid parameter, and the Hartmann number. The numerical dataset is divided into 15 % for testing, 15 % for training, and 70 % for validation, which are utilized in LM-BNN to analyze the numerical solutions and Levenberg–Marquardt neural networks (LM-NNs) predicted results. The consistency and effectiveness of LM-BNN are validated through regression analysis, stresses at the wall, error histogram, correlation index, heat transfer, and mean squared error based fitness curves, which vary from 10 − 3 → 10 − 11 . Variations in several flow parameters affecting temperature and velocity profiles are explained physically through graphs. Additionally, an analysis of heat transfer and stresses at the wall, including absolute errors, is provided through tables. The outcomes reveal that the improving Grashof number and the Hartmann number tend to increase the temperature profile. Tabular results indicate that rates of heat transfer improve when assigning higher values to the Hartmann number, the Brinkman number, and the Grashof number, whereas stresses at the wall decrease for the Reiner–Philippoff fluid parameter and the Bingham number. The error analysis of numerical simulations is a valuable step in determining whether the data obtained are reliable and accurate. In terms of absolute error, the disagreement between numerical solutions and those predicted by LM-NNs is approximately 10 − 5 → 10 − 11 . It is clear from this error analysis that LM-NNs predicted results are consistent and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the modern age, with its increasing reflexivity, death has changed to technical issue, its quality is left to the medical profession, so a new definition of death is introduced as brain death and the possibility of organ transplantation. Therefore, this article aimed to investigate death attitudes and its relationship with organ donation. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study examined 475 people over the age of 20 years in Kashan in September 2017 using a population-based random sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Giddens' theory of late modernity. Data analysis is based on correlation and structural equation design using SPSS and AMOS software. Results: Among the five dimensions of belief to death, natural belief, with the acceptance of death as the end of life and an inevitable reality as a result of rethinking, awareness of death, medical advances and confidence in experts of the field among the five dimensions of belief to death, had the highest average (3.77 out of 5) and were the most important explanatory variables for both religious (β=0.35, P

OBJECTIVE: Recent research suggests that butin may also exert neuroprotective effects. However, its influence on cognitive performance and, specifically, its potential to mitigate scopolamine-induced memory impairment remains unexplored. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of butin on the cognitive and behavioral performance of rats with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scopolamine-injected memory-impediment model in rats was used to determine the efficacy of butin in higher and lower doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 14 days. Y-maze, along with Morris water, was used to assess the ability to recall spatial and working information. Biochemistry-related functions such as acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, malonaldehyde, catalase, nitric oxide and neurotransmitters levels were estimated as indicators of free radical damage. Furthermore, we evaluated neuro-inflammatory responses by assessing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and caspase-3 immuno-reactive proteins. RESULTS: When assessed through behavioral paradigms, the butin-treated group enhanced the spatial and working memory of rodents. Scopolamine caused a substantial alteration in biochemical-related parameters, neuronal enzymatic, inflammation responses and apoptosis markers prominently restored by butin. CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that butin protects scopolamine-injected rats from behavioral impairments and neuronal damage by reducing apoptosis and neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Anxiety and depression are common psychiatric disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin that has been demonstrated to cause depression and anxiety-like behaviors in animal models. Fustin is a flavonoid found in various plant species that have been reported to have neuroprotective effects. The study proposed the evaluation of fustin's impact on anxiety and depression in LPS-injected rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The efficacy of fustin in higher and lower doses was studied by administering a single dose of LPS-injected anxiety/depression in rodents. Behavioral models like the elevated plus maze test, open field test, marble burying test, force swimming test, tail suspension test, and hyperemotionality behavior were performed to evaluate anxiety/depression in rodents. The neuroinflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), apoptosis marker caspase-3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also measured as a part of the study. Additionally, biochemical markers of oxidative stress, such as malonaldehyde (MDA) and antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and nitric oxide (NO), were also evaluated. RESULTS: LPS administration resulted in significant (p<0.001) changes in behavior tests and biochemical markers including IL-1ß, IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-a, NO, caspase-3, BDNF, MDA, CAT, SOD, and GSH. In contrast, treating the rats with fustin significantly improved the behavior tests and restored the changes in biochemical markers. CONCLUSIONS: The current work established the efficacy of fustin with its therapeutic impact on depression and anxiety-like behaviors in rodent experimental models through its modulation of apoptosis markers, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jonathan Philip Segal,1 Faisal Abassi,2 Cynthia Kanagasundaram,3 Ailsa Hart1 1Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, UK, 2Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK, 3Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK Introduction: The Internet has become an increasingly popular resource for medical information. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has changed the treatment of Clostridium difficile with cure rates of 81% following one infusion of FMT, further studies have since validated these findings. The Medicines and Health care Products Regulatory Agency has classified FMT as a medicine and hence should be only utilized in strict clinical settings.Methods: We searched Facebook, Twitter, Google, and YouTube using the words “Faecal Microbiota Transplantation” and “FMT”. We utilized the first 50 hits on each site. We analyzed the percentage of articles that fell outside regulated medical practice. We searched how many clinics in the UK advertised practice that falls outside suggested guidelines.Results: Google, YouTube, and Facebook had a variety of information regarding FMT available. Nine out of 50 (18%) of the top 50 google searches can be considered articles that fall outside regulated practice. YouTube highlighted four videos describing how to self-administer FMT, one of these was for ulcerative colitis. Fourteen percent of the top 50 YouTube videos fall outside regulated practice and 8% of the top 50 Facebook searches fall outside regulated clinical practice. There were two clinics in the UK advertising FMT for uses that fall outside regulated practice.Conclusion: Clinicians and patients need to be aware of the resources available through social media and the Internet. It should be appreciated that some websites fall outside regulated clinical practice. Private clinics offering FMT need to ensure that they are offering FMT within a regulated framework. Keywords: fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT, microbiota, Internet, social media

AbstractOver the last decade, research on nanofluids has grown at a breakneck pace. As part of their nanofluid research, researchers have recently attempted to use hybrid nanofluids, made by combining different nanomaterials. The novelty of this analysis is to inspect the consequences of entropy generation on the peristalsis of a hybrid nano-liquid via a curved conduit with homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Hybrid nanofluid is formed of copper and iron oxide nanomaterials added to water. Furthermore, the simplified model also considered the Hall current, viscous dissipation, and electrical resistance heating effects. The Hamilton–Crosser thermal conductivity model is used to study the nanomaterials shape effects (i.e. sphere, platelet, and blade) on the thermal features of hybrid nano-liquids. Mathematical expressions for the flow problem are simplified by employing the small wave and Reynolds numbers assumptions, which are then resolved analytically and numerically. Analytical results are used to scrutinize the impacts of several included quantities on the flow and thermal characteristics, chemically reactive concentration, and entropy creation. It is found that with a rise in Hartmann number, the velocity reduces, whereas an improvement is noted in temperature and entropy production for large values of Hartmann number. The noteworthy discoveries indicate that hybrid nano-liquids exhibit enhanced thermal efficiency when compared to conventional nanofluids. Specifically, the introduction of a small quantity of ferrous oxide nanoparticles into the copper–water nanofluid led to less than 2% increase in the thermal transport rate. Additionally, it was observed that spherical-shaped nanoparticles generate more heat in comparison to platelets and blade-shaped nanoparticles. Furthermore, the homogenous reaction parameter and Schmidt number lead to a drop in the concentration profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the protective effects of barbigerone in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats (180±20 g) were used in the study (n=06). The rats were randomly divided into different groups, i.e., the normal group, ethanol control, and barbigerone 10 and 20 mg/kg group. Various biochemical parameters were assessed – total acidity and pH values, oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) along with markers, i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and expression of B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). Also, histopathology was performed. RESULTS: Treatment with barbigerone in the ethanol-induced-ulcer rats restored the levels of biochemical parameters such as SOD, GSH, MDA, CAT, and markers expression, including TNF-α, IL6, IL-1β, ICAM-1, and Bcl-2 with protected against cellular necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Barbigerone protective effects can be attributed to its ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as promote gastroprotection against ethanol-induced ulcers in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The basic strategy to mitigate water crisis is to save agricultural water consumption by increasing productivity, which will result in more income for farmers and sustainable production. Due to the economic importance of barley production in the country, it is necessary to study the volume of irrigation water and water productivity to produce this strategic product. Based on extensive field research on irrigation water management and application of different irrigation methods in barley farms, the innovations of this research were: a) measuring water consumed and determining water use efficiency in barley production, b) the up-to-date of the measurements and research findings, c) findings applicability for application in agricultural planning at the national and regional levels, d) the ability to development the findings in barley farms at the national level to improve water use efficiency. The hypotheses of this research are: a) barley irrigation water is various in different regions, b) water applied in barley farms is more than the required one, c) the water use efficiency of barley is different in the main production areas, and d) The applied water of barley is not the same in different irrigation methods. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the water consumed and water use efficiency in barley production; to measure the water applied to barley farms in the main production areas; to compare the water measured in the production areas with the net irrigation requirement; and finally to determine water use efficiency of the barley in the main production areas in the Iran. Materials and Methods For this purpose, the volume of irrigation water and barley yield in 296 selected farms in 12 provinces (about 75% of the area under cultivation and production of barley in Iran) including Khuzestan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, North Khorasan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Semnan, Markazi, Isfahan, Hamedan and Qazvin were measured directly. Farms in the mentioned provinces were selected to cover various factors such as irrigation method, level of ownership, proper distribution and quality of irrigation water. By carefully monitoring the irrigation program of selected farms during the growing season, the amount of irrigation water for barley during one year was measured. At the end of the season and after determining the average yield of barley during the 2020-2021 year, the values of irrigation water productivity and total water productivity (irrigation+effective rainfall) were determined in selected barley farms in each region. The volume of water supplied was compared with the gross irrigation requirements estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data from the last ten years, and compared with the values of the National Water Document. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the possible differences in yield, irrigation water and water productivity in barley production. Results and Discussion To assess the reliability of statistical analysis, we evaluated the sufficiency of the number of measurements needed for both the quantity of irrigation water and the ley yield on the farms. Subsequently, we computed statistical indices, such as the mean and standard deviation. The results showed that the number of measurements of irrigation water and barley yield was to be 296 and 283, respectively, which was more than the number of measurements required for irrigation water (41 dataset) and yield (50 dataset). Therefore, the sufficiency of the data for the statistical analysis was reliable. The results showed that the difference in yield, volume of irrigation water and water productivity indices were significant in the mentioned provinces. The volume of barley irrigation water in the studied areas varied from 1900 to 9300 cubic meters per hectare and its average weight was 4875 cubic meters per hectare. The average barley yield in selected farms varied from 1630 to 7050 kg ha-1 and the average was 3985 kg ha-1. Irrigation water productivity in selected provinces ranged from 0.22 to 1.53 and its weight average was 0.90 kg m-3. Average gross irrigation water requirement in the study areas by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data of the last ten years and the national water document were 4710 and 4950 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Irrigation efficiency of barley fields in the country is estimated at 6265% without deficit irrigation. Conclusion In order to reduce water consumption and improve water productivity, it is suggested to manage water delivery to farms during the season and deliver water rights to them according to crops water requirements. To reduce water losses and enhance productivity in the barley farms, it is suggested the application of modern irrigation systems according to the farms conditions with the suitable operation; and modification and improvement of surface and traditional irrigation methods. Note that, water is only one of several necessary and effective inputs in the optimal and economic production of barley. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the optimal application of other inputs including: seeds, fertilizers, equipment and tools etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]