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Multiple drug resistance (MDR) has gained pronounced attention among Enterobacterales. The transfer of multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, frequently carried on conjugative incompatibility F (IncF) plasmids and facilitating interspecies resistance transmission, has been linked to Salmonella spp. and E. coli in broilers. In Egypt, the growing resistance is exacerbated by the limited clinical efficacy of many antimicrobials. In this study, IncF groups were screened and characterized in drug-resistant Salmonella spp. and E. coli isolated from broilers. The antimicrobial resistance profile, PCR-based replicon typing of bacterial isolates pre- and post-plasmid curing, and IncF replicon allele sequence typing were investigated. Five isolates of E. coli (5/31; 16.13%) and Salmonella spp. (5/36; 13.89%) were pan-susceptible to the examined antimicrobial agents, and 85.07% of tested isolates were MDR and extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Twelve MDR and XDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates were examined for the existence of IncF replicons (FII, FIA, and FIB). They shared resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanate, doxycycline, cefotaxime, and colistin. All isolates carried from one to two IncF replicons. The FII-FIA-FIB+ and FII-FIA+FIB- were the predominant replicon patterns. FIB was the most frequently detected replicon after plasmid curing. Three XDR E. coli isolates that were resistant to 12–14 antimicrobials carried a newly FIB replicon allele with four nucleotide substitutions: C99→A, G112→T, C113→T, and G114→A. These findings suggest that broilers are a significant reservoir of IncF replicons with highly divergent IncF-FIB plasmid incompatibility groups circulating among XDR Enterobacterales. Supporting these data with additional comprehensive epidemiological studies involving replicons other than the IncF can provide insights for implementing efficient policies to prevent the spreading of new replicons to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) biofilm is grown not only on medical devices but also on different substrata and is considered a potential hazard in the food industry. Quorum sensing plays a serious role in the synthesis of biofilm with its surrounding extracellular matrix enabling irreversible connection of the bacteria. Aim: The goal of the current investigation was to ascertain the prevalence, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and capacity for B. cereus biofilm formation in meat and meat products in Egypt. Methods: In all, 150 meat and meat product samples were used in this study. For additional bacteriological analysis, the samples were moved to the Bacteriology Laboratory. Thereafter, the antimicrobial, antiquorum sensing, and antibiofilm potential of apple cider vinegar (ACV) on B. cereus were evaluated. Results: Out of 150 samples, 34 (22.67%) tested positive for B. cereus. According to tests for antimicrobial susceptibility, every B. cereus isolates tested positive for colistin and ampicillin but negative for ciprofloxacin and imipenem. The ability to form biofilms was present in all 12 multidrug-resistant B. cereus isolates (n = 12); of these, 6 (50%), 3 (25%), and 3 (25%) isolates were weak, moderate, and strong biofilm producers, respectively. It is noteworthy that the ACV demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on B. cereus isolates, with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying between 2 and 8 μg/ml. Furthermore, after exposing biofilm-producing B. cereus isolates to the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations 50 of 4 μg/ml, it demonstrated good antibiofilm activity (>50% reduction of biofilm formation). Strong biofilm producers had down-regulated biofilm genes (tasA and sipW) and their regulator (plcR) compared to the control group, according to reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Conclusion: Our study is the first report, that spotlights the ACV activity against B. cereus biofilm and its consequence as a strong antibacterial and antibiofilm agent in the food industry and human health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and facultative anaerobic bacterium that is widely distributed in the environment. Commonly, B. cereus is a soil occupant and is generally isolated from food and food products. It is a human pathogen that causes two variant types of gastrointestinal diseases: diarrheal and emetic. Diseases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are difficult to be treated. In addition, group of B. cereus has several virulence factors, which play their roles in pathogenesis, infectivity and its capability to form biofilms. B. cereus biofilm is grown on medical devices either abiotic or biotic surfaces. This biofilm avoids the bacteria from the effect of antibiotics and host immune system leading to chronic infections, persistence and mortalities. Thus, it is necessary to explore new antiquorum and antibiofilm agents better than the conventional therapy to eliminate the biofilm that reflect on controlling B. cereus infections. The present review will discuss B. cereus virulence attributes, antibiotic resistance profiles, and their ability to produce biofilm as well as its molecular regulation. The application of the antiquorum and antibiofilm approaches for infection control will be illustrated as well. Finally, we will spot the light on their consequence in food industry loses and human health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious coryza (IC), an acute respiratory disease of chickens, is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum). Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of a polyvalent oil adjuvant IC vaccine against the circulating A. paragallinarum field isolates recovered from chickens in Egypt. Thirty two A. paragallinarum isolates were recovered from 165 chicken samples(19.39%) then identified by phenotypic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Serotyping by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test revealed the identification of both serotypes A and C. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing affirmed that all A. paragallinarum isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.6 to 0.8. Protection of chickens against A. paragallinarum field isolates of serotypes A and C using polyvalent inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine was evaluated followed by bacterial challenge. An experimental study of 90 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn chickens (8-weeksold) was divided into nine groups; three groups served as non-vaccinated challenged, five groups were used for vaccine evaluation, and the last one was non-vaccinated and non-challenged group. Serum samples were collected regularly during 91 days post 1 st vaccination to evaluate the immune response based on the HI antibody titer. The effective protection of the polyvalent inactivated vaccine against the drug resistant field isolates was indicated by the antibody titers that reached the maximum levels at the 5 th week post vaccination. Moreover, 80 to 90% survivability percentages were recorded for A. paragallinarum serotypes C, and A field isolates, respectively. A strong positive correlation (R = 0.9628, P < 0.001) was found between the mean HI titer and the level of protection against the challenge. Furthermore, low level of bacterial shedding post-vaccination along with bacterial counts below the infectious dose (2x102 - 6x103 CFU/mL) implying the role of vaccine in decreasing the chance of infection. Evidence from this study confirmed the effective protection of IC vaccine as a proper prophylactic tool against MDR A. paragallinarum field isolates of serotypes A and C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal-to-human transmission is frequently linked to commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, as Campylobacterspecies. We provide a better insight into the existence of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) and flagellinA (flaA) genes in different antimicrobial resistance patterns (pandrug-resistance (PDR), extensive drug-resistance (XDR) and multidrug-resistance (MDR)] in Campylobacter species recovered from chickens, milk, and human sources in Egypt. Campylobacter species isolation rate was 89.44%, being 79.50% and 20.50% for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. Animal samples (chickens and raw milk) showed a higher prevalence of C. coli (21.17%); whereas C. jejuni was highly documented in human samples (83.33%). Testing of antimicrobial susceptibilities revealed that none of the examined campylobacters was pansusceptible, while PDR (1.86%), XDR (65.53%), and MDR (32.61%) campylobacters were reported. Molecular analysis revealed that 50%, and13.16% of the isolated campylobacters were positive for the cdt and flaA genes, respectively. Interestingly, all flaA-positive isolates were cdt-positive C. jejuni. Restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) assay revealed a genetic diversity among flaA harboring isolates presented as three different RFLP patterns of varying sizes ranged from 112 to 647 bp, where flaA-RFLP pattern-I is overrepresented in C. jejuni isolates from various origins (human, milk, and chicken sources). Evidence from this study showed the possibility of treatment failure in campylobacteriosis due to the existence of resistant isolates to all antimicrobial drugs (PDR) and the marked genetic variability of flaA-RFLP pattern that is useful in the epidemiological issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]