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This study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among senior high school students in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used an anonymous online survey that targeted senior high school students in Jordan. Almost two thirds of students reported depressive symptoms and anxiety. Father's level of education, mothers' level of education, perceived difficulties in online education, gender, and age were significant predictors of depression, while father's level of education, difficulties in online education, gender, and age were significant predictors of anxiety (p < 0.05). Among those identified as having depression, 30.7% were male and 50.7% were female. The prevalence of anxiety among students was high, and the prevalence of anxiety in females (46.9%) is greater than males (27.6%). School health nurses and mental health counselors at schools need to emphasize the mental health and psychosocial support needs for senior high school students.

Introduction: The use of technology to deliver psychosocial interventions such as cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) to individuals with dementia may improve their cognition and quality of life. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the participants' experiences with digital CST in Jordanian care homes, as well as the acceptability of the digital CST intervention in Jordanian care homes and recommendations for refinement. Methods: A qualitative study design and semistructured interviews were used to obtain data from 20 people with dementia and 12 care home staff who were purposefully selected. Data were analyzed thematically and comparatively to explore the experiences and outcomes of the participants. This study was conducted from February to April 2023. Results: Analysis of care home staff and residents' experiences revealed seven major themes: (a) personalized support and engagement, (b) positive impact on quality of life, (c) engagement and meaningful activities, (d) adaptable format and accessibility, (e) emotional connection and empowerment, (f) caregiver involvement and support, and (g) suggestions for improvement. The study's findings emphasize the necessity of tailored support, individualized difficulty levels, individualized material selection, emotional support, greater social connection, and caregiver participation in digital CST for people with dementia. Conclusion: Using digital touchscreen technology to deliver CST content has shown potential improvements, making interventions simpler for staff and more beneficial for individuals with dementia, thereby enhancing cognition and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Physical activity is critical for health promotion and the prevention of noncommunicable illnesses, especially among teenagers. However, teenagers' active participation in physical exercise may be hampered by perceived impediments to physical activity. Objective: This study aimed to identify the external and internal barriers to physical activities among adolescents, as well as any differences in these barriers between males and females. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 600 adolescent students (aged 11–16) from a public school in Jordan. A self-administered questionnaire with 12 items assessed barriers to physical activity. Internal and external barriers were identified, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results: Male adolescents reported more perceived hurdles to physical exercise than female adolescents, with lack of time and lack of self-confidence being the most significant impediments. External impediments were more prominent than internal barriers, particularly a lack of resources. The total score for external barriers was significantly higher than that for internal barriers. "Lack of resources" was the most important external barrier (mean = 3.49), and "lack of self-confidence" was the most significant internal barrier (mean = 3.47). Male and female teenagers differed in the obstacles of "lack of self-confidence" (p =.045) and "lack of time" (p =.040). The most significant perceived hurdles included a lack of awareness of the health benefits of exercise, concerns about appearance while exercising, limited access to fitness centers, lack of exercise equipment at home, and insufficient spare time due to a packed class schedule. Conclusion: It is critical to implement interventions that address the identified barriers to physical activity, particularly among female adolescents, such as improving opportunities for physical activity and providing social support for participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to explore examine the therapeutic potential of head-mounted display (HMD)-based Virtual Reality Relaxation Therapy (VRRT) sessions for people individuals with dementia in Jordan. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional survey recruited 75 dementia-diagnosed elderly individuals from three Jordanian care homes. A VRRT intervention comprising 10 tailored RT sessions held over the course of five weeks was administered to the participants. Apathy, cognitive performance, anxiety and depression were evaluated before and after the intervention to determine any changes. The Person-Environment Apathy Rating Scale's (PEARS) Arabic translation's validity and reliability were also evaluated. Findings: The VRRT intervention yielded noteworthy results in reducing apathy, as indicated by a substantial decrease in PEARS scores from 17.20 to 11.15. The findings of the study revealed that the participants demonstrated enhanced cognitive abilities, as evidenced by a significant rise in their Saint Louis University Mental Status ratings, which increased from 15.11 to 19.70. The levels of anxiety and depression exhibited a significant decrease subsequent to the implementation of VRRT, with anxiety levels decreasing from 13.66 to 8.23 and depression levels decreasing from 13.62 to 9.33. Furthermore, a notable 70% of participants demonstrated statistically significant decreases in indifference. Practical implications: This study makes a significant contribution to the advancement of innovative treatment approaches aimed at addressing the needs of the aging population, hence enhancing health outcomes and raising the quality of care in Jordan. Originality/value: The effectiveness of VRRT in reducing apathy among Jordanian senior citizens residing in nursing homes has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, this paper seeks to assess the effectiveness of HMD-based VRRT by conducting pre- and post-intervention evaluations. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the applicability and significance of VRRT in the Jordanian context, contributing to the development of culturally appropriate and cutting-edge therapeutic interventions for older individuals in Jordan. Through this study, the authors aim to promote improved health and elevated standards of care for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased rates of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. University students have been particularly affected by these psychological consequences due to the pandemic and its accompanying precautions. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Jordanian university students amid COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data was collected through an anonymous online survey from Jordanian university students during the period from February 2022 to May 2022. The survey included a self-reported questionnaire that is composed of sociodemographic variables and the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: The mean total scores for depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were 18.91, 18.04, and 20.71, respectively, indicating the presence of these psychological issues among university students during the pandemic. Psychological problems, parents being diagnosed with mental illness, living arrangements, and academic year explained 25.6% of the variation in depression symptoms. Academic year, living arrangements, specialization, GPA, and gender accounted for 25.9% of the variation in anxiety symptoms. Parents being diagnosed with mental illness, specialization, marital status, and GPA explained 22.3% of the variation in stress symptoms. Conclusion: The findings of this study have significant implications for healthcare practice, policy development, and community engagement. Implications for Nursing: Healthcare providers, including nurses, can utilize this information to develop targeted interventions tailored to address the specific mental-health needs of university students in Jordan. Policymakers can advocate for the implementation of mental-health support services within university settings, while community organizations can collaborate with educational institutions to promote mentalhealth awareness and provide accessible resources for students. By addressing the mentalhealth challenges identified in this study, stakeholders can contribute to fostering a supportive and resilient campus environment conducive to student success and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Violence against healthcare workers in the workplace is a complex issue affecting various healthcare professionals. Workplace violence (WPV) poses significant occupational hazards to healthcare employees. Objectives: To identify the causes, types, and perpetrators of WPV and explore the effects of violence on healthcare workers' well-being. Methods: This literature review analyzes 15 selected research papers published between 2015 and 2020, focusing on WPV against healthcare workers, and gathers insights from healthcare professionals with prior experience of WPV. Through an analysis of the selected research papers, this study provides a comprehensive overview with WPV in the healthcare setting. The respondents in the included studies were healthcare professionals who had encountered WPV in their work. Results: While nurses remain particularly vulnerable to violence due to their constant patient interaction, this study reveals that verbal violence is the most prevalent type, significantly impacting the well-being of healthcare workers as a whole. The identified causes of WPV include long waiting times, understaffing, miscommunication, inadequate security measures, high patient expectations, and overcrowding. Respondents emphasized the importance of education, security enhancements, and administrative support to address or prevent WPV. Conclusion: The findings strongly highlight the crucial role of administrative support in reducing the incidence of WPV. It is crucial to implement broader measures to ensure the safety and well-being of all healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Jordan's population of older adults is growing due to improved health care and lifestyle, but the country has limited mental health care resources, causing challenges for the health care system. Reminiscence is a point of nursing intervention and a way for psychiatric nurses to help people improve their mental health by expanding their personal boundaries (self-transcendence). Aims: The study aimed to examine the mediating effects of self-transcendence on the relationship between reminiscence functions and death anxiety in a sample of Jordanian older adults. Psychiatric nurses can refine reminiscence therapy by targeting aspects of self-transcendence to reduce death anxiety. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was employed to collect the data. A total of 319 older adults participated in the study. The sample was recruited using convenience and snowball sampling strategies through social media and personal contacts. Results: The reminiscence function of "Bitterness Revival," gender, the presence of a life-threatening disease, a history of psychiatric disorder, and the work sector were statistically significant predictors of death anxiety. This model accounts for 24% of the death anxiety score (F = 7.789, p <.001). Reminiscence functions 1, 2, and 5 predicted self-transcendence. This model explained 25% of the variance in the self-transcendence score (F = 6.548, p <.001). Self-transcendence exerts a positive, partial mediating effect between "Bitterness Revival" and death anxiety, controlling for other covariates in the death anxiety model (p =.016). Conclusions: The study is informative for understanding the role of self-transcendence in buffering death anxiety, notwithstanding "Bitterness Revival" reminiscences. This knowledge reveals practical implications for psychiatric nurses about the importance of developing reminiscence interventions to promote self-transcendence and ease death anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In general, undergraduate university students in the north of Jordan have a low level of physical activity. Objectives: To examine the physical activity level, perceived barriers and benefits to physical activity, and the contributing factors among university students in north of Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used, and data was collected from 235 university students through a self-reported questionnaire. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was utilized to calculate the amount of physical activity, while the exercise benefits and barriers scale (EBBS) was used to measure the perceived benefits and barriers of physical activity. Results: According to the findings, less than half of the students (48.1%) reported engaging in physical activity. Several factors were found to be significantly related to higher levels of physical activity, including being younger, single, having a normal body weight, and reporting excellent health status. Logistic regression analysis revealed that overweight (OR = −0.068, 95% CI 0.025–0.183) and obese (OR = −0.250, 95% CI 0.068–0.924) were less likely to be physically active, while those who rated their health as excellent had higher rates of physical activity (OR = 3.590, 95% CI 1.263–10.201). The students agreed most strongly with the perceived benefit item "Exercise improves the way my body looks," while the perceived barrier item they identified most strongly with was "There are too few places for me to exercise." Conclusion: This study provides important data for health promotion programs aimed at supporting physical activity among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The significance of physical activity in preventing and treating chronic illnesses has long been established. However, there are limited studies focusing on the physical activity among old people with chronic illnesses in Jordan. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the association between physical-activity level, chronic illnesses, and multimorbidity among people 60 years old and above in Jordan. Methods: A crosssectional design was used in the northern region of Jordan. A survey was conducted among 200 old people aged 60 years and above. The survey included sociodemographic data and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, and logistic-regression analysis. Results: Approximately 41% of old people had a sufficient level of physical activity. Gender, level of schooling, smoking, heart conditions, diabetes, and multimorbidity were significantly associated with physical activity. In the logistic-regression analysis, gender (OR 0.221, 95% CI 0.096-0.507), heart condition (OR 0.093, 95% CI 0.011-0.760), and diabetes (OR 0.312, 95% CI 0.120-0.810) were found to be significantly associated with physical activity among old people. Conclusion: This study revealed a low physical activity among old people. It is important to develop policies that support regular physical activity for old people with chronic illnesses. Implications for Nursing: Community-based healthpromotion programs should be developed to encourage regular physical activity among older people with chronic illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With an increase in elderly people, it is essential to address the issue of cognitive impairment and support healthy aging. This study aimed to assess cognitive impairment and factors associated with it among older adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in different catchment areas within the Jerash governorate in the north of Jordan. The Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ) and a household face-to-face interview were used to collect data from 220 older adult participants aged 60 years and more. Descriptive statistics were conducted to describe the study variables. Correlation tests were applied to find associations between them. Logistic regression analysis was applied, with a minimum significance level (p < 0.05). Results: About 9.10% of the older adults had cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was correlated with age, self-perceived health, hypertension, stroke, and mental illness. The primary predictors of cognitive impairment were age [odds ratio (OR) =1.07 (1.01-1.14), p = 0.001] and stroke [OR = 10.92 (1.44-82.85), p = 0.001]. Conclusions: While many factors were correlated with cognitive impairment, the strongest predictors of cognitive impairment were age and stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although breakfast skipping among university students is a significant concern, its prevalence and the contributing factors among university students have received little attention in the literature. This study aims to determine the prevalence of skipping breakfast among Jordanian university students and examine the associated factors and variations in rates of skipping breakfast by day of the week. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students between March and May 2022 through a self-questionnaire. A convenience sample of 891 students was chosen at four Jordanian public universities. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of skipping breakfast among university students was 66%. The reasons for skipping breakfast were having no time due to oversleeping and having no feeling of hunger (59% for both), followed by having no energy to prepare the breakfast and making no difference (49% and 48%), and not being able to afford to eat or buy breakfast (19%). There is a strong correlation between eating fast food and skipping breakfast. With whom the student eats breakfast is significantly associated with breakfast skipping, revealing that the highest percentages of skipping occur with friends. About 63% of students skipped breakfast through university days compared with 37% on the weekend, while 37% of them had breakfast through university days compared with 67% on the weekend. Conclusions: A high percentage of university students in Jordan skip breakfast. More attention should be paid to correlating factors and developing interventions to help students adhere to the breakfast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The training of nursing staff to deliver extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Lebanon has recently attracted attention. It is important to comprehend the background of nurses who take on this new duty. Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to (1) explore the experiences of intensive care unit nursing staff who work with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, (2) identify the psychological and physiological challenges experienced by intensive care unit nurses while managing patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and (3) determine the roles assumed by intensive care unit nurses while managing patients utilizing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological design utilizing semistructured interviews utilizing a purposive sampling of 15 intensive care unit nurses using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation devices. Interviews were audio recorded, verbatim transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Results: Three themes emerged, namely (1) nurses' role in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, (2) skills and training, and (3) challenges faced by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation nurses. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that nurses play a crucial role in providing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient care, placing them under significant occupational stress due to the intensive care unit's routine workload and the demands of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Additionally, role confusion brought on by a lack of professional practice norms and emotional exhaustion made occupational pressure worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual reality (VR) is recognized as a versatile training tool across various domains, including healthcare. In Jordan, dementia is a significant public health concern, accounting for 5.17% of all recorded deaths. Given the complex nature of dementia care, preparing nursing students is crucial. Purpose: This paper explores the feasibility and effectiveness of VR-based empathy training for nursing students, with a growing global interest in VR training applications, despite the need for further study of VR acceptability in the Jordanian context. Methods: This mixed-methods study included 71 nursing students in a psychiatric course at a university in Jordan. Feasibility was assessed through recruitment, retention, adherence, data completion, and implementation fidelity. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured empathy levels. Thematic analysis of participant feedback provided insights into usability. Results: Recruitment and retention rates were excellent, with a 100% participation rate and 100% retention. The intervention demonstrated a statistically significant enhancement in empathy scores following the program (M_pre = 50.44, SD_pre = 9.24; M_post = 65.17, SD_post = 8.53), t (71) = -23.89, p < 0.001. The thematic analysis highlighted the importance of a user-friendly interface, a supportive learning environment, and engaging content. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of VR-based training to enhance empathy among nursing students in the context of dementia care. The robust feasibility outcomes and positive user experiences suggest that VR technology can be a valuable addition to nursing curricula, ultimately benefiting patient care and the nursing workforce. Implications for Nursing: Integrating VR into nursing education presents the potential for elevating empathy in nursing students, notably within dementia care. This innovative approach equips prospective healthcare providers with vital skills for delivering more compassionate patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaccination against COVID-19 is pivotal in curbing the spread of the virus among school children. However, there is a dearth of studies exploring parents' attitudes and acceptance levels regarding immunizing their children against COVID-19 in Jordan. Purpose: This study aimed to assess parents' attitudes and key concerns toward administering COVID-19 vaccines to their school-aged children in Jordan. Additionally, it sought to identify the differences in parents' attitudes based on sociodemographic variables. Methods: The cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted in AL-Mafraq governance within Northeastern Badia schools from March to May 2022 and involved 498 eligible parents. Stratifying the parent population based on school districts, data were conveniently collected using the Parent Attitude about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) scale. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 facilitated data analysis, incorporating descriptive and inferential statistics at a significance level of 0.05, with a 5% margin of error. The independent t-test and One-Way ANOVA were employed to depict differences between studied variables. Results: The result showed that out of 600 distributed questionnaires, 498 were returned, resulting in a response rate of 83%. Findings revealed parental reluctance toward administering COVID-19 vaccination to their children. Notably, 65.9% of parents expressed concern about potential serious side effects, while 57.8% of parents harbored anxieties about vaccine safety and efficacy. Marital status emerged as a significant factor, with widowed parents exhibiting a more favorable attitude (p<0.05). Conclusion: Parents in Jordan are hesitant about COVID-19 vaccination for their school-aged children. Addressing these concerns necessitates educational campaigns through various channels, including social media and authorized TV and radio, to reassure parents about vaccine effectiveness and safety. This proactive approach is crucial to fostering broader acceptance and ensuring the success of vaccination initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Healthy meals play an essential role in the healthy physical and mental development of adolescents. Breakfast at home is associated with improved nutritional choices, and skipping breakfast is detrimental. This study assessed prevalence of skipping breakfast at home among adolescent students in the Badia Region of Jordan, identifying the reasons and characteristics associated with such behavioural choice. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among adolescent students (aged 13-16 years, in 8th-9th grades) from six public schools in Badia Region, Mafraq Governorate, Jordan, was conducted through self-administered questionnaire from February to March 2022. Results: Results showed that 68.1% of 552 student participants regularly skipped breakfast at home (72.4% boys vs. 61.3% girls; p=0.007). Among those who regularly skipped breakfast, three main rationales for this choice were not feeling hungry (5.3%), lack of time (2.7%), and lack of appetite (3.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of skipping breakfast at home among adolescents in Badia Region was high for various reasons, including lack of time, not feeling hungry, seeking to manage weight, and insufficient knowledge on the importance of healthy breakfast. Therefore, understanding the reasons and factors that contribute towards breakfast skipping may help in solving the problem, underscoring that positive beliefs should be reinforced in schools, with parents encouraging adolescents to eat healthy breakfast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: No valid and reliable instrument exists in Arabic to measure the spiritual perspectives of Arab Muslims and Christians. This study translated the Spiritual Perspective Scale (SPS; Reed, 1987) into Arabic and examined its psychometric properties. Methods: The Arabic SPS was tested in a convenience sample of 206 Jordanian Christians and 182 Jordanian Muslim undergraduate nurses. Correlational and exploratory factor analysis were used. Results: For both sample groups, the factor analysis supported a clear two-factor structure for the Arabic SPS. A significant moderate positive correlation between the spiritual perspectives and religiosity was in the expected direction. The internal consistency reliability of the Arabic SPS was high. This study revealed that the Arabic SPS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure spiritual perspectives among Jordanian Muslim student nurses and adult Christians. Implications for Practice: Developing an Arabic version of the SPS exhibited good evidence of validity and reliability is important because it contributes to the evaluation of the spiritual behaviors and spiritual values and beliefs of Arab nurses and their patients. It also opens the way for comparison and transcultural studies regarding individual's spiritual perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate nursing students' knowledge about behavioral and biopsychosocial domains of dementia and the factors associated with nurses' knowledge. Methods: A cross‐sectional, predictive study was conducted using a web‐based survey. A convenience sample of 356 nursing students from a large public university completed an anonymous online survey comprising 25 Likert‐scale items. Univariate analyses (two‐sample t tests and one‐way ANOVA) were used for model selection at the cutoff level of 0.20 in producing a multivariate linear regression model. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to predict a given student's score using the demographic variables selected. The regression model was used to infer pairwise demographic group comparisons while controlling for other demographic variables. Findings: The mean score of students' knowledge about dementia was 24.53 ± 7.81 out of 48 (52%). Students scored the lowest scores on knowledge about communication with and behaviors of people with dementia and the risk factors and health promotion areas in dementia care. Students' gender, current grade point average (GPA), family history with dementia, and education level had statistically significant effects on the mean total dementia knowledge score and respective subscales (p < 0.05). The model predicting the total dementia knowledge score explained the most variation among all five models conducted (29%). Conclusions: The findings indicate that nursing curricula should introduce educational programs related to all aspects of dementia knowledge earlier on. Implications for nursing practice: The survey findings suggest raising standards of dementia knowledge and implementing educational strategies in clinical settings that adequately prepare nurses to interact with or care for people with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A loved one's hospitalization in a critical care unit is a traumatic experience for families. However, because of their status and professional competence, a family member who is also a critical care nurse has additional obstacles and often long-term consequences. Objectives: To describe the experiences of critical care nurse-family members when a loved one is admitted to a critical care unit at the Hotel-Dieu de France hospital. Methods: A qualitative path based on van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenology combining both descriptive and interpretive models were adopted. Results: The lived experience of critical care nurses in providing care for their family members admitted into the same critical care were summarized in five themes. Nurses were torn between roles, consisting of confounding roles, their registered nurse status, and watchfulness. The lived experience of critical care nurses in providing care for their family members admitted into the same critical care was summarized into specialized knowledge that included a double-edged sword of seeking information and difficulty delivering the information. Critical nurses compete for expectations, including those placed on self and family members, resulting in emotional and personal sacrifice while gaining insight into the experiences. Conclusions: Critical care nurse-family members have a unique experience compared to the rest of the family, necessitating specialized care and attention. Increased awareness among healthcare providers could be a start in the right direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing is a risky profession. Nurses faces a lot of stressors. The purpose of paper to review the previous researches discussed the impact of nurse's job stress on nurses' performance. This paper is used the electronic searches: Google scholar, EBSCO and CINAHL. This paper discussed the level of stress and different types of stressors among nurses in different setting. And, the type of relations between job stress, clinical performance, job satisfaction, quality of life, physical and mental health of nurses were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aortic valve stenosis is considered one of the common and serious valve disease. This short review intends to explore the Aortic Stenosis (AS) regarding chief symptoms, diagnostic tests, current treatment, and patient's education. The searching was carried out in electronic data bases: Google scholar and PubMed. The chief symptoms of AS may consist of dyspnea and further symptoms of, angina, heart failure and syncope. The past studies have revealed that medical treatment does not considerably influence disease development in AS. Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the first current treatment for symptomatic, hemodynamically severe AS. Nurses and physicians have a vital function in educating patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]