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The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of ExcelMOS® in enhancing the immune system of Sparus aurata broodstock and their impact on offspring health through displaying the maternal transfer of immunity. Broodstock were divided into two groups: one was injected intraperitoneally with ExcelMOS® 1 month before spawning, while the other group was used as a control (without injection). Comprehensive increase in survival rate was observed for larvae hatched from ExcelMOS®-injected broodstock than those of the control (P ≤ 0.05). Hematological analysis showed increases in leukocyte count and hematocrit percentage (P ≤ 0.05) and significant enhancement in immune assays as phagocytic, respiratory burst, lysozyme activities in ExcelMOS®-injected broodstock (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, total immunoglobulin levels in the serum, eggs, and larvae resulted from ExcelMOS®-injected broodstock were highly significant (P ≤ 0.05) than those in the control ones. Transmission electron microscopy and semi-thin sections in posterior intestine of ExcelMOS®-injected broodstock revealed reinforcement of the epithelial barrier structure, intestinal integrity, and functionality in combination with the stimulation of innate immune system. In conclusion, immunostimulation of Sparus aurata broodstock using ExcelMOS® has improved survival of larvae and enhanced both innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms. Further investigations are required to show the effect of ExcelMOS® on fish cultured in intensive culture systems.

A total of 128 samples of Egyptian buffalo meat was analysed for its pH value, moisture, carbohydrates and ash contents. Statistical analysis of the data obtained shows significant difference at 0.01 level for moisture in relation to sex and cut (abdomen and thigh, respectively). There is also significant difference at 0.05 level for moisture in dry season in relation to sex and for ash in relation to cut. At 0.1 level moisture shows a significant difference in relation to season, female in relation to season and green season in relation to sex. Ash also shows a significant difference at 0.1 level in female in relation to season.

The effect of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) on methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced local malignant sarcomas in mice was investigated. Four groups of mice were given single intramuscular application of MCA at a dose level of 0.5 mg/0.1 ml olive oil for each animal. Doses of 6, 25, and 35 mg vitamin C (VC)/mouse were given to animals of groups B, C and D, respectively. VC was applied in drinking water by intragastric administration 5 times weekly for the first 20 weeks. Animals of group A served as carcinogenic controls. The application of VC statistically prevented the induction of sarcomas in mice of groups B, C and D compared to carcinogenic controls (group A). VC supplementation did not significantly reduce the diameters and weights of tumors. It was concluded that, under the experimental conditions conducted, VC significantly prevented the induction of sarcomas in mice providing a good prophylactic activity; however, it did not achieve a significant therapeutic level.

Two retinoids (13-cis-retinoic acid and retinyl palmitate ) have been shown to exert a good preventive effect in chemically induced papillomas and carcinomas of the skin in female Swiss mice; this effect was investigated over a period of 23 weeks. The tumors were induced by repeated topical application of 3-methylcholanthrene (0.3% MCA, dissolved in acetone; 14 applications). Retinyl palmitate (RP; 6 mg in 0.1 ml acetone/mouse; 10 applications) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA; 3 mg in 0.1 ml acetone/mouse; 10 applications) were also administered topically for the 3rd to 9th week from the start of the experiment. This investigation gave evidence for the fact that both the retinoids did not only inhibit the development of skin papillomas but had also a marked effect on skin carcinomas.

The effect of age, sex, season and cut variations on the protein, amino acids contents and protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) of Egyptian Buffalo meat was studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data obtained showed significant difference at 0.01 level for protein in relation to cut (abdomen and thigh, respectively), male in relation to season and dry season in relation to sex. There is also significant difference at 0.05 level in case of green season in relation to sex. Protein shows a significant difference at 0.1 level due to sex variation. There is a difference in the amino acids content of young and old animals during dry season in both cuts. Young animals show higher values than old ones in most of the amino acids investigated. There is also an obvious difference in the amino acids during green season between male and female animals, and also between both cuts. P.E.R. of Egyptian Buffalo meat as 10% protein level ranges between 3.02 and 2.35 according to seasonal, cut and age variations.

A total of 128 samples of Egyptian buffalo meat were collected from animals differing in age, sex, season and cuts. Their samples were analysed for iron, zinc and copper contents. Statistical analysis of the data obtained shows, that zinc and copper differ significantly at 0.01 level in relation to cut variation. In case of female, they differ also at the same level in relation to season. Zinc differes significantly at 0.01 level seasonally and in male in relation to season. On the other hand copper differs significantly at 0.05 level for green season in relation to sex. Iron and copper show significant differences at 0.1 level due to sex and in dry season in relation to sex, respectively.

The effect of age, sex, season and cut on the phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents of buffalo meat was studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data showed significant difference to 0.01 level for phosphorus in relation to sex and in dry season in relation to sex. There is also significant difference for both calcium and magnesium in relation to season and also in case of both male and female in relation to season. At 0.05 level, phosphorus shows a significant difference in green season in relation to sex and at 0.1 level in relation to season.

Administration of vitamin A (retinol palmitate) causes a reduction of transplacentally induced leukemias. Subsequent to a transplacental application of ENU, addition of vitamin A as a suspension to drinking water leads to a reduction of leukemia incidence to 50% as well as to a corresponding decrease of this disease as a cause of death. Yet there is no influence of vitamin A on the adenomas of the lung arising in this experimental design.

Sodium, potassium and chloride contents fo buffalo meat were studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data obtained show significant difference at 0.01 level for sodium, potassium, and chloride in relation to season, and in female in relation to season. Sodium and potassium differs significantly at 0.01 level in male animals in relation to season, and chloride differs at this level due to green season in relation to sex. At 0.05 level sodium shows a significant difference in cut while chloride shows a variation at this level due to dry season in relation to sex.