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The green synthesized nanoparticles have been determined as a novel pesticide against arthropod pests. This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal activity of green synthesized nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) using aqueous extract of Melia azedarach ripened fruits against different developmental stages of the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii in addition to their toxic effect on laboratory animals. The synthesized NiO NPs were characterized by UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The UV–Vis spectra of the NiO NPs showed an absorption peak at 307 nm. FTIR analysis showed the possible functional groups used for capping and stabilization of NiO NPs with strong bands at 3416.2 and 1626.6 cm−1. The SEM images of the NiO NPs exhibited a size ranging from 21 to 35 nm. The immersion test was used for the in vitro application of the synthesized NiO NPs on the various tick stages (egg, nymph, larva, and adult). Mortality percentages and LC50 values of each tick stage were calculated. The oviposition and hatchability of the engorged females were monitored for the survived tick after treatment. The LC50 values for NiO NPs on embryonated eggs, larvae, and engorged nymphs were 5.00, 7.15, and 1.90 mg/mL, respectively. The egg productive index (EPI), egg number, and hatchability (%) were lower in females treated with the NiO NPs than in control ticks. The toxicity of the NiO NPs on laboratory animals was also investigated using Swiss albino mice by oral dose of 500 mg/kg/day administration for five consecutive days. The hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes were evaluated. The hematological analysis showed significant increase in the level of white blood cells (WBC) and hemoglobin (Hb). Biochemical analysis showed non-significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine amino transferase (ALT). We concluded that NiO NPs have a significant acaricidal activity as demonstrated on eggs, larvae, engorged nymphs, and fully fed females of H. dromedarii. From a toxicological point of view further in vivo investigations are needed to determine the mechanism of toxic effect of NiO NPs.

Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) is a worldwide zoonotic protozoan parasite infects most mammalian hosts causing a major health problem. The present study investigated the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale), ginseng (Panax ginseng) and sage (Salvia officinalis) methanolic extracts on the progression of cryptosporidiosis in the experimental mice.Forty five mice experimentally infected with C. parvum were treated with medicinal plants extracts (ginger, ginseng and sage) as compared to the reference drug, Nitazoxanide (NTZ). Mice fecal smears were examined daily for 4 weeks post infection (PI). The results interpreted by oocysts count and histological examination of mice intestinal mucosa.The obtained results recorded that there was a statistically significant reduction in oocyst shedding in high dose ginger, ginseng and NTZ treated groups till no oocysts were found at days 21 and 23 PI, respectively. The infected non-treated, NTZ and low dose of both, ginseng and sage treated mice groups returned to excrete oocysts at low levels at day 27 PI while the other animal groups’ feces were still negative for C. parvum oocysts. The histopathological examination showed that NTZ, high dose ginger and ginseng treated mice had more protective and curative effect on infected mice intestinal epithelium in comparison with other treatments used.In conclusion, these results proved the therapeutic efficacy of ginger, ginseng and sage medicinal plants against the C. parvum in experimentally infected mice, and that theginger extract had an obvious effect on infected mice than other treatments and such results could be adapted in similar infections in susceptible animals and man.

Mangifera indica (Tommy Atkins) peels, commonly known as mango, is a pharmacologically, ethnomedically, and phytochemically diverse plant. Peels is a major by-product during processing of mango fruit into pulp. In the present study, Thirteen pure bioactive compounds were isolated from methanolic peels extract. Six of them are new ellagitannins,namely,1,2,3,4,6 -Penta-O-galloyl-s-4C1-glupyranose (3); 2,3,6-Tri-O-galloyl-(α/β)-4C1-glucopyranose(4); 2,3-Di-O-galloyl-(α/β)-4C1-glucopyranose,Nilocitin(6);3,6-Di-O-galloyl-(α/β)-4C1-glucopyranose(8);1,6 -Di-O-galloyl- β-4C1-glucopyranose (9) ; 1,3-Di-O-galloyl-β-4C1- glucose (11), which were analyzed for the first time from M. indica (Tommy Atkins) peels. The ameliorative effect of the methanolic extract of M. indica (Tommy Atkins) peels towards the CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats through measuring certain biochemical parameters content in the liver were analyzed. The CCl4-treated rats showed a significant decline in the studied the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), albumin (A) as well as the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH) and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) , glutathione reductase (GR), elevation in the levels of total lipids (TL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), globulin (G), total bilirubin (TBil) , alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (ALAT and ASAT, ALP) and the hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, the administration of methanol extract, notably improved all the studied parameters. This study showed that CCl4 administration to Wistar rats, at a high dose level, could induce a hepatic injury in addition to certain metabolic alterations. The work was extended to investigate tissue histopathology. Thus, results suggest that the peels extract can be a potential source of an attractive candidate for ameliorating of hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 through scavenging free radicals, improved liver functions, and normalizing the liver histopathological architecture.

Ferula hermonis is a small shrub renowned for its aphrodisiac abilities. Middle East herbalists have utilized Ferula hermonis seed and root as an aphrodisiac folk medicine to treat women's frigidity and male erectile and sexual dysfunction.Assessment of follicle-stimulating hormone-like (FSH), luteinizing hormone-like (LH), and estrogenic activities of the methanolic extract (ME) of the roots of Ferula hermonis on female reproductive function.The methanolic extract was prepared from the root of F. hermonis and studied at dose level 6 mg/kg in immature female rats for FSH-like, LH-like, and estrogenic activities. These activities were determined by analyzing gross anatomical features, relative organ weight, and serum level of FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen hormones, and histopathological characteristics. Quantification of the main phytoestrogenic component ferutinin carried out by HPLC. In addition, molecular docking for the binding affinity of ferutinin inside active sites of both estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and FSH receptor (FSHR) was performed to predict the potential role of ferutinin in regulating the female reproductive process.Ferula hermonis (ME) showed potent FSH-like, LH-like activities and moderate estrogenic effect at the dose of 6 mg/kg. The content of ferutinin in F. hermonis was estimated to be 92 ± 1.33 mg/g of the methanolic extract. Molecular docking of ferutinin with ERα and FSHR displayed strong interaction with target proteins.Based on results, it can be concluded that Ferula hermonis can be considered as a suitable female fertility improving agent.

Due to the immunogenic differences in the FSH-β subunits among animal species and the need for preparing specific gonadotropic hormones specific for buffaloes, the present work was aimed to prepare recombinant buffalo follicle stimulating hormone for using in improving the fertility of Egyptian buffaloes. Production of recombinant buffalo follicle stimulating hormone (rbuFSH) in E.coli by using recent biotechnological tools .Buffalo anterior pituitaries were collected from slaughtered buffaloes ,the buffalo common α-subunit and FSH β-subunit cDNAs was cloned and expressed to produce recombinant FSH from buffalo species in vitro. The RNAs extracted from buffalo pituitary glands will be reverse-transcribed and amplified by PCR and RT-PCR. The cDNAs corresponding to both subunits of buffalo hormones was cloned into the expression vector E.coli cells (DH5α) and pGEMT-Easy vector and transfected into pET 28a, pET 15b cells or pCR2.1-TOPO vector. Subcloning of the different subunits was carried out in pET vectors. Expression of genes was determined in the transfected cells by Northern and Western blot analysis. Recombinant buffalo FSH secreted in culture media was characterized by an in vitro bioassay. The recombinant products were injected to immature female rats compared to PMSG(standard) to stimulate ovarian growth and inducing of multiple follicles. The results revealed that the possibility of producing recombinant buff. FSH in vitro which are possessing efficient biological activity,stimulated the ovarian activity of immature female rats compared with standard PMSG hormone , which can be applied in buffalo-cows for improvement of reproductive efficiency .

The current study aimed to evaluate the GC/MS profiling of Chiliadenus montanus leaves extract which consists of 48 compounds, nine of them are major and represented 52.55 % from the total peak areas. The ameliorative effect towards the CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats through measuring certain biochemical parameters content in the liver were analyzed. CCl4 diluted 1:9 (v/v) in olive oil was injected intraperitoneally followed by oral administration of methanolic plant extract (200 mg/kg body weight). The CCl4-treated rats showed a significant decline in the studied hematological parameters, the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), albumin (A) as well as the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH) and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) , glutathione reductase (GR), elevation in the levels of total lipids (TL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), globulin (G), total bilirubin (TBil) , alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (ALAT and ASAT, ALP) and the hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, the administration of methanol extract, notably improved all the studied parameters. This study showed that CCl4 administration to Wistar rats, at a high dose level, could induce a hepatic injury in addition to certain hematologic and metabolic alterations. The work was extended to examine tissue histopathology. In conclusion, C. montanus leaves methanol extract, resulted in an attractive candidate for ameliorating of hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 through scavenging free radicals, improved liver functions, and normalizing the liver histopathological architecture. Yet, the treatment with methanol extract could ameliorate these alterations via their antioxidative effect. Further studies are required in order to identify the molecules responsible of the pharmacological activities.

In equine parturition, the role of progestins along with the nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) signaling pathway in the placenta is not completely clarified. The progestins play an integral role in maintaining myometrial quiescence during the late stage of pregnancy via acting on nPR isoforms (PRA and PRB; PRB is more active than PRA). The current study aimed to determine the PRA and PRB expressions in the term equine placenta at the gene and protein levels. Six term equine placentas were used in this study. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify the mRNA expression for PRA and PRB. The protein expression was detected using the Western Blot technique. The results revealed that the mRNA and protein expressions for PRA were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in the term equine placental tissue compared to the mRNA and protein expressions of PRB. These results demonstrated that nPRs are detectable in the term placenta of mares and PRA is the dominant isoform expressed. The present findings raised the possibility that the PRA plays an important role in the parturition process and expulsion of the placenta in mares.

Background: Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole scaffolds were reported to possess various pharmaceutical activities. Results: The novel compound named methyl-2-(1-(3-methyl-6-(p-tolyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbodithioate 3 acted as a predecessor molecule for the synthesis of new thiadiazole derivatives incorporating imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole moiety. The reaction of 3 with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halide derivatives 4a&ndash, j and 7&ndash, 9 had produced the respective 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives 6a&ndash, j and 10&ndash, 12. The chemical composition of all the newly synthesized derivatives were confirmed by their microanalytical and spectral data (FT-IR, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). All the produced novel compounds were screened for their anti-proliferative efficacy on hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2). In addition, a computational molecular docking study was carried out to determine the ability of the synthesized thiadiazole molecules to interact with active site of the target Glypican-3 protein (GPC-3). Moreover, the physiochemical properties of the synthesized compounds were derived to determine the viability of the compounds as drug candidates for hepatic cancer. Conclusion: All the tested compounds had exhibited good anti-proliferative efficacy against hepatic cancer cell lines. In addition, the molecular docking results showed strong binding interactions of the synthesized compounds with the target GPC-3 protein with lower energy scores. Thus, such novel compounds may act as promising candidates as drugs against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole scaffolds were reported to possess various pharmaceutical activities. Results: The novel compound named methyl-2-(1-(3-methyl-6-(p-tolyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbodithioate 3 acted as a predecessor molecule for the synthesis of new thiadiazole derivatives incorporating imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole moiety. The reaction of 3 with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halide derivatives 4a–j and 7–9 had produced the respective 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives 6a–j and 10–12. The chemical composition of all the newly synthesized derivatives were confirmed by their microanalytical and spectral data (FT-IR, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). All the produced novel compounds were screened for their anti-proliferative efficacy on hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2). In addition, a computational molecular docking study was carried out to determine the ability of the synthesized thiadiazole molecules to interact with active site of the target Glypican-3 protein (GPC-3). Moreover, the physiochemical properties of the synthesized compounds were derived to determine the viability of the compounds as drug candidates for hepatic cancer. Conclusion: All the tested compounds had exhibited good anti-proliferative efficacy against hepatic cancer cell lines. In addition, the molecular docking results showed strong binding interactions of the synthesized compounds with the target GPC-3 protein with lower energy scores. Thus, such novel compounds may act as promising candidates as drugs against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Synthesized starch cellulose acetate coacrylate (SCACA)/ Sodium bentonite modified Tween-80 (MSB) nanocomposites holding anticancer drugs like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), and Chlorambucil (CA) as controlled release systems were evaluated and assessment as antiproliferative activity towards breast cancer cell lines, and antimicrobial activity against some strains. The nanocomposites loaded drugs characterized by Zeta Potential, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The results indicated that no change in the chemical structures and physical properties of the drugs into the nanocomposites. The surface texture of the samples was homogenous and smooth with no evidence of aggregations after release and there were some pore like structure and cracks formed due to blooming of drug outside nanocomposites. The particle size diameter of the prepared polymer was found to be 73 ~ 79 nm. After holding Doxorubicin the particle size was from 18 to 24 nm , 5-fluorouracil from 15 to 18 nm and Chlorambucil was from 24 to 75 nm. The release of drug was measured spectrophotometrically. The values of drug released depend on the type and nature of drug as well as the environmental aqueous media. The release in alkaline and acidic media was more faster and higher than that in the neutral one. The invitro study results of anticancer drugs released from polymers placed inside the culture media, showed 5-FU was given an effective promising results compared to DOX and CA. The antimicrobial test revealed that, the released 5-FU gave the highest effect as antimicrobial against all tested strains followed by DOX and CA.