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Indonesia is the second country with the highest number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world and the first in Southeast Asia, according to WHO Global Report 2020. Quercetin has been tried as an alternative therapy and was found effective. This study aims to optimize quercetin pulmospheres using combination polymers and study its characteristics as an inhalation delivery system. Combination polymers provide the advantages of safe, mucoadhesive, and compact pulmospheres. Pulmospheres were made as formula F1, F2, and F3 (polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), respectively. Pulmospheres were made with quercetin 0.2%, alginate-carrageenan (total concentration of 1.8%), and CaCl2 0.5 M. Characterization of particle size, morphology, moisture content (MC), yield, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency (EE) were conducted. The yield range was from 83.89 to 86.30% ± 4.59%. MC range was from 4.23 to 5.12% ± 0.05%. Particle size was

Abstract Background and Aim On a global scale, an estimated 17.5% of the reproductive‐aged population experiences clinical infertility. Beyond its categorization as a reproductive health concern, infertility emerges as a substantial independent risk factor for the development of various mental health disorders. The current study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression among women experiencing infertility compared to fertile women in Herat city, Afghanistan. Methods This hospital‐based case‐control study was conducted in Herat city, Afghanistan, during the latter half of 2023 on women aged 15–49. Sociodemographic and infertility data were gathered by a gynecologist using a structured questionnaire with 14 items. Assessment of depression employed the Dari‐translated version of the Patient Health Questionnaire. The data were scored and categorized following the instrument's guidelines. To examine the association between categorical variables, a chi‐square test was conducted, with a significance level set at 0.05 for all analyses. These statistical procedures were performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 27. Results Our investigation revealed a statistically significant association (p

Soybean productivity in paddy fields is influenced by variety selection and grass management practices. This study aimed to assess several soybean varieties and evaluate the impact of soil processing and weed control on Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR), as well as growth and yield of soybean seeds. Conducted in Sungai Kakap, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan, during 2021, the research employed a Randomized Block Design with 15 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments included various combinations of tillage methods, weed control techniques, and mulching. The study identified four soybean varieties Detap-1, Derap-1, Devon-1, and Dena-2 with large seed sizes and high yields. These varieties also exhibited resistance to common pests such as Etiella zinkenella, Riptortus linearis, and Spodoptera litura. Weed composition analysis revealed O. sativa and Ageratum conyzoides as dominant species. Weed dry weight was lowest in the perfect tillage + pre-emergence herbicide treatment and highest in the minimum tillage + weeds are not controlled treatment. The highest plant growth and seed yield were observed in the minimum tillage + pre-emergence herbicide and perfect tillage + pre-emergence herbicide treatments. Plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, and dry seed yield were significantly higher in these treatments compared to others. In conclusion, varieties Detap-1, Derap-1, Devon-1, and Dena-2 possess suitable physical characteristics for cultivation in Indonesia. The most effective grass management models identified were minimum tillage + pre-emergence herbicide and perfect tillage + pre-emergence herbicide. These findings contribute to optimizing soybean cultivation practices, emphasizing varietal selection and weed control strategies for improved crop performance.

Abstract Background Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), known as fall armyworm (FAW), is a wide-scale invasion pest that resulted in crop yield loss and certainly caused critical economic damage. Therefore, several control strategies such as the application of entomopathogen agent to control the population can be applied. The study aimed to designate and identify the candidate entomopathogens fungi (EPF) from South Sulawesi to control FAW. Results The research was conducted in several stages: field exploration, isolation, purification, bioassay, and morphological or genetical identification of selected fungi. The identification found out that: Sarocladium strictum, Talaromyces purpureogenus, and Aspergillus terreus had significant mortality percentages and incubation time in killing FAW. The highest mortality percentage was obtained in the case of the A. terreus (MLN8) isolate with an average mortality of 83.33% (2 days after incubation); A. terreus (4b) with an average mortality of 76.67% (4 days after incubation); both S. strictum (3) and T. purpureogenus (2B) required 3 and 5 days to control FAW, respectively, with 73% mortality percentage. Conclusion Ultimately, the exploration of several areas in South Sulawesi discovered potential EPF to suppress the FAW population biologically. Therefore, the identification of those EPFs contributes to FAW strategies control and the development of biopesticides.

This study investigates the development of eco-composite panels using treated and untreated nonwoven polypropylene (PP) extracted from disposable medical face masks, reinforced with bamboo particles. Treated PP underwent a washing process with detergent. Panels were fabricated with varying PP-to-bamboo particle ratios of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis indicated minimal impact of washing on the intrinsic properties of the PP material, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Both analyses showed similar intensities of functional groups and thermal trends in treated and untreated recycled PP (rPP) samples. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the uniform integration of bamboo particles within the PP matrix by detecting silicon and potassium elements. Chemical interactions between bamboo fibres and the PP matrix were also evident in the form of reduced peak intensities in FT-IR spectra. Despite these interactions, limited adhesion between bamboo fibres and the PP matrix led to reduced stability and mechanical strength in the eco-composite panels. A direct correlation was observed between board thickness and the proportion of bamboo particles, with the 50:50 formulation showing the greatest thickness. Conversely, board strength decreased as bamboo particle concentration increased due to weak interfacial adhesion. Notably, panels made from treated rPP exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to those from untreated rPP, achieving a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 36.259 MPa and a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 2048.215 MPa. These findings underscore the potential of utilizing nonwoven PP from disposable medical face masks, reinforced with bamboo fibre particles, to create eco-composite materials with enhanced sustainability and mechanical properties.

Font style recognition plays a vital role in the field of computer vision, particularly in document and pattern analysis, and image processing. In the industry context, this recognition of font styles holds immense importance for professionals such as graphic designers, front-end developers, and UI-UX developers. In recent times, font style recognition using Computer Vision has made significant progress, especially in English. Very few works have been done for other languages as well. However, the existing models are computationally costly, time-consuming, and not diversified. In this work, we propose a state-of-the-art model to recognize Bangla fonts from images using a quantized Convolutional Autoencoder (Q-CAE) approach. The compressed model takes around 58 KB of memory only which makes it suitable for not only high-end but also low-end computational edge devices. We have also created a synthetic data set consisting of 10 distinct Bangla font styles and a total of 60,000 images for conducting this study as no dedicated dataset is available publicly. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method can perform better than existing methods, gaining an overall accuracy of 99.95% without quantization and 99.85% after quantization.

All living things, comprising animals, plants, and people require water to survive. The world is covered in water, just 1 percent of it is fresh and functional. The importance and value of freshwater have increased due to population growth and rising water demands. Approximately more than 70 percent of the world's freshwater is used for agriculture. Agricultural employees are the least productive, inefficient, and heavily subsidized water users in the world. They also utilize the most water overall. Irrigation consumes a considerable amount of water. The field's water supply needs to be safeguarded. A critical stage in estimating agricultural production is crop irrigation. The global shortage of fresh water is a serious issue, and it will only get worse in the years to come. Precision agriculture and intelligent irrigation are the only solutions that will solve the aforementioned issues. Smart irrigation systems and other modern technologies must be used to improve the quantity of high-quality water used for agricultural irrigation. Such a system has the potential to be quite accurate, but it requires data about the climate and water quality of the region where it will be used. This study examines the smart irrigation system using the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud-based architecture. The water's temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity are all measured by this device before the data is processed in a cloud using the range of machine learning (ML) approaches. Regarding water content limits, farmers are given accurate information. Farmers can increase production and water quality by using effective irrigation techniques. ML methods comprising support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), linear regression, Naive Bayes, and decision trees (DT) are used to categorize pre-processed data sets. Performance metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score are used to calculate the performance of ML algorithms.

Design of cropping method and type of variety are one of the most important factors in increasing soybean productivity and the level of pest attack and predator populations. This study aims to determine the most effective planting method and variety types in an effort to increase soybean productivity in rainfed lowland areas in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The design used in this study was the split plot design, and the varieties (PU) used were as follows: (1) Detap-1, (2) Devon-1, and (3) Derap-1. However, the subplot (AP) was a planting method and three replicates: (1) farmer’s transplanting method (transplanting row: 20 cm × 20 cm), (2) method of transplanting double rows, and (3) method of transplanting three rows. The results showed that the highest number of branchesper plant was observed in the Legowo three planting method with the Detap-1 variety. The lowest level of leaf damage due to Spodoptera litura attack was observed in the Legowo double rows planting method with the Devon-1 variety (11.07%), and the highest level of leaf damage was observed in the jajar horn planting method (farmer’s method) with the Derap-1 variety (16.47%). The level of pod damage due to Etiella zinckenella attack was the lowest on Legowo three planting method on the Derap-1 variety (9.47%) and the highest on the Legowo double rows planting method on the Detap-1 variety (14.26%). The level of pod damage due to attack by pod-sucking pest Riptortus linearis was the lowest on Legowo three planting method on the (Derap-1) variety (8.02%) and the highest on the pod-sucking pest Riptortus linearis on the Devon-1 variety (13.43%). The length of the trichomes on soybean leaves was the highest on the Devon-1 variety (30.93%) and the lowest on Derap-1 (24.81). The highest number of trichomes on soybean leaves was on the Derap-1variety (57.67) and the lowest on the Devon-1 variety (32.20). The highest length of trichomes was on soybean pods on Detap-1 (29.11) and the lowest on Devon-1 (26.52), while the highest number of trichomes in soybean pods was on Devon-1 (222.47) and the lowest on Derap-1 (148.40). The highest seed yield was observed in Legowo three panting method with Derap-1 and Devon-1 varieties (2.02–2.08 t ha−1).

Soybeans are a commodity that is widely grown by farmers in rainfed rice fields in South Sulawesi. One of the determining factors in increasing soybean productivity in South Sulawesi is the type of variety. The aim of this research was to determine the characteristics, morphology and response to pests and diseases in several soybean varieties planted in rainfed rice fields in South Sulawesi. This research was carried out in Allepolea Village, Maros Regency in 2022 using a Randomized Block Design with 13 treatments and 3 replications. Varieties tested as treatments include: 1) Derap-1, 2) Devon-2, 3) Deja-1, 4) Anjasmoro, 5) Dena-2, 6) Dena-1, 7) Gepak Kuning, 8) Grobogan, 9) Devon-1, 10) Dega-1, 11) Deja-2, 12) Demas-1, and 13) Detap-1. The results showed that of the 13 varieties tested, the highest height was found in Devon-2 (33.67 cm) and Detap-1 (31.67 cm) in the vegetative phase and in the generative phase in Detap-1 (75.53 cm) and Gepak Yellow (74.67 cm). The largest number of branches is in Dena-1 (3.13 branches). The highest nitrogen content was found in Devon-1 (12.64 m2 per g). The largest leaf area was Detap-1 (4.15 cm2) and Gepak Kuning (4.15 cm2). The highest number of stomata was in Dena-1 (42.80 μm) and Deja-1 (44.00 μm). The highest stomata width was found in Gepak Kuning (2.76 μm). The lowest level of leaf damage due to attacks by Valanga sp (Acrididae) occurred in Grobogan (6.89 %) and Dega-1 (7.35 %). The lowest level of pod damage due to Nezara viridula attack was in Devon-2 (3.56 %) and Dena-2 (3.64 %). The lowest level of leaf damage due to Phaedonia inclusa attack occurred in Dega-1 (4.37 %), Dena-2 (4, 12 %), and Grobogan (4.69 %). Seed damage due to Cercospora sp attack was lowest on Dena-2 (0.81 %). The highest seed yield was in Dena-2 (3.78 t ha-1) and the lowest in Anjasmoro (1.93 t ha-1) and Deja-2 (2.02 t ha−1).

Cayenne pepper is consumed as a food spice because of its color, spicy taste, aroma and complete nutritional value. Cayenne pepper sold in traditional markets is not separated between whole cayenne pepper and broken cayenne pepper. This study aims to: 1) calculate the ALT of mold colonies on whole and damaged cayenne peppers, 2) identify contaminant mold species found in intact and damaged cayenne peppers. Samples of whole cayenne pepper and damaged cayenne pepper were isolated by grinding 10 grams of cayenne pepper, it was then inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 25oC for 7 x 24 hours. Then the ALT of mold colonies was calculated on whole and damaged cayenne pepper. Then, each isolated mold contaminating colony's morphology and microscopic characteristics were described. Finally, each contaminant mold isolate was identified. Furthermore, the study unpacked that: 1) The ALT of contaminant mold colonies on whole cayenne pepper was 1.0x103 colonies/g, while the average ALT of contaminant mold colonies on damaged cayenne pepper was 2.1x105 colonies/g, 2) There were 8 species of mold found in cayenne pepper namely Mucor racemosus Fres, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx, Penicillium frequentans Westing, Penicillium citrinum Thom, Penicillium nalgiovense Laxa, Penicillium digitatum Sacc and Penicillium variabile Sopp.

This article aims to reveal the purification or modernization performed by Muhammadiyah in Sufism, especially concerning the practical mysticism in sufi order and philosophical mysticism on the concepts of ittihād, hulūl, and wahdat al wujūd. The research data is gathered from the official document Muhammadiyah records, such as fatwas of Muhammadiyah's Majlis Tarjih and Tajdid, Hamka's thoughts and AR Fakhruddin’s performance as former leaders of Muhammadiyah. This study uses content analysis to determine the position of Muhammadiyah's views on the early Sufi. The result showed that tajdīd performed by Muhammadiyah is called purification and it harmonious with modern life. It differs with the meaning and practices of early Sufism. Muhammadiyah's position towards tarīqa is positive as long as the understanding and practice of Islam are derived from the guidance of the Qur'an and valid Sunnah. As for the concepts of ittihād, hulūl and wahdat al-wujūd, Muhammadiyah rejects them because there is an element of equating God with humans or pantheism, which has no basis in the Qur'an and Sunnah. This rejection is in line with what has been done by early Sufism scholars such as al-Sarrāj, al-Juwairī, al-Syahrastānī, and al-Kalabāżī.

Through education, it is hoped that students’ potential can be developed so that they have the courage to face life's problems without feeling pressured, have the will and ability, and are happy to develop themselves to be superior human beings. The objectives of this research were to describe the concepts, factors and development implications of life skill through students’ extracurricular activities at Mengkuru Nahdlatul Wathan Islamic Senior High School. This research was designed by using the qualitative method of informant finding in the field. The researcher used observation, interviews and documentation in data collection techniques. Describing the development concept of Life Skill was one of the analysis focuses in the development of education which emphasized the qualifications or skills to work. The study of life skill development through extracurricular activities of culinary art was discussed through students’ life study approach in the environment of Mengkuru Nahdlatul Wathan Islamic Senior High School starting from students’ lives, school activities, learning patterns, field practice, social activities among students and various other routines. The results of the research showed that Mengkuru Nahdlatul Wathan Islamic Senior High School tried to develop students' extracurricular activities with culinary art. In these activities, there were various kinds of menus which could provide satisfaction for students, teachers and the community, could increase students’ knowledge, and could be useful for many people.

The degradation of water quality has become a critical concern worldwide, necessitating innovative approaches for monitoring and predicting water quality. This paper proposes an integrated framework that combines the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning paradigms for comprehensive water quality analysis and prediction. The IoT-enabled framework comprises four modules: sensing, coordinator, data processing, and decision. The IoT framework is equipped with temperature, pH, turbidity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) sensors to collect the data from Rohri Canal, SBA, Pakistan. The acquired data is preprocessed and then analyzed using machine learning models to predict the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Water Quality Class (WQC). With this aim, we designed a machine learning-enabled framework for water quality analysis and prediction. Preprocessing steps such as data cleaning, normalization using the Z-score technique, correlation, and splitting are performed before applying machine learning models. Regression models: LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), SVR (Support Vector Regression), MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) and NARNet (Nonlinear Autoregressive Network) are employed to predict the WQI, and classification models: SVM (Support Vector Machine), XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting), Decision Trees, and Random Forest are employed to predict the WQC. Before that, the Dataset used for evaluating machine learning models is split into two subsets: Dataset 1 and Dataset 2. Dataset 1 comprises 600 values for each parameter, while Dataset 2 includes the complete set of 6000 values for each parameter. This division enables comparison and evaluation of the models’ performance. The results indicate that the MLP regression model has strong predictive performance with the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values, along with the highest R-squared (0.93), indicating accurate and precise predictions. In contrast, the SVR model demonstrates weaker performance, evidenced by higher errors and a lower R-squared (0.73). Among classification algorithms, the Random Forest achieves the highest metrics: accuracy (0.91), precision (0.93), recall (0.92), and F1-score (0.91). It is also conceived that the machine learning models perform better when applied to datasets with smaller numbers of values compared to datasets with larger numbers of values. Moreover, comparisons with existing studies reveal this study’s improved regression performance, with consistently lower errors and higher R-squared values. For classification, the Random Forest model outperforms others, with exceptional accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics.

Abstract Background Medical education in Syria still adopts a traditional, teacher-centered curriculum to this day. These elements imply the existence of issues in the learning environment (LE). This study aims to provide the first evaluation of the LE at the largest medical schools in Syria using the DREEM inventory. Methods The three largest medical schools in Syria are the ones at Damascus University (DU), University of Aleppo (AU), Tishreen University (TU). The Arabic version of the DREEM questionnaire was used. Students across all years of study except year 1 were approached. Both paper-based and electronic surveys were conducted. Results A total of 1774 questionnaire forms were completed (DU:941, AU:533, TU: 300). The overall DREEM score at DU, AU, and TU were 100.8 ± 28.7, 101.3 ± 31.7, and 97.8 ± 35.7 respectively with no significant difference (P = 0.254) between the three universities. DREEM subscales concerning Learning, Atmosphere, Academic Self-perception and Social Self-perception had a low score across all universities. Clinical-stage students reported significantly lower perception (P ≤ 0.001) of the LE in comparison to their pre-clinical counterparts across all subscales. Conclusions The findings of this study highlight the significant shortcomings of the medical LE in Syria. If not addressed properly, the academic, clinical, and professional competence of the healthcare workforce will continue to deteriorate. Moreover, the negative LE might be a predisposing factor for medical students’ exodus. The Syrian medical education system requires leaders who are willing to defy the status quo to achieve a true educational transformation.

Abstract Background and Aims Pregnancy is an important and natural event in a woman's life. It represents a time of substantial social and bio‐psychological challenges for a pregnant woman that may increase vulnerability to emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS). This study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of DAS among pregnant women in Herat city of Afghanistan. Methods This hospital‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted between July and November 2019, on 691 Dari‐speaking pregnant women aged 15‐49 years, who attended the antenatal clinic of Herat Razaei Maternity Hospital. The interview process involved the use of a structured questionnaire that collected data on sociodemographic characteristics of participants, as well as the validated Dari‐translated version of DASS‐42 questionnaire. A χ2 test was used to test for association between categorical data. Forward likelihood ratio was used to assess the strength of association between sociodemographic variables and DAS; independently. The significance level was set to 0.05 and the confidence interval to 95% in all statistical analyses. Statistical analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics (version 27). Results The mean age of participants was 26.17 ± 6.06. The overall prevalence of DAS among study participants were 42.8%, 40.0%, and 59.5%, respectively. Planning of current pregnancy, women's health, husband's health, women's nutrition, family support, husband's support, women's education, women's employment, and family economy were significantly associated with DAS, while gestational age was not significantly associated with DAS. Conclusion The prevalence of DAS among pregnant women in Herat city of Afghanistan is very high. Considering scientific evidence on high prevalence and associated factors of DAS among pregnant women, policymakers, public health authorities, and medical practitioners must devote significant attention in reducing the magnitude of these mental disorders and/or reducing their impact on women, their families, and the society.

Grid integrated renewable energy sources are greatly benefiting from the use of multilevel inverters, as they inject less total harmonic distortion (THD) and improve the quality of inverter voltage. However, these inverters face challenges due to their high number of switches and complex control. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new configurations with simpler and more effective control methods. In addition, Photovoltaic (PV) systems are being installed in numerous apartments and houses, typically connected to a single phase utility grid. It is crucial to ensure power quality through the use of an inverter connected between the PV system and the utility grid, controlled by the inverter itself. Since PV systems exhibit non-linear behavior, a DC to DC converter is required, along with an appropriate algorithm to maximize power output. However, the inclusion of an additional DC to DC converter can increase the size, cost, and complexity of the system. As a result, single stage grid connected systems have gained popularity for low power applications. Furthermore, the use of a Fuzzy controller has shown superior performance compared to PI controllers, thanks to its ability to adjust gains based on changes in solar irradiance and load. Therefore, this paper introduces a new configuration of a 7 level inverter for single phase single stage grid connected PV systems, incorporating a Fuzzy controller for control. This new configuration only consists of seven switches, making it more streamlined. The paper includes extensive results to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been associated with a great level of psychological distresses in people around the world. This study aims to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among COVID-19 patients and identify the associated factors, in Herat Province of Afghanistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 459 hospitalized patients between May and September 2021. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire on depression, anxiety and stress scale, which was the validated Dari-version. Chi-square test was adopted to analyze the associations of the prevalence of the mental disorders and the factors. Results: The mean age of participants was 38.05; 51.9% (238/459) were male and 84.1% (386/459) were married. Median scores for depression, anxiety and stress were 5.0, 8.0, and 10.0, respectively. Gender, general health condition, nutritional status, COVID-19 clinical manifestation and concurrent comorbidities (except diabetes and hypertension) were significantly associated with mental disorders; while association between marital status and these psychological disorders was not significant. Moreover, a significant difference was observed in the level of anxiety between healthcare workers and other respondents. Conclusion: This is the first study to report the high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among COVID-19 patients in Herat, which indicates the negative effect of mental health for COVID-19 patients globally and highlights the need for urgent and appropriate interventions to improve mental health of people during the pandemic.

Abstract Background Primary psoas tuberculosis is the presence of “Koch’s bacillus’’ within the iliopsoas muscle caused by hematogenous or lymphatic seeding from a distant site. Muscular tuberculosis has relatively low prevalence in comparison with other cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which explains the difficulties in establishing the diagnosis. Case presentation In this report, we present a challenging diagnostic case of primary psoas tuberculosis in a 38-year-old middle eastern female from southern Syria. The diagnosis was based on the clinical orientation, the observation of pulmonary lesions on the computed tomography scan, and the necrotic signs in the vicinity of the infected area. Despite the misleading primary false-negative results, the final diagnosis was reached after sufficient repetition of tuberculosis-specific testing. The patient was treated with isoniazid–rifampin–pyrazinamide–ethambutol for 2 months, then isoniazid and rifampin for 7 months, with full recovery in follow-up. Conclusions This case highlights the importance of a clinical-based approach in the treatment of patients with psoas abscesses, especially in areas with high tuberculosis prevalence.

Abstract Background Predicting the behavior of bladder cancer by easy noninvasive methods and with less cost is needed. Fibulin-3 (EFEMP1), a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that is encoded by the gene EFEMP1, has been nominated as one of the potential mediators of muscle invasion in bladder cancer. Methods In this tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical study, fibulin-3 level of expression was evaluated using a semiquantitative scoring system and was correlated with patient’s age and sex and tumor grade and stage. Results A total of 160 urothelial carcinoma cases were analyzed. The age of the patients ranged from 25 to 91 years (mean, 60.15; SD, 11.60). Fibulin-3 was significantly associated with muscle invasion and overall tumor stage (p = 0.033 and 0.02, respectively). Fibulin-3 expression was nonsignificantly associated with tumor grade (p = 0.092) Conclusions We found that the expression of fibulin-3 is significantly associated with muscle invasion in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. However, the prognostic role of fibulin-3 needs further investigations.

Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito that causes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) which is a major problem in public health and has social and economic impacts. One of the key factors for the success of DHF eradication is community behavior which includes knowledge, attitudes, and actions. The purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review by analyzing the relationship between knowledge and attitudes with the act of eradicating mosquito nests based on 7 (seven) journal articles that have been selected from the selection process measured using the quality assessment of the literature Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies from the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) which assesses selection bias, study design, confounders, blinding, data collection methods and withdrawals and dropouts so that the quality of the reviewed journals can be seen. The quality assessment of the journal resulted in 3 points: Strong, Moderate, and Weak. The result is that most respondents are housewives. Knowledge level is good, attitude level is good, and action is good enough. There is a relationship between knowledge and action and there is a relationship between attitude and action. The recommendation is to improve the ability of housewives and improve coordination with local Jumantik. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Dengue Prevention; DHF

Through a vertically shrinking sheet, a two-dimensional magnetic nanofluid is numerically analyzed for convection, heat generation and absorption, and the slip velocity effect. In this research, Al2O3–Cu/water composite nanofluid is studied, where water is deemed the base liquid and copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) are the solid nanoparticles. Modern composite nanofluids improve heat transfer efficiency. Using the Tiwari-Das model, the current study examines the effects of the solid volume fraction of copper, heat generation/absorption, MHD, mixed convection, and velocity slip parameters on velocity and temperature distributions. Introducing exponential similarity variables converts nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). MATLAB bvp4c solver is used to solve ODEs. Results showed dual solutions for suction with 0%–10% copper nanoparticles and 1%–500% heat generation/absorption. As copper (Cu) solid volume percentage increases from 0% to 10%, reduced skin friction f″(0) boosts in the first solution but falls in the second. When Cu is added to both solutions, heat transport −θ′(0) decreases. As heat generation/absorption increases 1%–500%, −θ′(0) decreases in both solutions. In conclusion, solution dichotomy exists when suction parameter S≥Sci in assisting flow case, while no fluid flow is possible when S

Climate change related natural hazards cause significant suffering and economic damage. The aftermath of losing one's home leaves people facing difficult decisions. Resettling those affected by flood disasters remains a complex and uncertain process. This study aims to shed light on the factors influencing the decision to choose post-flood public houses (PFPH) in flood-prone areas. Using a stated preference (SP) survey conducted in the floodplains of Southern Pakistan, this research analyzes the impact of policy variables in conjunction with latent psychometric factors on people's choices. A hybrid choice model (HCM) is developed to assess the influence of two latent variables: risk perception and place attachment. The findings indicate that individuals with higher risk perception are more inclined to choose PFPH, whereas those with stronger place attachment tend to opt for rebuilding their houses at the same location. Compensation for PFPH was observed to have a positive impact on the choice of PFPH, while the distance from the village center, reflecting how far they would be relocated from their current village center, had a negative impact on choosing PFPH. The calculation of willingness-to-accept measures confirmed that for every 1 KM increase in the distance from the village center, respondents would require additional compensation of PKR 24,558.45 (approximately $87.28). Furthermore, multiple policy scenario tests were conducted to economically evaluate the impact of latent variables and SP attributes on the predicted share of PFPH. The results underscore the significant influence of place attachment attitudes and the distance to the village center attribute on the share of PFPH.

Objective: To estimate the effects and safety of suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide injections in treating patients with resistant diabetic macular oedema. Methods: The quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Isra Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi, from November 2019 to March 2020, and adult patients of either gender with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Central macular thickness, intraocular pressure and best corrected visual acuity were recorded at baseline, and the patients were followed up at one and three months after the suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide injection and post-intervention parameters were compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: There were 60 patients with a mean age of 49.25+/-5.6 years. Of the 70 eyes, 38(54.30%) belonged to male subjects and 32(45.70%) to female subjects. There were significant differences in terms of central macular thickness and the best corrected visual acuity at both follow-ups compared to the baseline readings (p

With the advent of the latest sensing technologies, agricultural tasks can be performed so quickly and adequately and termed Smart agriculture. In this paper, a system based on sensor networks has been designed to monitor agricultural parameters wirelessly. The proposed system has been deployed in a Wheat field. The aim of this work is to increase the quality and productivity of the Wheat crops and minimize the extensive field visits of the farmers. This system enables precision agriculture by periodically measuring the three most key parameters (temperature, light, and water level) for achieving a remarkable increase in quality, productivity and growth of the Wheat crops. Thus, this system helps the agriculturists, landowners and research experts to monitor these parameters at the base station without going to the field site. A GUI tool is also designed to display the measured data and stored it in the database accordingly. While designing this system; IRIS mote, MDA100 data acquisition board, and MIB520 USB interface board are employed. We use TinyOS operating system for the development of codes for wireless nodes and the GUI tool is designed in Microsoft Visual Studio. ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and direct topology are used for the communication of nodes with the base station.

Education systems worldwide have been significantly disrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, creating an immediate need for a revamp of conventional teaching and learning techniques. To explore how this has affected the educational landscape, a scoping review was conducted. This scoping review aimed to examine the changes that occurred in the education field and to explore how it has transformed the educational landscape review. Using Arksey and O'Malley's methodology, 51 articles were selected for analysis from two leading databases: Scopus and Web of Science. All chosen articles were then subjected to thematic analysis. Three main aspects impacted by this global event were uncovered, which are technological advancements and digital transformation, changes in pedagogy and teaching methods, and mental health and well-being issues. This scoping review provides valuable insights into one of the most critical sectors affected by COVID-19, which can assist with planning future strategies for similar crises.

One of the superior products from processed sea fish in the famous Tuban coastal area is Terasi. Regional Superior Product Development Program (PPPUD) entitled Empowerment of Processed Sea Product Industry Craftsmen “Terasi Rebon” for the Development of Leading Potential for Highly Competitive Coastal Areas in Tuban, East Java. The problem with partners in terms of production in individual companies is the strengthening of production. So far, operational activities have not been carried out in a professional manner, still with a family system and there is no variety of flavors and packaging, so it is necessary to strengthen the operational management functions which include marketing, finance and tax management, information, human resources and production. For product development, partners need to innovate and be creative with flavor variants and packaging of rebon shrimp paste. Individual partner companies in marketing their products are done in a conventional way so that marketing is still limited around the East Java area. SOLUTIONS to this community service program are: Improving the quality, energy efficiency and processing time of rebon shrimp paste production through the design of the "Tray dryer" machine as a bamboo and shrimp paste dryer, increasing knowledge and ability in scientific management operational functions which include marketing management to maintain stability and business development partner individual companies need to innovate and create flavors and packaging of rebon shrimp paste product development, financial and tax management, information and human resources by opening a store. Design and update product information through e-commerce in order to expand the market. Prepare business and product standardization.

Currently, competition in education is unavoidable, and many educational institutions are then abandoned by society. The managerial ability to understand the marketing of educational services is a prerequisite in maintaining its existence and increasing the educational institutions. The marketing concept, which was initially only known and applied in profit-oriented organizations, can also be used in non-profit organizations, including Pesantren. Pesantren during the three decades (1997-1998) could be classified into two major types: first, the old or classical type, which is learning about classical Islamic texts; second the new type, namely establishing several schools and madrasah. Pesantren Mamba`ul Ma`arif Denanyar Jombang is included in a new type of Islamic Boarding School. This research attempts to analyze the managerial strategy that`s used in the Pesantren. This research allows qualitative and data sources will be narrated by a descriptive method.

This study aims to elucidate the relationship between the larval armyworm Spodoptera litura F. population density (0, 2, 4, and 6 per plant) with leaf damage level and yield loss in three soybean varieties, Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, and Grobogan. S. litura larvae were introduced both in the plant’s vegetative phase (20 and 30 days after planting) and its generative phase. This research used a split-plot design with the varieties as the main plots and the larval population as the subplot, with five replications. The results showed that the highest leafdamage was in the Anjasmoro, 6.5% to 8.87% in the vegetative phase and 6.95-7.81% in the generative phase. Meanwhile, Argomulyo had 5.96% to 6.68% and 5.78% to 6.39% of damage in both phases, and Grobogan was less susceptible, with 5.90% to 5.98% and 5.28% to 6.17% at the vegetative phase and generative phase, respectively. The highest decline in seed yield was in Argomulyo (0.81% and 0.79% in the vegetative and generative phase) and the lowest was Anjasmoro (0.66% and 0.64% in the vegetative and generative phase). For the population density, the highest level of soybean varieties seed yield loss in South Sulawesi was with 6 larvae per plant, which was at 23.44% in the vegetative phase and 23.48% in the generative phase. Among the varieties, the highest of seed yield loss was with Argomulyo (14.93%) and the lowest at Anjasmoro (11.30%). It can be concluded that the relationship between the S. litura larvae population density and the decrease of seed yield is quite strong (90.2% to 96.4% for vegetative phase and 94.8% to 96.4% for generative phase).

تباينت التفسيرات في تحليل احداث الفتنة الطائفية في تاريخ مصر المعاصر، الا أن السلطة الحاكمة تتحمل قدر كبيرا من المسؤولية بخصوص توتير الاجواء واثارة الفتنة الطائفية، لان الرئيس السادات لجأ الى الدخول في التحالفات السياسية والجمع بين سلطة الكنيسة والاسلام السياسي في آن واحد، ولعب على كل الحبال مع الجميع. ففي الوقت الذي رأت فيه الكنيسة القبطية بأن النظام تحالف مع الاسلام السياسي لتحقيق بعض من اهدافه السياسية، مما اثار قلقهم البالغ من استمرار تلك السياسة ومن اثار التمييز ضدها. ومن جهة اخرى، رأت جماعات الاسلام السياسي بأن النظام انحاز الى الكنيسة، لا سيما مماطلته بعدم تطبيق الشريعة الاسلامية. فيما رأت النظام بأن كلا الطرفين الكنيسة والاسلام السياسي عناصر لتهديد الامن وزعزعة الاستقرار السياسي. ولم تتوان السلطة في ممارستها لتلك السياسة باحتواء النزاعات السياسية لكلا الطرفين بمنطق سليم، وايجاد ثقة متبادلة بينهم، مما افقدت صوابها السياسي الى حد كبير، وعجز السلطة في الحفاظ على التوازن بينهما بحنكة وحكمة ومهارة سياسية. وهذا ما جعل كلا الطرفين في النهاية خصمين لدودين للحكومة، فضلا عن الصراع الأيديولوجي بين الطرفين، مما ادى الى تصاعد التوتر وبالتالي الى اندلاع مواجهات عنيفة.

Purpose Food waste can be referred to as edible food materials that can create problems to the environment if it is not disposed properly. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to produce chicken feed from food waste via two-stage fermentation. Methods Food waste was converted with combination of fungi A (isolated from degraded onion) and yeast B (isolated from local fermented fruit - Durian). Four batches of food waste were obtained from different sources. Food waste was fermented with fungi A and yeast B in bioreactor for 5 days with 80% moisture content. Fermented food waste was then dried in the oven. Results Glucose and carbohydrate contents were investigated during fermentation process and it was found that carbohydrate content decreased from 0.1857 g/g before fermentation to 0.1305 g/g after fermentation. Glucose content was found to increase at the first 48 hours and then dropped from 48th hour until the fermentation was done. To get consistent with the results of the last product, the process control elements such as C:N ratio, pH, aeration, agitation, temperature, antiseptic technique and sterilization of food waste were controlled. The standard of the fermented food waste was compared with the standard of chicken feed used in Malaysia. The crude protein content, crude fat content, crude fiber content, total ash content and total energy content of chicken feed met the requirement set by Malaysia standard (MS 20:2008) of chicken feed. Conclusion Thus, it is shown that food waste has a massive potential in the production of chicken feed.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rising globally and even more in low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. Optimal management of the disease is important to improve survival and prevent or delay its complications. Lifestyle management is a standard universal approach in optimizing the care given to diabetic patients. Dietary management is the central link in lifestyle modifications of individuals living with diabetes. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a systematic therapeutic approach of assessing the nutritional needs of an individual, determining nutritional goals, counseling the clients on how to achieve the goals, prescribing and monitoring meal plans to achieve the goals. It is evidence-based, effective, and highly recommended. All carers of the diabetes patient, including the health workers and the family members of the patients need to have basic understanding of MNT but the efforts should be coordinated by licensed dietitians. There are evidences that adherence to prescribed calories is effective in the control of cardiovascular risk factors such as blood glucose, weight, lipid profile, and blood pressure. However, prescription of calories should be based on thoughtful consideration of the nutritional needs, weight goal, personal preferences and tastes and cultural practices of individuals living with diabetes mellitus. Food pyramids give a graphical illustration on the recommended classes and servings of food. Six to eleven servings per day of carbohydrates, 3–5 servings per day of vegetables, 2–4 servings per day of fruit, 2–3 servings per day of dairy products, and 2–3 servings per day of fish are the recommended proportions of the different classes of foods for an adult on an average of 2000 calories. Carbohydrate counting, taken with appropriate insulin dosing and physical activity, has been demonstrated to be effective in optimizing the glycemic control of patients on multiple daily insulin injections. There are challenges in doing this in Nigeria due to lack of food labels. The caloric contents of common Nigerian foods are highlighted so as to help in achieving dietary goals.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to impose itself on all populations of the world. Given the slow pace of vaccination in the developing world and the absence of effective treatments, adherence to precautionary infection control measures remains the best way to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic from spiraling out of control. In this study, we aim to evaluate the extent to which the Syrian population adheres to these measures and analyze the relationship between demographic variables and adherence. Methods This cross-sectional study took place in Syria between January 17 and March 17, 2021. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was distributed in both electronic and printed versions. Our sample consisted of 7531 individuals. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS v.25. The chi-square test was used to address the correlation between adherence and demographic variables. Results Of the 10083 reached out, only 8083 responded, and 7531 included in the final analysis with an effective response rate of 74.7%. Of them, 4026 (53.5%) were women, 3984 (52.9%) were single, and 1908 (25.3%) had earned university degrees. 5286 (70.25) were in the high level of adherence category to protective measures. Statistically significant differences were documented when investigating the correlation between commitment to preventive measures and age, sex, marital status, financial status, employment, and educational attainment. Furthermore, those who believed that COVID-19 poses a major risk to them, or society were more committed to preventive measures than those who did not. Conclusion The participants in this study generally showed a high level of adherence to the preventive measures compared to participants in other studies from around the world, with some concerns regarding the sources of information they depend on. Nationwide awareness campaigns should be conducted and focus on maintaining, if not expanding, this level of commitment, which would mitigate the pandemic’s impact on Syrian society.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh literasi sains, pemahaman Quran-hadis, dan kecerdasan naturalis terhadap sikap peduli lingkungan siswa madrasah tsanawiyah di Kota Mataram. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa madrasah tsanawiyah di Kota Mataram kelas IX tahun pelajaran 2019/2020 yang berjumlah 1.440 orang. Sampel ditentukan dengan metode cluster random sampling. Penelitian ini melibatkan empat variabel yakni tiga variabel bebas: literasi sains, pemahaman Quran hadis dan kecerdasan naturalis dan satu variabel terikat yakni sikap peduli. Literasi sains, pemahaman Quran hadis dan kecerdasan naturalis dikumpulkan dengan instrument soal tes dan variabel sikap peduli lingkungan dikumpulkan dengan instrumen angket. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensial. Uji hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi linear dan uji F untuk melihat pengaruh kumulatif variabel bebas (X1, X2, X3) terhadap variabel terikat (Y). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Level literasi sains siswa MTs Kota Mataram termasuk katagori rendah. Walaupun demikian, literasi sains berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap sikap peduli lingkungan siswa MTs di Kota Mataram. Pemahaman Quran Hadis siswa MTs Kota Mataram termasuk katagori sedang. Pemahman Quran Hadis berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap sikap peduli lingkungan siswa MTs di Kota Mataram. Kecerdasan naturalis siswa MTs Kota Mataram termasuk katagori tinggi. Kecerdasan naturalis berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap sikap peduli lingkungan siswa MTs di Kota Mataram. Literasi sains, pemahaman Quran Hadis, dan kecerdasan naturalis berpengaruh positif signifikan bersama-sama terhadap sikap peduli lingkungan siswa MTs di Kota Mataram. Pembelajaran qur’an-hadist dan sains tentang lingkungan hidup seharusnya diimbagi dengan penerapannya dalam kehidupan nyata.Keywords: Literasi sains, kecerdasan naturalis, Qur’an Hadist, sikap peduli lingkungan.The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of scientific literacy, understanding of the Quran-Hadith, and naturalist intelligence on the attitude of environmental care students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah in the city of Mataram. The population in this study were all Tsanawiyah Madrasa students in Mataram City in class IX in 2019/2020, totaling 1,440 people. The sample is determined by the cluster random sampling method. This research involves four variables, namely three independent variables; scientific literacy, the understanding of the Quran Hadith and naturalist intelligence, and one dependent variable is caring attitude. Science literacy, the understanding of the Quran Hadith and naturalist intelligence are collected with test questions instruments. Besides, environmental care attitude variables are collected by questionnaire instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and inferential statistics. Hypothesis testing uses linear regression analysis and F test to see the cumulative effect of independent variables (X1, X2, X3) on the dependent variable (Y). The results showed the level of scientific literacy of students in MTs Mataram City included in the low category. Nevertheless, scientific literacy has a significant positive effect on the attitude of environmental care for MTs students in the city of Mataram. Understanding of the Quran Hadith of MTs Mataram city students including the medium category. Understanding of the Quran Hadith not significant positive effect on the attitude of environmental care MTs students in the city of Mataram. The naturalist intelligence of MTs students in the City of Mataram is included in the high category. Naturalist intelligence has a significant negative effect on the attitude of caring for MTs students in the city of Mataram. Science literacy, understanding of the Quran-Hadith, and naturalist intelligence have a significant positive effect together on the attitude of environmental care for MTs students in the city of Mataram. Keywords: scientific literacy, naturalist intelligence, Qur'anic Hadith,

Nanoparticles have presented various hurdles to the scientific community during the past decade. The nanoparticles dispersed in diverse base fluids can alter the properties of fluid flow and heat transmission. In the current examination, a mathematical model for the 2D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid flow across an exponentially contracting sheet is presented. In this mathematical model, the effects of viscous dissipation, joule heating, first-order velocity, and thermal slip conditions are also examined. Using similarity transformations, a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is converted into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The problem is quantitatively solved using the three-step Lobatto-three formula. This research studied the effects of the dimensionlessness, magnetic field, ratio of rates, porosity, Eckert number, Prandtl number, and coefficient of inertia characteristics on fluid flow. Multiple solutions were observed. In the first solution, the increased magnetic field, porosity parameter, slip effect, and volume percentage of the copper parameters reduce the velocity field along the η-direction. In the second solution, the magnetic field, porosity parameter, slip effect, and volume percentage of the copper parameters increase the η-direction velocity field. For engineering purposes, the graphs show the impacts of factors on the Nusselt number and skin friction. Finally, the stability analysis was performed to determine which solution was the more stable of the two.

This article describes critiques on orientalism as well as appreciates orientalist works which have positive values in Islamic studies that requires “reassessment”. This is because orientalism is a distinctive discipline that has a strong historical value between the West and the East (Islam) after the medieval European renaissance. This discipline was initially used as a Western political tool to exploit the East—both aggression and imperialism. However this discipline deserves careful attention by removing prejudices-geopolitical and historical revenge in the orientalists’ objective judgments. The work produced by such orientalists cannot be solely underestimated. Some orientalists merely using a scientific or semi-scientific approach have continuously produced “magnum opus” and contributed to the development of Islamic studies such as Hadith index, Quranic dictionary, and Encyclopedia of Islam.

This article examines Jacques Derrida’s concept of deconstruction and its implementation in the context of contemporary Islamic studies. Philosophically, the status of texts should not be regarded merely as writing because the meaning goes beyond the lexicogrammatical boundaries. Hence, scrutinizing ways to unveil hidden meanings possibly entail subjective or partial values embedded in the texts, particularly religious texts pertinent to Islamic civilization (turāth). Based on the philosophical analysis of the Derrida’s work, this study shows that there are at least two points of the relevance of the Derrida's philosophical thought to deconstruct the turāth and the Western domination in Muslim society. First, it is a useful device to criticise and deconstruct religious thoughts and texts, which are, to some extent, still dominant and considered sacred. These cover a wide range of Islamic texts that build Islamic civilization, from mysticism, law to theology. The second dimension is dismantling the context (today Muslim civilization) through decentralization of the Western hegemony and promotion of Occidentalism, a way of seeing the West from the East.

The learning process in al-Ghazâlî's perspective, known as “rabbânî al-ummah” (community educator), is good to be used as a benchmark for the success of learning processes and supporting factors for the success of the learning process, especially if compared with other educational thinkers to be relevant to education in globalization era. This research is a library research using a descriptive-qualitative and analytical-critical approach to Ayyuhâ al-Walad by al-Ghazâlî about the learning process. This research succeeded in revealing the learning process in the perspective of al-Ghazâlî in Ayyuhâ al-Walad is a series of theocentric learning processes, which are different from Western perspectives that are anthropocentric, so that learning is considered valuable if the goal is to get closer to God and motivation in learning in order to revive the sharia of the Prophet and subdue lust.[Proses belajar dalam perspektif al-Ghazâlî, yang dikenal dengan “rabbânî al-ummah” (pendidik umat), baik untuk dijadikan sebagai tolak ukur keberhasilan proses belajar dan faktor penunjang keberhasilan proses belajar yang tepat, terutama jika dikomparasikan dengan para pemikir pendidikan lain agar relevan dengan pendidikan era globalisasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-kualitatif dan analitis-kritis terhadap Ayyuhâ al-Walad karya al-Ghazâlî tentang proses belajar. Penelitian ini berhasil mengungkap proses belajar dalam perspektif al-Ghazâlî dalam Ayyuhâ al-Walad adalah rangkaian proses belajar yang bersifat teosentris, yang berbeda dengan perspektif Barat yang bersifat antroponsentris, sehingga belajar yang dianggap bernilai bila tujuannya adalah untuk mendekatkan diri kepada Allah serta motivasi dalam belajar demi menghidupkan syariat Nabi dan menundukkan hawa nafsu]

The multiple Travelling Salesmen Problem (mTSP) is one of the most popular and important operational research problems. It is a problem where n salesmen have to visit m cities such that each salesman has to visit at least one city and all the cities should be visited exactly once, starting and ending at one specific city. In this paper a new hybrid approach called AC2OptGA is proposed to solve the mTSP. AC2OptGA is a combination of three algorithms: Modified Ant Colony, 2-Opt, and Genetic Algorithm. Ant Colony-based algorithm is used to generate solutions on which the 2-Opt edge exchange algorithm is applied to enhance the obtained solutions. A Genetic Algorithm is then used to again improve the quality of the solutions. The reason behind combining the above-mentioned algorithms is to exploit their strengths in both global and local searches. The proposed approach is evaluated using various data instances from standard benchmarks. Using the TSPLIB benchmarks for large-sized instances, AC2OptGA shows better results than M-GELS, the current best known approach. For medium and small-sized data instances, AC2OptGA shows better results than other approaches and comparable results to M-GELS. Using the MTSP benchmarks (MTSP-51, MTSP-100 and MTSP-150), AC2OptGA outperforms other methods for number of salesmen less than 10 and is competitive with NMACO (BKS) for 10 salesmen.

The problem of delay in construction industry is a regular phenomenon worldwide, and construction industry of Pakistan has no exception, particularly in highways projects. Delay can be described as the extension of time to complete the construction project. The aim of this paper is to identify main causes of delays in highway projects of Pakistan, and to determine mitigating measures for the identified causes. The research method of this study is based on literature review, questionnaire survey and semi structured interview. From in-depth literature review, twenty-six common causes of delay were found. A questionnaire survey was carried out among construction professionals of highway projects. The causes of delay in highways projects were ranked referring to their Mean values. A semi structured interview was carried out to determine mitigation measures for the top ten causes of delays. The data gathered from questionnaire survey was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) while, data collected through semi structured interviews was analyzed using Nvivo software. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for construction parties, to mitigate the delays in highway construction projects of Pakistan.

Mental health disorders are common in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), creating vulnerability to adverse outcomes. Despite this, there is a gap in understanding the perspectives of people with psychosocial disability (PPSD). A mental health project from Afghanistan collected lived experience narratives through semi-structured interviews with PPSD and family members. The interviews focused on individual experiences of barriers and enablers to social inclusion. Four main barrier themes were elicited: symptoms of mental disorders interfering with social inclusion, unhelpful family attitudes and behaviour, unhelpful community attitudes and behaviours and lack of access to quality mental health services. Three prominent enabler themes were also identified: family support and understanding, access to quality mental health services and supportive community attitudes and behaviours. Connection to supportive community and support from family was a critical finding. These results reinforce the importance of hearing from lived experience to help shape both service and community development programmes. Key implications for practice Engaging with the lived experience of psychosocial disability is beneficial, necessary and possible in LMICs Understanding key, context-specific barriers and enablers for PPSD will improve wellness, recovery and inclusion In the Afghan context, working with families and communities to promote supportive environments towards mental health will improve social inclusion and access to services.

This paper explores the understanding of tarbawi (education) hadith from one of the major influential clerics in the Islamic educational system, especially in pesantren. He is Burhan al Islam al Zarnuji with his landmark book Ta’lim al Muta’allim. The conclusion that can be drawn is that al Zarnuji has shades of sufistical view in understanding tarbawi hadith. This can be seen in his understanding of hadith on obligation to seek knowledge (thalab al ilmi faridhatun ‘ala kulli muslimin wa muslimatin), which is interpreted as ilm al hal, the science concerning the condition of the human religious or simplistically said as the religious sciences; and the hadith of intention of studying (innama al a’malu bi al niyyat) with the intention for the sake of the hereafter and religion, not mundane. Such an understanding is not something taken for granted, but it can be reinterpreted and perfected in accordance with the spirit of the times of context.

Abstract: This study of predictive hadith in the book al-Bukhārī give results; first, that all the predictive sanad are sīngle transmission (aḥad). The predictive hadith through sīngle transmission cannot be credible when it occurs tadlīs, suspicion and ghaira ittiṣāl (not continued). Second, the predictive of matan hadith is a tradition which should not be leaned by the Prophet. However, it is learned by the companions of the Prophet. Is name is mauquf hadith, If is leaned by tabi'in or itba' tabi'in generation, it is called a maqtu’. The state of validity in matan predictive Hadith, depends on the state of the validity in sanad of Hadith. The state of avoiding disability (‘illat) of hadith sanad, is very decisive against the state on the validity of hadith matan, However, the state of validity on the hadith sanad is not necessarily a validity on the hadith matan. Therefore, some of predictive of hadith in book of Sahih al-Bukhari found disability in sanad of Hadith and in matan of hadith. In short, the direct or indirect predictive hadith in the the book of al-Bukhārī has disability ('illat), because it contains the contrary to the Qur'an, a political nature, and theological and dogmatic feud. Abstrak: Studi terhadap hadis prediktif dalam kitab al-Bukhārī ini memberi tiga hasil; pertama bahwa semua sanad predikif itu merupakan transmisi tunggal (aḥad). Hadis prediktif melalu transmisi tunggal tidak kredibel ketika terjadi tadlīs, kecurigaan, dan ghaira ittiṣāl (tidak bersambung). Kedua, bahwa matan hadis prediksi sebuah hadis yang seharusnya tidak di-marfu‘-kan kepada Nabi, tetapi merupakan hadis mauquf yang disandarkan kepada sahabat, dan maqtu‘ yang disandarkan kepada tābi‘īn atau itba‘tābi‘īn. keadaan kredibilitas matan hadis prediksi, tergantung pada keadaan kriteria sanad hadis. Kriteria terhindar dari ‘illat (cacat) pada sanad hadis adalah sangat menentukan terhadap keadaan kredibilitas matan hadis, tetapi keadaan kredibilitas pada sanad hadis tidak serta merta menjadi kredibilitas pada matan hadis. Sebagian matan hadis prediktif dalam kitab Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī mempunyai ‘illat dalam sanad hadis dan ‘illat dalam matan hadis. Matan hadis-hadis prediksi yang diteliti baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung adalah mengandung ‘illat karena bertentangan dengan al-Quran, mengandung hal-hal yang bersifat politis, serta mengandung pertentangan teologis dan dogmatis. Keywrods: Hadis, Sunnah, Kriteria, Sanad, Matan, dan Prediktif

This paper describes the numerical predictions of isothermal closed rotor-stator flows. Steady-state finite-difference solutions are sought for two gap ratios and two rotational Reynolds number in the axisymmetric cylindrical polar coordinate frame of reference. Low Reynolds number models, low Reynolds number k-? and second moment closure models have been used to compute the necessary description of the flow inside the rotor-stator system without superpose flow. The most important dissimilarities among the computational calculations of both the turbulence models obtain at the lower radial locations, where k-? model predicted the premature transitional predictions from laminar to turbulent flow. The major feature of this computational work is the emergence of four regions of the flow i.e. source, sink and two boundary layers. Computed velocity components of both models are compared against the experimental measurements. Low Reynolds number second moment closure shows the improved level of matching with data, particularly on apex of the boundary layers and recirculating core in the middle of the rotor-stator cavity.