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Abstract Despite recognized need and reasonable demand, health systems and rehabilitation communities keep working in silos, independently with minimal recognition to the issues of those who require rehabilitation services. Consolidated effort by health systems and rehabilitation parties, recognizing the value, power and promise of each other, is a need of the hour to address this growing issue of public health importance. In this paper, the importance and the need for integration of rehabilitation into health system is emphasized. The efforts being made to integrate rehabilitation into health systems and the potential challenges in integration of these efforts were discussed. Finally, the strategies and benefits of integrating rehabilitation in health systems worldwide is proposed. Health policy and systems research (HPSR) brings a number of assets that may assist in addressing the obstacles discussed above to universal coverage of rehabilitation. It seeks to understand and improve how societies organize themselves to achieve collective health goals; considers links between health systems and social determinants of health; and how different actors interact in policy and implementation processes. This multidisciplinary lens is essential for evidence and learning that might overcome the obstacles to the provision of rehabilitation services, including integration into health systems. Health systems around the world can no longer afford to ignore rehabilitation needs of their populations and the World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution marked a global call to this effect. Therefore, national governments and global health community must invest in setting a priority research agenda and promote the integration of rehabilitation into health systems. The context-specific, need-based and policy-relevant knowledge about this must be made available globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This could help integrate and implement rehabilitation in health systems of countries worldwide and also help achieve the targets of Rehabilitation 2030, universal health coverage and Sustainable Development Goals.

Abstract Silica fiber under high pressure increases the risk of fiber breakage or permanent deformation, which may cause sensor failure due to mechanical strength limitations. High pressure can also induce birefringence in optical fiber. In this study, we present a simple design and low-cost high pressure sensor using polymer optical fiber (POF) based on the intensity-variation technique. A side-coupling mechanism in the sensor structure is adopted, which varies the intensity with applied pressure. Two POFs are twisted together to create a sensing region where the light is launched in the first fiber and measurement is taken from the second fiber. In sensing phenomena, cladding mode frustrated total internal reflection occurs when pressure increases. Silicone gel is used in the pressure chamber for sealing and preventing leakage. The sensor structure is able to detect high pressure in the MPa range, where we tested up to 4 MPa. For higher sensitivity, twisted and bend structure is analyzed, and sensitivity is achieved at about 432.21 nW/MPa. However, twisted helical structure is adopted to enhance sensing range which is about 50 cm. The proposed high-pressure sensor structure is easier to fabricate and has high stability because it doesn’t require any destructive method as compared to other conventional methods.

Urban mobility in the Global South presents unique challenges for public transport (PT) and emerging shared mobility (SM) services influenced by socio-economic factors, mobility attitudes, and urban form. This study examines the factors shaping mode choice behavior between PT and SM services in four communities each in Dubai and Lahore. Additionally, it analyses the impact of primary daily activities on PT and SM preferences in both cities. Data from 1,653 Dubai and 1,603 Lahore residents were analyzed using four binary logistic regression models. Results indicate that socio-demographic factors (age, gender, household car ownership, driver’s license possession, education level, and weekly commuting trips) and mobility attitudes (ride-sharing, ride-hailing, pro-personal car) significantly influence PT and SM choices. Key determinants vary by neighborhood type, including link-node ratio, intersection and road length density, and car and PT commute times. The influence of primary daily activities (work or study) on the choice of PT and SM modes was found to be moderate in Dubai. The study highlights the need for tailored urban and transport policies to promote sustainable modes, considering neighborhood characteristics and demographics.

Adsorption is a preferred decontamination process for the treatment of industrial effluents, and various materials have been developed for this purpose. In the present work, esters based on sulfonated poly(ether ketone)/ionic liquids were prepared and their structures were evaluated by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out on a mixed solution comprising Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions with concentration ranging from 4 to 10 μg L-1. The adsorption affinity of the esters expressed as the equilibrium metal ions uptake capacity, qe (mg g-1) was in the order: Pb2+ (6.2), Cd2+ (5.1), Cu2+ (2.8) and Zn2+ (0.8). It was interesting to observe the low values of qe of all adsorbents for Zn2+, which is advantageous in the treatments of wastewater as Zn2+ present in high concentration and could reduce the ion exchange capacity of the adsorbent largely toward other metal ions pollutant. Esterification with ionic liquids open the opportunity to upcycle polymer wastes that can be sulfonated, such as polystyrene, PEEK and its cross-linked form.

The subdivision scheme is a valuable tool for designing shapes and representing geometry in computer-aided geometric design. It has excellent geometric properties, such as fractals and adjustable shape. In this research paper, we explore the generation of fractal curves using a novel binary 8-point interpolatory subdivision scheme with two parameters. We analyse different properties of the proposed scheme, including convergence, special cases, and fractals. Additionally, we demonstrate through various examples the relationship between the shape parameters and the fractal behaviour of the resulting curve. Our research also identifies a specific range of shape parameters that can effectively produce fractal curves. The findings of this study provide a fast and efficient method for generating fractals, as demonstrated by numerous examples. Modelling examples show that the 8-point interpolatory scheme can enhance the efficiency of computer design for complex models.

AbstractIn South Asia, federalism has significant importance, which is the primary cause of the partition of Indo-Pak. Muslim League and Congress ideologically supported federalism. Simultaneously, Congress supports centralization, and the Muslim League prefers decentralization models. These opposite federalism models do not significantly support both states’ cultural norms and values. Therefore, the question arises: what type of federalism was adopted by Indo-Pak regions? How do constitutions differentiate the current federal models? Before 1973, both countries constitutionally followed the centralized tendencies and managed them in different dimensions. The Indian federalism model of federation succeeded in regulating ethnic conflicts. However, the Pakistani model failed to accommodate the cultural polarization that caused the disintegration of Bengal from Pakistan in 1973. This study analyzed and examined the constitutional analogous of both federal models. Therefore, it is essential to attempt the comparative analysis of the Indo-Pak Federal Models in light of the federalism theory. The federalist assumed the principles, i.e. Supremacy of the Constitution, Division of powers, Bicameralism, and Judicial review.

Abstract To study the dynamical system, it is necessary to formulate the mathematical model to understand the dynamics of various diseases which are spread in the world wide. The objective of the research study is to assess the early diagnosis and treatment of cholera virus by implementing remedial methods with and without the use of drugs. A mathematical model is built with the hypothesis of strengthening the immune system, and a ABC operator is employed to turn the model into a fractional-order model. A newly developed system SEIBR, which is examined both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine its stable position as well as the verification of flip bifurcation has been made for developed system. The local stability of this model has been explored concerning limited observations, a fundamental aspect of epidemic models. We have derived the reproductive number using next generation method, denoted as “ $$R_{0}$$ R 0 ”, to analyze its impact rate across various sub-compartments, which serves as a critical determinant of its community-wide transmission rate. The sensitivity analysis has been verified according to its each parameters to identify that how much rate of change of parameters are sensitive. Atangana–Toufik scheme is employed to find the solution for the developed system using different fractional values which is advanced tool for reliable bounded solution. Also the error analysis has been made for developed scheme. Simulations have been made to see the real behavior and effects of cholera disease with early detection and treatment by implementing remedial methods without the use of drugs in the community. Also identify the real situation the spread of cholera disease after implementing remedial methods with and without the use of drugs. Such type of investigation will be useful to investigate the spread of virus as well as helpful in developing control strategies from our justified outcomes.

Abstract The humidity has often been measured through a single point sensor. Where, the humidity could be varied at different locations as well as depending on environmental conditions. The present paper developed the dual point humidity measuring sensor by using a polymer optical fiber (POF) based on a single illuminating fiber. The sensor’s basic structure is to twist two fibers and bend them at a certain radius. However, the dual point sensor is developed through the cascading of twisted micro bend (TMB-1 and TMB-2). The twisting of fibers couples the light from one fiber to another fiber through the side coupling method. An increase in the humidity level leads to a change in the reflective index, which helps to get variation in coupled light intensity. To measure the humidity, the dual point sensors are placed into the control humidity chamber at two random positions. The power reading variation is significantly linear when the humidity level increases from 30 to 80%. The sensor has a fast response of about 1 s and a recovery time of about 4 s. Furthermore, the chemical coating is applied to improve the sensor’s sensitivity. Between 30 and 80% range of humidity, the both sensors of dual point TMB-1 and TMB-2 have appropriate sensitivity and detection limits, which is about 680.8 nW/% and 763.9 nW/% and 1.37% and 1.98%, respectively. To measure the humidity at variable positions, the present dual points humidity sensor is well-stable, easy, and straightforward, which uses a less expensive method.

To study the dynamical system, it is necessary to formulate a mathematical model to comprehend the dynamics of the diseases that are prevalent around the world by using fractional calculus. A mathematical model is developed with the hypothesis created by adding control and asymptomatic variables to observe the rate of change of pine wilt and the ABC operator is used to turn the model into a fractional ordered model for continuous monitoring. The Boundedness and uniqueness of the developed model are investigated for bounded findings by using Banach space, which are the key properties of such an epidemic model. A newly developed system is examined both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine its stable position, and the verification of flip bifurcation has been made for developed systems. Derived reproductive numbers using the next-generation technique as well as the sensitivity of each involved parameter are verified. The Atangana–Toufik scheme is employed to find the solution for the developed system using different fractional values, which are advanced tools for reliable bounded solutions. Simulations have been made to see the real behavior and effects of pine wilt disease with control and asymptomatic battels in the community. Also, identify the real situation of the spread as well as the control of pine wilt after employing control and asymptomatic battels due to treatment. Such a type of investigation will be useful in investigating the spread of disease as well as helpful in developing control strategies based on our justified outcomes.

Background: A work-related danger is normally a circumstance that can possibly harm labourers. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) was enacted to help all employers and their workers decrease job accidents, injuries, and medical illnesses. In Pakistan, no recent regional study had focused on the health issues of labourers in sugar industries, so the present study focused on the health issues being faced by the labourers in sugar industries of Dera Ismail Khan. Objective: To assess the workplace hazards and medical problems related to sugar industry workers. Study type, settings & duration: A Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in sugar industries of D.I. Khan from April to September 2023. Methodology: Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and work place health and safety questionnaire, from 265 individuals working in different departments of Chashma and Meerun Sugar Industry of Dera Ismail Khan. A simple random sampling technique was used for sample selection. Results: Two sugarcane industries of the location were approached, and data was collected from n=265 workers working in different units of sugar mills. The maximum working time, observed was 8 hours (25.5%) and 12 hours (74.5%). Labourers and Labourers in-charge both were made indulged in the study and data was collected from both of them. 89% of the respondents were suffering from the musculoskeletal knee problems, 67% from shoulder problems, 84% from lower back pain and 45% suffering from arm problems respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that the majority of the................

A novel semi-organic combustion approach using orange and lemon juice as chelating agents is employed to synthesize the perovskite Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (x = La, Ce) cathode for IT-SOFCs. This approach has been found to exhibit lower toxicity compared to chemical routes and lower impurities compared to green routes. The structural analysis validated the successful synthesis of perovskite Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (La, Ce) cathode materials with no prominent secondary phase of impurities while surface morphology revealed a porous and well-connected network of particles. EDS confirmed the composition and thermo-gravimetric analysis showed weight losses related to the creation of vacancies. The functional groups were investigated through FTIR and the conductivity measurements revealed higher electrical conductivity for Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (x = La, Ce) synthesized with orange juice as a chelating agent with Sr0.8La0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ exhibiting slightly higher value compared to Sr0.8Ce0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ. The electrochemical performance showed the highest power density of 354 and 313 mW·cm−2 at 700 °C obtained for cells having Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (x = La, Ce) cathodes synthesized with orange juice which was attributed to better crystallinity and uniform lattice. This work shows that a novel semi-organic route is successfully employed to synthesize the perovskite cathode materials for IT-SOFCs.

Soil remediation for cadmium (Cd) toxicity is essential for successful tobacco cultivation and production. Melatonin application can relieve heavy metal stress and promote plant growth; however, it remains somewhat unclear whether melatonin supplementation can remediate the effects of Cd toxicity on the growth and development of tobacco seedlings. Herein, we evaluated the effect of soil-applied melatonin on Cd accumulation in tobacco seedlings, as well as the responses in growth, physiological and biochemical parameters, and the expression of stress-responsive genes. Our results demonstrate that melatonin application mitigated Cd stress in tobacco, and thus promoted plant growth. It increased root fresh weight, dry weight, shoot fresh weight and dry weight by 58.40%, 163.80%, 34.70% and 84.09%, respectively, compared to the control. Physiological analyses also showed significant differences in photosynthetic rate and pigment formation among the treatments, with the highest improvements recorded for melatonin application. In addition, melatonin application alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage by reducing MDA content and enhancing the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (CAT, SOD, POD and APX) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and AsA). Moreover, confocal microscopic imaging confirmed the effectiveness of melatonin application in sustaining cell integrity under Cd stress. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations illustrated the alleviative role of melatonin on stomata and ultrastructural features under Cd toxicity. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that melatonin application upregulated the expression of photosynthetic and antioxidant-related genes, including SNtChl, q-NtCSD1, NtPsy2 and QntFSD1, in tobacco leaves. Together, our results suggest that soil-applied melatonin can promote tobacco tolerance to Cd stress by modulating morpho-physiological and biochemical changes, as well as the expression of relevant genes.

A low temperature aqueous growth followed by mild pyrolysis was used in this study to synthesize high-quality carbonized materials from the deserted plant Citrullus Colocynthis. It was found that the carbon material prepared for this study contained an abundance of functional groups and surface active sites. A few microns were evidently the size of the carbon material. This study investigated a variety of photocatalytic performance evaluation parameters, including initial dye concentration of methylene blue, pH effect on dye solution, scavenger stability, and recycle stability via irradiating UV light. Methylene blue degradation was found to be significantly affected by pH and concentration of the dye solution. It has been found that pH five is the most effective pH for the removal of dyes. As a result of the study, we found that methylene blue decays according to pseudo first order kinetics and is estimated to remove dye at an almost 100% rate.

There is an imminent risk of higher crop failures owing to weather vagaries for agriculture-based livelihood systems, which are already fragile due to several challenges. The most important challenge is the encounter of crops against multiple environmental stresses under natural field conditions, the combination of these stresses poses complex effects on plant physiological and metabolic activities. To date, the combined effects of salt stress (SS) and late-sown (LS) on physiological and biochemical attributes have not been studied on wheat. A two-year field study was designed to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoters (PGRPs) to alleviate the individual SS, LS and combinations on wheat. The experiment was conducted for three factors, a) late sown and timely sown, b) saline and non-saline conditions and c) PGRPs treatments (thiourea (TU @ 1000 mg L−1), salicylic acid (SA @ 100 mg L−1), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 @ 100 µM), water spray (H2O) and control). Data revealed that under stress conditions, especially under SS+LS stress plants increased the synthesis of secondary metabolites, enhanced heat dissipation, and showed strict control over the stomatal regulation and gas exchange attributes, all these mechanisms were tweaked to deal with all the stresses. In addition, SS+LS stress followed by SS and LS stress severely reduced the flag leaf area (FLA), chlorophyll pigment contents and chlorophyll fluorescence and carboxylation capacity. However, foliar treatments of PGRPs TU, followed by SA, H2O2, H2O and control improved the chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments contents, gas exchange indicators, and relative water content (RWC). Moreover, PGRPs application improved the FLA, pigment biosynthesis and carboxylation capacity that improved the synthesis of metabolites such as anthocyanin, niacin, flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponin and riboflavin, which acted as defensive compounds to preserve the photosynthetic capacity irrespective of stress treatments.

Nanofiltration is widely used in various industries to separate solutes from solvents. To foster a circular economy, establishing a closed-loop lifecycle for the membrane materials is highly important. In this study, we fabricated recyclable nanofiltration membranes from chemically recyclable polymers —polyester P(BiL=)ROP and poly(cyclic olefin) P(BiL=)ROMP— using γ-butyrolactone as a green solvent. These two polymers, of two different polymer classes, were obtained from a single monomer, which could be recycled back to the same monomer, exhibiting the unique “one monomer–two polymers–one monomer” closed-loop chemical circularity. The effect of physical treatment, such as annealing, hot-pressing, and air exposure on the morphological characteristics and performance of the nanofiltration membranes was investigated. We revealed the interplay between membrane pore size, thickness, density and the molecular sieving performance of the nanofiltration membranes. Solute rejections were mainly governed by the membrane pore size. However, solvent flux was mainly governed by the membrane density that determines the free volume interconnectivity. The membranes exhibited a tunable molecular weight cutoff between 553 and 777 g mol−1 and methanol permeance between 5.9 and 9.8 L m–2 h–1 bar−1. The membranes exhibited excellent long-term nanofiltration stability over 1 week. The combination of the green solvent used for membrane fabrication and the circular life cycle of the polymer membrane brings one step closer to closing the circularity loop of membrane technology.

This study explores the relationship between social media influencers (SMIs) and followers’ engagement, social attractiveness, and establishing brand loyalty. The study seeks to redefine current theoretical frameworks and provide practical insights for marketers by investigating the mediating role of followers’ engagement (FE) and social attractiveness (SA) and the moderating influence of parasocial interactions. The present study utilized a quantitative research methodology. The researchers employed the Smart PLS 4 structural equation modeling (SEM) technique to analyze the data. The data was obtained from the participants using the convenience sampling technique. This study’s findings reveal that the sole influence of social media influencers’ homophily on brand loyalty was insignificant; the presence of a substantial mediator, namely consumer engagement, suggests that engagement plays a role in channeling the impact of homophily on brand loyalty. Furthermore, the SA played a crucial role in mediating, emphasizing the significance of aesthetic and emotional appeal. The study revealed that parasocial relationships did not have a significant moderating effect on FE. However, they significantly modified the association between SMIs’ homophily and brand loyalty. These study findings highlight that marketers operating within the laptop industry specifically utilize engagement activities, emphasize visual harmony, and foster parasocial relationships to maximize the influence of influencers on brand loyalty.

Citizen science (CS) has so far failed to achieve its potential to contribute to water resource management globally despite a significant body of work proclaiming the benefits of such an approach. Also, this work has addressed concerns over precision, accuracy and reliability of methods used. This article presents the findings of a hackathon-type workshop challenge that brought together water quality experts and CS practitioners to explore barriers and possible solutions to mainstream citizen scientist-generated data into national, regional, and global reporting processes, and thereby provide a tangible connection between policy makers and community-based citizen scientists. We present the findings here as a perspective-type summary. This workshop challenge highlighted the breadth and scope of CS activities globally yet recognized that their potential for positive impact is going unrealized. The challenge team proposed that impact could be improved by: developing awareness; applying a simultaneous bottom-up/top-down approach to increase success rates; that local leaders or ‘catalysts' are key to initiate and sustain activities; that generated data need to fulfill a purpose and create required information, and ultimately, lead to actions (data > information > action); recognizing that we are all potential citizen scientists is important; recognizing that “good water quality” is subjective; and lastly that developing a communication gateway that allows bi-directional data and information transfer is essential.

This study examined instructional practices and challenges English language teachers face in elementary schools. This study used a phenomenological approach and a mixed-method design. The data were collected through four tools: questionnaires, case studies, interviews, and observations in eight elementary schools in which eight educators and two hundred students participated from schools of three districts in central Punjab, Pakistan. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of teachers and students regarding the current pedagogical and instructional practices employed in English language classes. This study identified issues related to the lack of professional training and qualifications, overcrowded classrooms, cultural and social barriers, limited availability of the latest resources and technology, and a lack of parental cooperation. The findings suggested revisiting teachers’ professional development programs, focusing on innovative teaching methods, incorporating technology into language teaching classes and classroom materials development, and adaptation preparation. It further suggested that teachers with low levels of professional qualifications and training should consider focusing on specific approaches to meet the challenges they face in language classes instead of general teaching approaches.

A theoretical investigation of the temperature-dependent hybrid surface waves guided by the uniaxial crystal-temperature-sensitive material (TSM) interface is carried out in the present study. The uniaxial crystal is realized as a metamaterial having a direction-dependent permittivity tensor, with the optical axis (OA) parallel to the interface. Indium antimonide (InSb) is characterized as TSM, and the temperature-dependent electromagnetic (EM) characteristics of InSb are modeled using the extended Drude model. Analytical and numerical calculations have been performed to obtain the characteristics equation for the temperature-dependent hybrid surface waves. The contour plot technique has been implemented in Mathematica for the computation of dispersion relation. The influence of the temperature and propagation angle on the dispersion curve, effective mode index, phase speed, and propagation length was analyzed. It is reported that the proposed interface supports the two types of surface waves (i.e., (i) pure Dyakonov surface waves (DSWs) for the temperature range (i.e., T∈200,240 K) and (ii) hybrid plasmons waves for the temperature range (i.e., T∈290,360 K)). The computed results can be used to design temperature-assisted optical waveguides, thermo-optical sensors, and chemical sensing/communication devices.

Uchalli Lake (Ramsar site), with a surface area of 14.3 km2, is the largest lake of the Uchhali Wetlands Complex. Heavy inorganic pollution (metals and nutrients) load in Uchhali Lake had been reported by other researchers, but sources of inorganic pollution in the lake and its effects on surrounding groundwater have never been investigated. In the present study, the stable isotopes of δ18O and δ2H were applied to find out the recharge sources of lake and groundwater. Additionally, the isotopes of δ15N and δ18O (NO3) were used to find out the sources of pollution in the lake system. The stable isotopes and geochemical data suggested that the lake was mainly recharged by local meteoric water. The higher evaporation of lake water coupled with the alkaline nature of lake sediments led to the enrichment of pollutants in the sediments. Nitrate isotopes δ15N and δ18O suggested both geogenic and anthropogenic sources of pollution in the lake system. The geogenic sources are mainly comprised of rock/minerals weathering and soil erosion, whereas the anthropogenic sources are mainly comprised of agricultural activities in lake catchment areas. The δ18O, δ2H, and D-excess values suggested that the groundwater in the area is mainly recharged by rainwater, with limited contribution from the lake water to the groundwater system. HIGHLIGHTS High concentrations of metals in the lake system.; Stable isotope values in lake water and sediments.; Water recharge sources of the lake through δ18O and δ2H values of lake water.; Identification of metal sources through δ15N and δ18O of NO3 in sediments of lake.; Identification of groundwater recharge sources.;

The purpose of this research was to identify the dimensions and components of smart network governance in the country's banking system. This research was conducted qualitatively using thematic analysis method. The participants of this research were upstream documents in the library department, and managers and experts of banking system of the country in the field department. People were selected by purposive sampling with the criterion of at least 10 years of teaching and research experience in the field of management. Sampling was done with the participation of 10 experts. The data collection tool consisted of two parts: review and exploration of research literature and upstream documents in the library part, and semi-structured interview in the field part. The semi-structured interview with the participants continued until the theoretical saturation stage. The method of analyzing the interviews was done using thematic analysis method (basic, organizing and inclusive themes). The process of coding and textual analysis of the interviews was done in the qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA 2018. The results showed that the smart network governance model consists of seven dimensions of behavioral factors, structural factors, mechanism factors, comprehensive development, legal considerations, information and communication technology, stability and economic prosperity, along with 26 indicators.Extended AbstractIntroductionThe banking system plays a role as a part of the country's economic system, and in the best case, it can effectively fulfill the assigned missions. The effectiveness of the banking system will be possible when the other elements and parts of the country's economic complex are in their place and have a proper performance and can have a convergent interaction and participation with each other. In other words, if a country does not have appropriate and integrated economic, financial, commercial and industrial strategies, then it causes sub-optimal distribution of resources and actually will be like a surgery scalpel that is used incorrectly, even if the banking system plays its role properly. The connection and fusion of economic issues with the banking industry is an undeniable issue, so that whenever there is talk of the economy and improvement in the economic situation, a task is quickly assigned to the banking network and a significant share of the supporting factors goes to the banking industry. According to the majority of economic experts in Iran; this country has a bank-oriented economy, this coefficient of adhesion is much more evident; and for this reason, the banking network is expected to support and advance the economic goals. Therefore, in such conditions, compliance with banking requirements and standards to maintain the health of the bank's mechanism in the cycle of equipping and allocating financial resources under stable conditions is of particular importance and emphasized by all those involved in the country's economic system. One of the most important of them is the challenges faced by the public sector in the production of public goods and services (ibid). Network governance has been proposed as one of the desirable methods of governance means increasing the ability to solve sustainable issues in the fields of political, social and economic (Rashidi et al, 2021). This governance is done by cooperation between different stakeholders in the government, improving participation, increasing the integration of different resources, taking advantage of the capabilities of different stakeholders, and supporting collective action. One of the most important changes created by network governance (Kashyap et al, 2020) is increasing the importance of the network in the process of policy formulation, implementation and coordination of policy making programs and providing public services. The two main dimensions of network governance are structure and network actors. Actors of the network are determined to lead a specific program in this direction with the goal of the network and cooperate with each other (Martin, 2013).According to the issues raised, what the researcher seeks to explain in this research is the design and development of a smart network governance model for the banking system of Iran using the network analysis decision-making technique based on behavioral, structural and mechanistic dimensions; which wants to identify, examine and explain them so that through them a new concept of social concepts can be introduced in the field of banking management to determine how the role and decisions of political, social and economic actors in the banking fields of the country with respect of the components of smart network cooperation and the participation of different groups and the influence of these components will play a role in the decision-making of actors in the administration of economic and banking affairs of the country. According to what has been said, the main research question is: what are the characteristics of the smart network governance model for the banking system of Iran? And to what extent is it valid?Theoretical frameworkIn the most general usage, governance is emphasized on the movement from the previous approach called government (a top-down legislative approach that aims to regulate the behavior of individuals and institutions in a specific and completely detailed way) towards governance (an approach that tries to adjust the parameters of the system in such a way that regulate the individuals and institutions act within it and as a result self-regulation is created and the system achieves the desired results) or the replacement of "exerting power on" with "giving power to" (Rashidi et al, 2021). Governance in public administration, in addition to paying attention to the activities of the aforementioned boards, mainly considers the supervisory and budgeting role of government organizations. This role of government organizations becomes more important regarding the activities of private organizations that conclude contracts for the provision of public services (Hill and Lynn, 2005). It also defined as "structures and processes by which people in society adopt decisions, set rules and share power" (Folke et al, 2005)Smart governance includes political and active participation, citizen services and smart use of e-government. In addition, smart governance refers to the use of new communication channels, such as electronic government or "electronic democracy" (Pereira et al., 2018). Smart network governance in the country's banking system has the following dimensions.MethodologyThe research method of this article is qualitative. It is the applied-developmental in terms of goal, and is in the category of qualitative research of the type of content analysis in terms of the research method (qualitative content analysis can be a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of textual data through the processes of systematic classification, coding, and thematization or design known patterns). After taking the interviews from the participants and writing line by line the text related to the interviews, the researcher analyzed the texts. In fact, in this method, codes and concepts and categories were identified through the process of systematic classification, and then the factors of intelligent network governance have been identified. In this research, semi-structured interviews were used to present the model of smart network governance. A total of 10 interviewees in this research were interviewed separately. Also the effort was made to include those people in the research who, in addition to the willingness to participate in the interview, have sufficient information about the factors of smart network governance and have practical experience of this issue in their records. The snowball technique was also used to select people and each of the interviewees was asked to provide the researcher with a list of people who have the desire and expertise to participate in a research.Discussion and ResultsThe data analysis has been done using MaxQuda. The research findings showed: The components of designing and compiling the smart network governance model for the banking system of Iran using the network analysis decision making technique include: Behavioral factors Structural factors Mechanism factors Comprehensive development Legal considerationsInformation and communication technology Economic stability and prosperityConclusionThe purpose of this research was to identify the dimensions and components of smart network governance in the country's banking system. The results showed that the dimensions of the model include: behavioral factors, structural factors, mechanism factors, all-round development, legal considerations, information and communication technology, economic stability and prosperity, and research components including: relationship characteristics, collaborative characteristics, network normative characteristics. , process-oriented organizational structure, intelligent infrastructure, public outsourcing, digital transformation plan, the formation of integrated electronic government, information technology revolution, intelligent management, information-based smartening, comprehensive information systems and information sharing, bank customer demand, society demand, Political development, economic development, social development, human development, paying attention to high-handed documents, multiple licensing of cements, amending laws and procedures, technology growth, growth of mass communication networks, control of economic crises, stability in economy, and management. The findings of this research are somewhat aligned with Hosseini et al., (2021), and Rashidi et al. (2021). According to the findings of this research, it is suggested in the practical field that it is necessary for banks to encourage people to participate in banking affairs while creating appropriate activities such as facilitating guarantees, facilitating laws related to social capital in the field of women and attracting their participation, correct and timely notification of the bank's plans for loan payments.

Abstract Shah Abdul Aleem Siddiqui (1893-1954) was one of the most prominent scholars and prolific Islamic presenters of the Subcontinent. His proficiency in various disciplines of Islamic knowledge is matchless. He was at the same time a scholar, spiritualist, philosopher, writer, and preacher of Islam. He had made a great contribution in Islamic literature in Arabic, Urdu, and English languages. He traveled continuously for 40 years to all parts of the world to spread the Islamic knowledge and spiritual message of Islam. He established many organizations and institutions for Islamic education and spreading Islam in various countries of the world. He was recognized to be a great scholar, a Sufi, and praiseworthy man by his contemporary renowned scholars of world. This article is intended to acknowledged the contributions of Shah Abdul Aleem Siddiqui and article also contains a comprehensive view of Siddiqui`s name and lineage, birth, his teachers, students, his works, contributions, and remarkable position among the scholars of his age.

Purpose: Cryptocurrency has emerged as a new digital phenomenon and has remained a hot topic over the last few years. Its perplexing and unprecedented features motivate us to explore the live experiences of crypto day traders in Pakistan. This study provides insights into the crypto market's Motivation, Risk, and Obstacles from traders' perspectives. Methodology: This study has adopted a phenomenological research design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with seven crypto traders. NVivo 20 software was used to analyze the data. Findings: The study identified three main themes: Motivation, Risk, and Obstacles. The incentives for trading crypto were primarily financial, with a potential for profit being the primary driving factor. The Risks associated with crypto trading were predominantly related to security, price volatility, and liquidity. Finally, the study revealed that lack of awareness, social stigma, and regulatory environment are the main hurdles to developing the crypto market in Pakistan. Practical Implications: The practical implications of this study include providing potential investors with a better understanding of crypto trading strategies for maximizing profits and reducing risks. It also helps policymakers and regulators develop policies related to crypto trading. Social Implication: Cryptocurrency is not a legal tender, and its prices are highly volatile. Investors can face scam brokers, fake exchanges, and cyber theft in this market. Investors should be well aware of all these things before investing. Originality/Value: This study fulfils an identified need to explore the experiences of crypto traders and provides insights into the Motivations, risks, and obstacles they face during trading.

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Background: Nitrogen (N) is a crucial macronutrient for plants and serves as a significant measure of soil productivity. The leaching of N-nitrate creates significant hazards for human health and ground water quality. Supplemental irrigation applied to various field crops significantly alters crop yield and nitrate (NO3–) leaching within the soil. Determining the influence of various N rates and irrigation levels on yield and NO3– leaching could help to select the optimum combination of irrigation and N. Methods: The influence of various irrigation levels and N rates on NO3– leaching, soil physicochemical characteristics and grain yield of wheat crop was investigated. Two irrigation levels, i.e., I1 and I2 (60% and 75% of field capacity) and three N levels, i.e., 105, 130 and 160 kg/ha named as N1, N2 and N3 were included in the study. The irrigation and N levels were optimized in preliminary studies. Data relating to yield-related characteristics of wheat and soil physicochemical properties were recorded. Results: The growth and yield traits of the wheat crop were considerably influenced by varying degrees of irrigation N application. The interactive effect of I2N3 resulted in the highest numbers of tillers m−2 (18.9), 1000-grain weight (40.3 g), and straw (5.87 t ha−1) and grain (4.17 t ha−1) yields. Irrigation significantly affected infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil and soil strength. The bulk density of soil increased, while soil porosity decreased with increasing depth. Economic analysis revealed that higher irrigation and N levels, i.e., I2N3 resulted in the highest net economic returns. The NO3– concentration was significantly affected by soil depth and time after application of fertilizer. The NO3– concentration exhibited its greatest value at a depth of 0.35 m, while its lowest value was seen at a depth of 1 m. In addition, the concentration of NO3– exhibited a decline throughout the course of time after the administration of N. Conclusion: It is concluded that higher application of irrigation water and N fertilizer increased wheat yield and economic returns, and NO3– leaching. Therefore, alternative N sources with lower NO3– leaching must be used to reduce the adverse impacts on groundwater and environment.

Ficus benjamina commonly known as weeping fig is an ornamental that planted alongside the road to increase the aesthetic value. Leaf eating caterpillar, Trilocha varians was observed on Ficus benjamina and many other ornamental plants in the surrounding area of Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University. Large larval population was recorded on fig plants with 100 % defoliation. The rearing of Trilocha varians on F. benjamina was carried out under controlled conditions and parasitism of Trichogramma chilonis on eggs were checked. Incubation period was 5-6 days while single female laid 150-210 eggs in her whole life period. With five larval instars, duration period of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th was 2.0 days, 3-5 days, 2-4 days, 3-6 days and 3-7 days, respectively. Pupa was obtect in nature. Mated and unmated female were long lived as compared to male, 7.50 and 9.25 % egg parasitization was recorded at 16 and 24 hours of exposure, respectively. The coefficient variations were 89.50, 55.92, 42.21 and 29.59 at 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. To determine the larval damage, five different host plants belonging to moraceae family were used. The moderate damage of larvae was observed on Ficus religiosa. The severe feeding damage was observed on F. benjamina and F. virens, while M. alba and F. elastica were found not favorable hosts of T. varians. The study concluded that Trichogramma chilonis was recorded the most suitable parasitoid of T. varians and further need to record the natural enemies of the pest in the country.

The study was conducted to investigate the hydrological system of ‘Mianwali’ area, which comprises an alluvium aquifer. Groundwater dynamics including groundwater direction, velocity and recharge mechanism were investigated to assess the groundwater sources conservation in the area. Hydrological samples were collected and analyzed for stable isotopes (18O and 2H); radioisotopes (3H), chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) and groundwater real and filtration velocities measured to understand the groundwater dynamics. Isotopic data suggested a variant recharge mechanism due to localize impacts of canals, lake and river. Groundwater residence time, using Tracer Lump Parameter Model (LPM), and CFCs data suggest a very young water in the range of 14–59 years old. The real and filtration velocities of groundwater found to be 22.2 cm/day and 10.94 cm/day, respectively, in south-west direction and in-situ effective porosity of the aquifer was 49.3%. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was estimated using grain size analysis that varies from 48 to 278 m/day with average value of 139 m/day. HIGHLIGHTS Groundwater recharge.; Groundwater direction.; Groundwater velocity.; Porosity of aquifer.; Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer.;

Abstract Background The vast investments that have been made in recent decades in new medicines, vaccines, and technologies will only lead to improvements in health if there are appropriate and well-functioning health systems to make use of them. However, despite the growing acceptance by major global donors of the importance of health systems, there is an enthusiasm gap when it comes to disbursing funds needed to understand the intricacies of how, why and when these systems deliver effective interventions. To understand the reasons behind this, we open up the black box of donor decision-making vis-à-vis Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR) financing: what are the organizational processes behind the support for HPSR, and what are the barriers to increasing engagement? Methods We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with staff of major global health funders, asking them about four key issues: motivations for HPSR financing; priorities in HPSR financing; barriers for increasing HPSR allocations; and challenges or opportunities for the future. We transcribed the interviews and manually coded responses. Results Our findings point to the growing appreciation that funders have of HPSR, even though it is often still seen as an ‘afterthought’ to larger programmatic interventions. In identifying barriers to funding HPSR, our informants emphasised the perceived lack of mandate and capacities of their organizations. For most funding organisations, a major barrier was that their leadership often voiced scepticism about HPSR’s long time horizons and limited ability to quantify results. Conclusion Meeting contemporary health challenges requires strong and effective health systems. By allocating more resources to HPSR, global donors can improve the quality of their interventions, and also contribute to building up a stock of knowledge that domestic policymakers and other funders can draw on to develop better targeted programmes and policies.

Purpose: Pakistan's consistently poor ranking on the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) highlights the urgent need to address the pervasive corruption problem in the country. This study aims to explore the reason behind the failure of anti-corruption agencies in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: This study has adopted a phenomenological research design. Six in-depth interviews were conducted with government officials working in anti-corruption agencies. NVivo 20 software was used to analyze the data. Findings: The study identified three main themes; Political influence, legislation, and lack of capacity building. The finding indicates victimization, job insecurity, weak prosecution, self-beneficiary reforms by lawmakers, and lack of resources are the major reasons behind the failure of anti-corruption agencies in Pakistan. Practical implications: The study provides implications for policymakers, regulators, and anti-corruption agencies to formulate effective policies and regulations to combat corruption. Originality/value: To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first that explores the reasons behind the failure of anti-corruption agencies from the perspective of anti-corruption agencies.

Abstract Background Recent estimates report that 2.4 billion people with health conditions globally could benefit from rehabilitation. While the benefits of rehabilitation for individuals and society have been described in the literature, many individuals, especially in low- and middle-income countries do not have access to quality rehabilitation. As the need for rehabilitation continues to increase, it is crucial that health systems are adequately prepared to meet this need. Practice- and policy-relevant evidence plays an important role in health systems strengthening efforts. The aim of this paper is to report on the outcome of a global consultative process to advance the development of a research framework to stimulate health policy and systems research (HPSR) for rehabilitation, in order to generate evidence needed by key stakeholders. Methods A multi-stakeholder participatory technical consultation was convened by WHO to develop a research framework. This meeting included participants from selected Member States, rehabilitation experts, HPSR experts, public health researchers, civil society and other stakeholders from around the world. The meeting focused on introducing systems approaches to stakeholders and deliberating on priority rehabilitation issues in health systems. Participants were allocated to one of four multi-stakeholder groups with a facilitator to guide the structured technical consultations. Qualitative data in the form of written responses to guiding questions were collected during the structured technical consultations. A technical working group was then established to analyse the data and extract its emerging themes. This informed the development of the HPSR framework for rehabilitation and a selection of preliminary research questions that exemplify how the framework might be used. Results A total of 123 individuals participated in the multi-stakeholder technical consultations. The elaborated framework is informed by an ecological model and puts forth elements of the six WHO traditional building blocks of the health system, while emphasizing additional components pertinent to rehabilitation, such as political priority, engagement and participatory approaches, and considerations regarding demand and access. Importantly, the framework highlights the multilevel interactions needed across health systems in order to strengthen rehabilitation. Additionally, an initial set of research questions was proposed as a primer for how the framework might be used. Conclusions Strengthening health systems to meet the increasing need for rehabilitation will require undertaking more HPSR to inform the integration of rehabilitation into health systems globally. We anticipate that the proposed framework and the emerging research questions will support countries in their quest to increase access to rehabilitation for their populations.

Abstract Long-term different tillage system field trials can provide vital knowledge about sustainable changes in soil health indices and crop productivity. This study examined cotton productivity and soil health indices under different tillage systems and organic materials. The present study was carried out at MNS University of Agriculture, Multan to explore the effect of different tillage systems: conventional tillage (T1), conservation tillage (T2), and organic materials: control (recommended dose of synthetic fertilizers; 160:90:60 kg ha−1NPK), poultry manure (10 t ha−1 PM), compost (10 t ha−1 CM), farmyard manure (20 t ha−1 FYM), and biochar (7 t ha−1 BC) on cotton productivity and soil health indices. Two years field trials showed that different tillage systems and organic materials significantly improved the growth, morphological, and yield attributes of cotton and soil health indices. The cotton showed highest seed cotton yield (3692–3736 kg ha−1), and soil organic matter (0.809–0.815%), soil available nitrogen (74.3–74.6 mg kg−1), phosphorus (7.29–7.43 mg kg−1), and potassium (213–216 mg kg−1) under T2 in comparison to T1 system during both years of field experiment, respectively. Similarly, PM (10 t ha−1) showed highest seed cotton yield (3888–3933 kg ha−1), and soil organic matter (0.794–0.797%), nitrogen (74.7–75.0 mg kg−1), phosphorus (7.39–7.55 mg kg−1), and potassium (221–223 mg kg−1) when these are compared to FYM (20 t ha−1), CM (10 t ha−1), and BC (7 t ha−1) during both years of field experiment, respectively. These findings indicate that conservation tillage system with application of 10 t ha−1 PM are the best practices for the sustainable cotton production and to ensure improvement in the soil health indices under arid climatic conditions.

Abstract Background Due to the explosion in rapid reviews in the literature during COVID-19, their utility in universal health coverage and in other routine situations, there is now a need to document and further advance the application of rapid review methods, particularly in low-resource settings where a scarcity of resources may preclude the production of a full systematic review. This is the introductory article for a series of articles to further the discussion of rapid reviews for health policy and systems decision-making. Main body The series of papers builds on a practical guide on the conduct and reporting of rapid reviews that was published in 2019. The first paper provides an evaluation of a rapid review platform that was implemented in four centers in low-resource settings, the second paper presents approaches to tailor the methods for decision-makers through rapid reviews, the third paper focuses on selecting different types of rapid review products, and the fourth pertains to reporting the results from a rapid review. Conclusion Rapid reviews have a great potential to inform universal health coverage and global health security interventions, moving forward, including preparedness and response plans to future pandemics. This series of articles will be useful for both researchers leading rapid reviews, as well as decision-makers using the results from rapid reviews.

Abstract Global food production is threatened due to increasing salinity and can be stabilized by improving salt tolerance of crops. In the current study, salt tolerance potential of 40 local wheat cultivars against 150 mM NaCl stress was explored. Salt treatment at seedling stage caused less reduction in biomass, K+ and P while more decline of Na+ in tolerant cultivars due to reduced translocation and enhanced exclusion of Na+ from leaves. Principal component analysis based selected S-24, LU-26S, Pasban-90 (salt tolerant) and MH-97, Kohistan-97, Inqilab-91 and Iqbal-2000 (salt sensitive) cultivars were evaluated at adult stage applying 150 mM salinity. Osmotic adjustment by accumulation of soluble sugars and proline and accelerated antioxidant enzymes activities caused efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species making S-24 and LU-26S tolerant while in MH-97 and Kohistan-97, high MDA represent greater membrane damage due to oxidative stress making them salt sensitive. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transients confirmed better efficiency of photosystem II in S-24 and LU-26S based on energy fluxes (ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC and DIo/RC), performance index (PIABS) and maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm). These findings can be correlated using molecular techniques to identify genes for salt exclusion, osmotic adjustment and photosynthetic activity for use in molecular breeding programs.

The Mashki Chah iron ore deposits are located in the western Chagai magmatic belt and hosted within andesitic rock units in the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. Geometry, morphology, and structure of iron ore have massive, thin to thick-bedded and veins type of iron. The major ore type including magnetite as primary mineralization of iron ore and hematite, siderite, goethite, and limonite are secondary mineralization of iron ore. Petrographically, the iron ore is hosted within the basic to the intermediate type of units (Basaltic Andesite, Andesite, and Dacite) within the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. Major constituents of basaltic andesitic units are composed of clinopyroxene and amphibole with minor constituents of quartz. Andesitic units consist of plagioclase, hornblende, k-feldspar, quartz and biotite. The dacitic unit is comprised of quartz, albite, k-feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. SEM-EDX and BSE analysis of ore mineralization of iron ore to identify the mineral crystal structure, texture, and elemental composition of iron ore. BSE images indicate the crystal morphology of magnetite and hematite have well-developed cubic and octahedroncrystal shapes with a coarse grain texture. Elemental composition is identified by the EDX graph that is indicated the high peaks of Fe and O elements associated with the high peak rock-forming minerals elements Si and O with sub-peaks of Al, Na, K, and Ca and as well as have sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements are include a Cu, Ag, Ti, and Sn. The total iron reserve in the deposit area is approximately about 45 to 50 million tons and an average percentage of magnetite is 86.16% and hematite is about69.40 %. These ore deposit has significant value for economic purpose and as well as economically the Mashki Chah iron ore deposit is viablefor iron oremining.

Qur’ānic exegesis is one of the most important Islamic sciences. Numerous Islamic Scholars made great contributions to the Qur’ānic exegesis. One of them was Pir Muhammad Karam Shah Al Azhari. His Tafsir Zia ul Qur’ān is one of the most famous and significant tafsir in the Urdu language. Pir Karam Shah is considered a great scholar of Qur’ān, Hadith, Jurisprudence, Seerah and other Islamic literature. The most monumental work of Pir Karam Shah is in Qur’ānic exegesis known Tafsir Zia ul Qur’ān, it is comprehensive, extensive, and authoritative Qur’ānic exegesis in every aspect in Urdu language. In Zia ul Qur’ān, he explained the verses of the Holy Qur’ān by their causes of revelation with references of old and new explanation of Qur’ān. He interpreted the Qur’ān with the help of Qur’ān, Hadith, and sayings of the Prophet's companions and their successors (Tabi’een). He used a critical clarification of words from lexical to technical, literal, and exegetical meanings of Qur’anic words. He also analyzed the opinions and interpretations of learned and renowned scholars. He interpreted every aspect of Qur’ānic studies which covered current affairs and issues of the Society with simple examples and solutions. His Tafsir is helpful to the students as well as common people to understand the teachings of Islam through the Holy Qur’ān for adaptation in their entire life. This particular topic has been selected for the present article on the basis of this very deep literary, scholarly, and educational need.

Data on the biodiversity is essential to support the Forest Area with the Special Purpose (KHDTK) of Gunung Bromo as an educational forest and training center. This study aimed to obtain basic information on undergrowth vegetation composition under pine stands. Furthermore, the important value index (IVI), species diversity index (H’), species richness index (R), and evenness index (E) were determined. The data was systematically obtained by marking 35 plots of 2 m × 2 m. The distance between plots was 100 m. The results showed that the undergrowth vegetation consisted of 39 species from 26 families. The habitus of undergrowth vegetation was herb (15 species), shrub (14 species), liana (3 species), fern (6 species), and palm (1 species). Eragrostis tenerum was the dominant species with an IVI of 58.84%). Centrosema pubescens showed an IVI of 18.38%, while the other species showed less than 10%. Furthermore, H’ was classified as moderate (2.35), R was classified as moderate (4.69), and E was classified as uneven (0.64). This condition indicated that the undergrowth species that grew in KHDTK of Gunung Bromo was limited and uneven. It was considered due to inhibiting factors such as allelopathy in pine leaf litter and low light intensity. Undergrowth species that grow in KHDTK of Gunung Bromo showed several potential utilizations, such as medicinal plants (30 species), ornamental plants (9 species), food sources (5 species), forage (4 species), culture and crafts (4 species), and conservation (3 species). Keywords: important value index, KHDTK of Gunung Bromo, species composition, species diversity, undergrowth vegetation

Bela Ophiolite and suture zone host several types of gemstones in the underlain and overlain rocks such as garnet (demantoid and almandine), quartz, brucite, malachite, chrysocolla, azurite, calcite, natrolite, green chert, jasper, serpentine, agate, epidote, augite and prehnite. However, the rare gemstones including demantoid garnet are found as dodecahedron green crystals associated with the altered peridotite rocks such as serpentinite. Brucite is found in the botryoidal habit in the ultramafic rocks of Bela Ophiolite associated with the chromite mines in the Baran Lak and Amorzai area of Wadh in the host rock dunite. The serpentine is found in several locations associated with the altered ultramafic rocks formed after the serpentinization of peridotite. Furthermore, one of the rare gemstones such as petroleum and diamond quartz is formed due to the hydrothermal intrusion in the sedimentary rocks such as limestone; calcite also occurs in limestone as dogtooth crystals. While azurite, malachite and chrysocolla are formed as secondary deposits in the oxidized zone of copper and sulphide mines in the Manjawi, Nal and Sonaro associated adjacent to basalt. Moreover, epidote is found as green crystals having porphyritic texture in the host rock granite mainly in the Bakhalo area, Wadh. Agate, jasper, green chert and several other kinds of chert are found associated with the basalt chert unit in the mélange and gossan. In addition to that natrolite is found in the Nal ophiolite mainly in the Hazarghanji town found associated with the cracks and vugs of dolerite dykes as fibrous and cylindrical crystals. In metamorphic sole rocks of Bela Ophiolite in the Sonaro area, marble and quartzite are associated with the metamorphic rocks such as greenschist and amphibolite facies that are formed during the e volution period of the ophiolite. In pegmatite gabbro, the elongated and prismatic black crystals of augite are found in the host rock gabbro near the Ornach cross area, and the prehnite gemstone is found associated with the basalt and gabbroic rocks transition zone in the Ornach area.

Gunga deposit is a type of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposit located in the northwest of Khuzdar Knot within the Kirthar Fold Belt (KFB) in the south-west of Khuzdar city. This deposit is formed during the late Triassic Jurassic period due to rifting of the Gondwana supercontinent. being hosted with the Anjira Member of Jurassic Shirinab Formation, hosted the Strata bounded barite mineralization in these deposits contact with the siliceous and iron-rich gossan zones. The Baritic zone indicates the complex replacement of silica with the continuous silicification which is followed by massive to brecciated type Barite. Petrographically, barite has a very fine to coarse grain texture, anhedral to euhedral crystal shape, and forms dendritic crystal structure In the Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images, the crystal morphology of Barite exhibits well-developed elongated crystal structures with medium to coarse grain texture. Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) graphs indicates the high peaks of Ba, S, and O elements associated with sub-peaks rockforming mineral elements (Si, Al, Na, K, and Ca) along with sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements (Pb, Zn, Fe, P, and Ni).

The rapid increase in population growth under changing climatic conditions causes drought stress, threatening world food security. The identification of physiological and biochemical traits acting as yield-limiting factors in diverse germplasm is pre-requisite for genetic improvement under water-deficit conditions. The major aim of the present study was the identification of drought-tolerant wheat cultivars with a novel source of drought tolerance from local wheat germplasm. The study was conducted to screen 40 local wheat cultivars against drought stress at different growth stages. Barani-83, Blue Silver, Pak-81, and Pasban-90 containing shoot and root fresh weight >60% of control and shoot and root dry weight >80% and 70% of control, respectively, P (% of control >80 in shoot and >88 in root), K+ (>85% of control), and quantum yield of PSII > 90% of control under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress at seedling stage can be considered as tolerant, while more reduction in these parameters make FSD-08, Lasani-08, Punjab-96, and Sahar-06 as drought-sensitive cultivars. FSD-08 and Lasani-08 could not maintain growth and yield due to protoplasmic dehydration, decreased turgidity, cell enlargement, and cell division due to drought treatment at adult growth stage. Stability of leaf chlorophyll content (

In this paper, we discuss the solution of the magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) thermal boundary layer flow of Casson liquid over a penetrable extending wedge with ohmic heating and convective boundary condition (BC). Important applications of such flows and condition include the MHD pump, radiation therapy, MHD generator, soil mechanics, melt spinning process, thermal insulation and many others. Practical applications of convective BC are often encountered in laser damage or laser processing. The problem is non dimensionalized and computational solutions are achieved for the governing nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations (PDEs) by using homotopy analysis method (HAM) and influence of various emerging parameters on momentum and temperature field are examined. A table containing computational data for the wall shear stress f′′(0) and local Nusselt -θ′(0) number is also provided. Major findings/objectivesof the present study are: an increasing in Casson fluid parameter δ decreases velocity when wedge stretches faster than free stream velocity for R=2. However, velocity increases for R=0.1 case. Temperature velocity decreases for R=2 or R=0.1 cases for δ escalations. Enhancing Bi for convective heat transfer increases the momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness in the presence of suction C. Computational outcomes for velocity, drag force, temperature velocity and heat transfer rate are discussed through tables numerically. Results are verified with varied choices of suction parameter C. It is noted that the convective parameter magnified the heat transfer rate.

Abstract In this research work six novel combinations of Hydroxy Ethyl Meth Acrylate based copolymers have been synthesized and commercial titania, after activation was added by adopting simple strategy to manufacture super-hydrophobic, cost effective, transparent, antifogging, self-cleaning and antimicrobial coating on the glass sheet which will be helpful for outdoor and automobile windscreen. The super-hydrophobic covering was set up by dip covering procedure and coated specimen have been characterized for Wetting behaviour, transparency and SEM analysis. Likewise, the dependability of the coating was evaluated at conditions comparable strengthening at higher temperatures (4–400 °C), illumination by UV spectrum at basic and acidic limits, Results revealed that developed material has good adhesion with glass and shows transparency more than 97%, and water contact edge (CA) of 135 ± 2°. Furthermore, the covering displays astounding self-cleaning property. All the outcomes demonstrated that such kind of coatings could be used many modern level applications on automobile wind screen and glass-windows in building and other glasses where protection from UV radiation, anti-fogging and cleaning is required. Such type of coating material can also be used to preserve architectural work leather and other decoration and artwork. The graphical representation is given in Fig. 1.