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In this paper, we explore the bifurcation, chaos, and local stability of a discrete Hepatitis C virus infection model. More precisely, we studied the local stability at fixed points of a discrete Hepatitis C virus model. We proved that at a partial infection fixed point, the discrete HCV model undergoes Neimark-Sacker bifurcation, but no other local bifurcation exists at this fixed point. Moreover, it was also proved that period-doubling bifurcation does not occur at liver-free, disease-free, and total infection fixed points. Furthermore, we also examined chaos control in the understudied discrete HCV model. Finally, obtained theoretical results were confirmed numerically.

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is common in many societies and causes rickets and non-skeletal disorders in children. There are no published data on vitamin D deficiency in Afghanistan. We, therefore, investigated the prevalence and associated factors of vitamin D deficiency in Afghan school children in Kandahar City, Afghanistan. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from September 2022 to April 2023 in 510 primary school students aged 6–15 years from six randomly selected schools. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. Of the 510 enrolled children, 54.3% were boys and 91.8% were poor. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 9.3 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency (

Abstract In past years, concentrated solar power (CSP) with an energy backup system has been a unique renewable energy utilization system among intermittent renewable energy systems. It could allow a CSP plant to operate as a base load system in the future. This paper simulates a solar power plant for 1 MWe. Parabolic trough collector (PTC) array and linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) field attached consecutively to produce superheated steam at 40 MPa. The Rankine cycle has been used to run the steam turbine and an electricity generator is attached to a steam turbine to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Maximum temperature attained at the turbine inlet is 418.13 ˚C in 12:00–13:00 time slot in the month of January. Results show that solar power plant is feasible to produce 1 MWe. The minimum value of the power produced by the generator is 1.01 MWe in November in the 10:00–11:00 time slot whereas the maximum value of generated power is 1.57 MWe in December in the 11:00–12:00 time slot. The overall efficiency of power generated by the Rankine cycle is 21.25% in January in the 10:00–11:00 time slot. An energy storage system is attached to the system to work at night hours or in cloudy weather conditions.

Mathematical models play a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of epidemic diseases by providing insights into how they spread and be controlled. In biomathematics, mathematical modeling is a powerful tool for interpreting the experimental results of biological phenomena related to disease transmission, offering precise and quantitative insights into the processes involved. This paper focused on a discrete mathematical model of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) to analyze its dynamical behavior. Initially, we examined the local dynamics at steady states, providing a foundation for understanding the system's stability under various conditions. We then conducted a detailed bifurcation analysis, revealing that the discrete HCV model undergoes a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation at the uninfected steady state. Notably, our analysis showed that no period-doubling or fold bifurcations occur at this state. Further investigation at the infected steady state demonstrated the presence of both period-doubling and Neimark-Sacker bifurcations, which are characterized using explicit criteria. By employing a feedback control strategy, we explored chaotic behavior within the HCV model, highlighting the complex dynamics that can arise under certain conditions. Numerical simulations were conducted to verify the theoretical results, illustrating the model's validity and applicability. From a biological perspective, the insights gained from this analysis enhance our understanding of HCV transmission dynamics and potential intervention strategies. The presence of Neimark-Sacker bifurcation at the uninfected steady state implies that small perturbations could lead to oscillatory behavior, which may correspond to fluctuations in the number of infections over time. This finding suggests that maintaining stability at this steady state is critical for preventing outbreaks. The period-doubling and Neimark-Sacker bifurcations at the infected steady state indicate the potential for more complex oscillatory patterns, which could represent persistent cycles of infection and remission in a population. Finally, exploration of chaotic dynamics through feedback control highlights the challenges in predicting disease spread and the need for careful management strategies to avoid chaotic outbreaks.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were continuously receiving attention after their ban for use and production, owing to significant persistence, transport, and toxicity at trace level. Due to the field data gap of all 209 PCB congeners in previous studies, the source and environmental migration of lacustrine PCBs were not comprehensively understood. In this study, 209 PCB congeners in 277 water and 155 sediment samples collected from China's 23 large lakes across a longitudinal transect (18–45 °N) were analyzed. Results showed that the concentrations of Σ209PCBs were 0.03–41.04 ng/L and 0.26–163.82 ng/g dry weight in lake water and sediment, respectively. In lake water, the dominant PCB congeners, detected in over 50 % of all samples, were PCB 11, PCB 28+31, PCB 41+64+68, PCB 47+48+75, and PCB 51, with contributions to Σ209PCBs as 39.8 %, 6.6 %, 3.5 %, 18.4 %, and 6.4 %, respectively. Source apportionment revealed that major contributions of PCB 11, 41+64+68, 47+48+75, 51, and 209, were mainly from unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) while PCB 28+31 and the other congeners from historical PCB commercials. Therefore, the selective congener analysis (excluding UP-PCBs) common in previous lake studies was an omission. Simultaneously, the longitudinal fractionation of PCBs was also found in lake waters, likely caused by the East Asian monsoon. Moreover, fugacity fractions of PCBs between water and sediment indicated their overall equilibrium or net sorption. Overall, PCB 28+31 can be well indicative of PCB migration. This study provides basic information for the migration and transformation of trace toxic persistent organic pollutants.

In Pakistan, women face significant barriers to urban mobility. This is due to limited access to safe, affordable, and sustainable public transportation, exacerbated by socio-cultural norms and experiences of harassment. Addressing these challenges is crucial for promoting gender equality and unlocking women's potential for growth. This research inspects women's mobility experiences and challenges and proposes potential improvements for bus rapid transit (BRT) Peshawar. Interviews were conducted for data collection, and statistical tools and methods were employed to analyze the results. The most common modes of travel to and from the BRT stations were walk (39%&45%) followed by Taxi/Rickshaw (32%each) and car/bike (15%&9%), respectively. Most users accessed the BRT system within a 3km radius (55%) and typically traveled during the daytime (56% from 6–10 am and 51% from 2–6 pm). The main challenges identified, mainly for the younger users, were harassment faced at stations (66% for 18–30 years and 52% for 31–45 years of age groups, respectively) while on the buses with 54% for

In this paper, we explore local dynamics at equilibrium points, the existence of bifurcation sets and codimension-one bifurcation analysis of a discrete prey–predator system with Holling type-II functional response. Further, OGY and Hybrid control strategies are utilized to control chaos in the under study discrete model due to the occurrence of Neimark–Sacker and flip bifurcations. Finally, numerical simulations are given to verify theoretical results.

In this paper, we have delved into the intricate dynamics of a discrete-time Hepatitis B virus (HBV) model, shedding light on its local dynamics, topological classifications at equilibrium states, and pivotal epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproduction number. Our analysis extended to exploring convergence rates, control strategies, and bifurcation phenomena crucial for understanding the behavior of the HBV system. Employing linear stability theory, we meticulously examined the local dynamics of the HBV model, discerning various equilibrium states and their topological classifications. Subsequently, we identified bifurcation sets at these equilibrium points, providing insights into the system's stability and potential transitions. Further, through the lens of bifurcation theory, we conducted a comprehensive bifurcation analysis, unraveling the intricate interplay of parameters that govern the HBV model's behavior. Our investigation extended beyond traditional stability analysis to explore chaos and convergence rates, enriching our understanding of the dynamics of the understudied HBV model. Finally, we validated our theoretical findings through numerical simulations, confirming the robustness and applicability of our analysis in real-world scenarios. By integrating biological and epidemiological insights into our mathematical framework, we offered a holistic understanding of the dynamics of HBV transmission dynamics, with implications for public health interventions and disease control strategies.

IntroductionThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed extraordinary challenges to global health systems and economies. The virus’s rapid evolution has resulted in several variants of concern (VOCs), including the highly transmissible Omicron variant, characterized by extensive mutations. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity, population differentiation, and evolutionary dynamics of the Omicron VOC during the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Pakistan.MethodsA total of 954 Omicron genomes sequenced during the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Pakistan were analyzed. A Bayesian framework was employed for phylogenetic reconstructions, molecular dating, and population dynamics analysis.ResultsUsing a population genomics approach, we analyzed Pakistani Omicron samples, revealing low within-population genetic diversity and significant structural variation in the spike (S) protein. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Omicron variant in Pakistan originated from two distinct lineages, BA.1 and BA.2, which were introduced from South Africa, Thailand, Spain, and Belgium. Omicron-specific mutations, including those in the receptor-binding domain, were identified. The estimated molecular evolutionary rate was 2.562E-3 mutations per site per year (95% HPD interval: 8.8067E-4 to 4.1462E-3). Bayesian skyline plot analysis indicated a significant population expansion at the end of 2021, coinciding with the global Omicron outbreak. Comparative analysis with other VOCs showed Omicron as a highly divergent, monophyletic group, suggesting a unique evolutionary pathway.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive overview of Omicron’s genetic diversity, genomic epidemiology, and evolutionary dynamics in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for global collaboration in monitoring variants and enhancing pandemic preparedness.

Microplastics (MPs) are small plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, which have become a common environmental contaminant, spreading across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Concerns have been raised about the impact of microplastics on animal health and nutrition due to their accumulation and potential transfer through the food chain. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about microplastics in animal nutrition, with a focus on their occurrence, sources, routes of exposure, and potential effects on animal physiology and metabolism. Animals can consume microplastics through a variety of routes, including direct consumption of contaminated food, uptake from contaminated water, and ingestion of organisms that have already consumed microplastics. MPs have been found in a variety of animal species, including fish, birds, mammals, and invertebrates, highlighting the possibility of widespread exposure and bioaccumulation. MPs can interact with the gastrointestinal tract after being ingested, potentially influencing nutrient absorption, gut microbiota composition, and overall digestive efficiency. MPs may also act as carriers for other chemical pollutants, potentially increasing their bioavailability and toxic effects on animals. While some studies indicate that microplastics may cause adverse effects in animals such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and disruption of endocrine functions, the overall health effects and long-term consequences of microplastic (MP) exposure in animal nutrition remain unknown. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential consequences of microplastics in animal-derived food products, considering the human health risks associated with their consumption.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and thyroid disorders during pregnancy pose significant health concerns, impacting a substantial number of mothers globally. Globally, about 14% of pregnant women develop GDM, while thyroid disorders impact approximately 2%–3%. Both conditions contribute to adverse outcomes, including gestational hypertension, excessive fetal growth, and heightened perinatal morbidity. The central focus of this literature review is to examine the relationship between vitamin A, a crucial fat-soluble micronutrient in fetal development, and the occurrence of GDM and thyroid disorders during pregnancy. The primary research question investigates the association between vitamin A, GDM, and thyroid disorders, analyzing their combined impact on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. The review underscores the potential of vitamin A to modulate the risk and outcomes of GDM and thyroid disorders during gestation, emphasizing its role in GDM development and resolution and its influence on thyroid function in pregnancy.

The increasing incidence of resistance extended spectrum-beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumonia become worldwide issue. The current study aimed to determine the genomic diversity of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in milk samples collected from cows with mastitis as well as their antibiotic sensitivity profiles and genetic identification in Peshawar, Pakistan. The california mastitis test (CMT) was initially used to verify the presence for mastitis in 700 collected milk samples. The molecular identification of the 16SrRNA gene confirmed 120/700 (17.14 %) propagation of K. pneumonia. Out of these isolates MDR ESBL-producing isolates were 60/120 (50 %). The lactose were found (M = 3.96 ± 0.28, SD = 2.19), followed by fats (M = 3.12 ± 0.11, SD = 0.90), protein (M = 5.97 ± 0.24, SD = 1.84), sodium (M = 55.74 ± 2.07, SD = 15.81), potassium (M = 138.5 ± 1.53, SD = 11.71), chloride (M = 0.74 ± 0.03, SD = 0.24), calcium (M = 10.27 ± 0.31, SD = 2.42), and chlorine (M = 2.80 ± 0.22, SD = 1.70), respectively. Amikacin (80 %), ceftazidime (71 %), and tetracycline (71 %) were shown to be the most effective antimicrobials against all of the isolates. The occurrence of the blaSHV gene was observed at 56.00 % whereas the blaTEM gene and blaCTX-M gene were 36.00 %, and 30.00 %. The distribution of blaCTX-M subgroup genes was followed by blaCTX-M-1 (38.00 %), blaCTX-M-9 (22.20 %), and blaCTX-M-15 (61.10 %). Co-occurrence of blaCTX-M+ blaSHV was (15.00 %), blaCTX-M+ blaTEM were (6.60 %), and blaSHV + blaTEM were (10.00 %), respectively. The inappropriate, prolonged and common use of antibiotics may apply selective pressure for propagation and the occurrence of resistant isolates.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key intercellular communication and pathogenesis mediators. Parasitic organisms’ helminths, cause widespread infections with significant health impacts worldwide. Recent research has shed light on the role of EVs in the lifecycle, immune evasion, and disease progression of these parasitic organisms. These tiny membrane-bound organelles including microvesicles and exosomes, facilitate the transfer of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs between cells. EVs have been isolated from various bodily fluids, offering a potential diagnostic and therapeutic avenue for combating infectious agents. According to recent research, EVs from helminths hold great promise in the diagnosis of parasitic infections due to their specificity, early detection capabilities, accessibility, and the potential for staging and monitoring infections, promote intercellular communication, and are a viable therapeutic tool for the treatment of infectious agents. Exploring host-parasite interactions has identified promising new targets for diagnostic, therapy, and vaccine development against helminths. This literature review delves into EVS’s origin, nature, biogenesis, and composition in these parasitic organisms. It also highlights the proteins and miRNAs involved in EV release, providing a comprehensive summary of the latest findings on the significance of EVs in the biology of helminths, promising targets for therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers.

Abstract An essential research area for scientists is the development of high-performing, inexpensive, non-toxic antibacterial materials that prevent the transfer of bacteria. In this study, pure Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite were prepared by hydrothermal method. A series of characterization results by using XRD FTIR, Raman, FESEM, TEM, and EDS analyses, reveal the formation of orthorhombic nanoflakes Bi2WO6 by the addition of NaOH and pH adjustment to 7. Compared to pure Bi2WO6, the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite exhibited that CNTs are efficiently embedded into the structure of Bi2WO6 which results in charge transfer between metal ion electrons and the conduction or valence band of Bi2WO6 and MWCNTs and result in shifting to longer wavelength as shown in UV–visible and PL. The results confirmed that MWCNTs are stuck to the surface of the microflowers, and some of them embedded inside the Bi2WO6 nanoflakes without affecting the structure of Bi2WO6 nanoflakes as demonstrated by TEM. In addition, Pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite were tested against P. mirabilis and S. mutans., confirming the effect of addition MWCNTs materials had better antibacterial activity in opposition to both bacterial strains than pure Bi2WO6. Besides, pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite tested for cytotoxicity against lung MTT test on Hep-G2 liver cancer cells, and flow-cytometry. Results indicated that pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite have significant anti-cancer efficacy against Hep-G2 cells in vitro. In addition, the findings demonstrated that Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/MWCNTs triggered cell death via increasing ROS. Based on these findings, it appears that pure Bi2WO6 and the Bi2WO6/MWCNTs nanocomposite have the potential to be developed as nanotherapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infections, and liver cancer.

Abstract Spider silk exhibits an excellent combination of high strength and toughness, which originates from the hierarchical self-assembled structure of spidroin during fiber spinning. In this work, superfine nanofibrils are established in polyelectrolyte artificial spider silk by optimizing the flexibility of polymer chains, which exhibits combination of breaking strength and toughness ranging from 1.83 GPa and 238 MJ m−3 to 0.53 GPa and 700 MJ m−3, respectively. This is achieved by introducing ions to control the dissociation of polymer chains and evaporation-induced self-assembly under external stress. In addition, the artificial spider silk possesses thermally-driven supercontraction ability. This work provides inspiration for the design of high-performance fiber materials.

In this paper, we examined the codimension-two bifurcation analysis of a two-dimensional discrete epidemic model. More precisely, we examined the codimension-two bifurcation analysis at an endemic equilibrium state associated with $ 1:2 $, $ 1:3 $ and $ 1:4 $ strong resonances by bifurcation theory and series of affine transformations. Finally, theoretical results were carried out numerically.

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of Pistia stratiotes for treatment of domestic wastewater in a free surface water flow constructed wetland. The objective of the study was to evaluate contaminants removal efficiency of the constructed wetland vegetated with P. stratiotes in treatment of domestic wastewater against Hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10, 20 and 30 days was investigated. This asks for newer and efficient low-cost nature-based water treatment system which along with cost takes into consideration the sustainability of the ecosystem. Five constructed wetland setups improved the wastewater quality and purify it significantly by reducing the TDS by 83%, TSS by 82%, BOD by 82%, COD by 81%, Chloride by 80%, Sulfate by 77%, NH3 by 84% and Total Oil and Grease by 74%. There was an increase in pH of about 11.9%. Color and odor of wastewater was also improved significantly and effectively. It was observed that 30 days’ HRT was optimum for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The final effluent was found to be suitable as per national environmental quality standards and recycled for watering plants and crop irrigation but not for drinking purposes. The treatment in constructed wetland system was found to be economical, as the cost of construction only was involved and operational and maintenance cost very minimal. Even this research was conducted on the sole purpose of commuting the efficiency of pollutant removal in short span time.

Abstract Spider silk, possessing exceptional combination properties, is classified as a bio‐gel fiber. Thereby, it serves as a valuable origin of inspiration for the advancement of various artificial gel fiber materials with distinct functionalities. Gel fibers exhibit promising potential for utilization in diverse fields, including smart textiles, artificial muscle, tissue engineering, and strain sensing. However, there are still numerous challenges in improving the performance and functionalizing applications of spider silk‐inspired artificial gel fibers. Thus, to gain a penetrating insight into bioinspired artificial gel fibers, this review provided a comprehensive overview encompassing three key aspects: the fundamental design concepts and implementing strategies of gel fibers, the properties and strengthening strategies of gel fibers, and the functionalities and application prospects of gel fibers. In particular, multiple strengthening and toughening mechanisms were introduced at micro, nano, and molecular‐level structures of gel fibers. Additionally, the existing challenges of gel fibers are summarized. This review aims to offer significant guidance for the development and application of artificial gel fibers and inspire further research in the field of high‐performance gel fibers.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution for tackling antibiotic resistance in monogastric animals, providing innovative methods to enhance animal health and well-being. This review explores the novel use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterials as substitutes for antibiotics in monogastric animals. With growing global concerns about antibiotic resistance and the need for sustainable practices in animal husbandry, nanotechnology offers a compelling avenue to address these challenges. The objectives of this review are to find out the potential of nanomaterials in improving animal health while reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics. We examine various forms of nanomaterials and their roles in promoting gut health and also emphasize fresh perspectives brought by integrating nanotechnology into animal healthcare. Additionally, we delve into the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial properties of nanomaterials and their effectiveness in combating microbial resistance. By shedding light on the transformative role of nanotechnology in animal production systems. This review contributes to our understanding of how nanotechnology can provide safer and more sustainable alternatives to antibiotics.

Anisakis can cause Anisakiasis in humans if raw or undercooked fish is consumed. Symptoms of infection may include vomiting, acute abdominal symptoms, or allergies. In this study, we collected 187 commercially available marine fish from the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea. Among them, 79 were found positive containing 520 Anisakis worms. The average prevalence rate was found 42% in this investigation. Ninety-two worms from different sea areas were selected and analyzed for identification, revealing the presence of five different species, which are Anisakis pegreffii, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Hysterothylacium zhoushanense, Hysterothylacium amoyense, and Hysterothylacium sp. In the meta-analysis, three databases: PubMed, CNKI, and BaiduXueshu were searched for surveys on the prevalence of Anisakis in Chinese waters from January 2000 to December 2023. A total of 26 studies were included in this analysis of which 25 publications were retrieved from different databases and one being the present study. The pooled prevalence of Anisakis was 45% among commercially available marine fish. Variances in the prevalence of Anisakis were noted among the four seas, with the highest rates in the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea, reaching 53% [0.38; 0.68] and 49% [0.36; 0.62], respectively. The Prevalence of Anisakis infection was significantly higher in astern parts such as Liaoning, Shanghai, and Zhejiang. Analysis of the host fish subgroups revealed that the orders of Anguilliformes, Scombriformes, and Gadiformes had high rates of infection. These findings suggest a significant prevalence of Anisakis, posing an increasing risk of infection for individuals. This study provides impactful information for implementing preventative measures against Anisakis.

BackgroundAnisakis are globally distributed, marine parasitic nematodes that can cause human health problems, including symptoms such as vomiting, acute diarrhea, and allergic reactions. As parasitic nematodes that primarily affect the patient’s digestive tract, intestinal helminths can interact directly with the host microbiota through physical contact, chemicals, or nutrient competition. It is widely accepted that the host microbiota plays a crucial role in the regulation of immunity.Materials and methodsNematodes collected from the abdominal cavity of marine fish were identified by molecular biology and live worms were artificially infected in rats. Infection was determined by indirect ELISA based on rat serum and worm extraction. Feces were collected for 16S rDNA-based analysis of microbiota diversity.ResultsMolecular biology identification based on ITS sequences identified the collected nematodes as A. pegreffii. The success of the artificial infection was determined by indirect ELISA based on serum and worm extraction from artificially infected rats. Microbiota diversity analysis showed that a total of 773 ASVs were generated, and PCoA showed that the infected group was differentiated from the control group. The control group contained five characterized genera (Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, Turicibacter, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Candidatus Stoquefichus, Lachnospira) and the infected group contained nine characterized genera (Rodentibacter, Christensenella, Dubosiella, Streptococcus, Anaeroplasma, Lactococcus, Papillibacter, Desulfovibrio, Roseburia). Based on the Wilcoxon test, four processes were found to be significant: bacterial secretion system, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, bacterial chemotaxis, and ABC transporters.ConclusionThis study is the first to analyze the diversity of the intestinal microbiota of rats infected with A. pegreffii and to determine the damage and regulation of metabolism and immunity caused by the infection in the rat gut. The findings provide a basis for further research on host-helminth-microbe correlationships.

To address the rising energy demands in industrial and public sectors, integrating zero‐carbon emission energy sources into the power grid is crucial. Smart grids, equipped with advanced sensing, computing, and communication technologies, offer an efficient way to incorporate renewable energy resources and manage power systems effectively. However, improving solar energy efficiency, which currently contributes around 3.6% to global electricity, is a challenge in smart grid infrastructures. This research tackles this issue by deploying machine learning models, specifically recurrent neural network (RNN), long short‐term memory (LSTM), and gate recurrent unit (GRU), to predict measurements that could enhance solar power generation in smart grids. The objective is to boost both performance and accuracy of solar power generation in the smart grid. The study conducts experimental analyses and performance evaluations of these models in smart grid environments, considering factors like power output, irradiance, and performance ratio. The results, presented through graphical visualizations, show notable improvements, particularly with the LSTM model, which achieves a 97% accuracy, outperforming the RNN and GRU models. This outcome highlights the LSTM model's effectiveness in accurately predicting measurements, thereby advancing solar power generation efficiency in the smart grid framework.

Plastic pollution ranks among the most severe environmental disasters caused by humans, generating millions of tonnes of waste annually. The extensive and unregulated use of plastics has led to ecotoxicity and environmental imbalance. Microplastics (MPs) are prevalent in aquatic environments, and these MPs further degrade into even smaller particles known as nano-plastics (NPs). Both MPs and NPs impact the environment by readily absorbing organic pollutants and pathogens from their surroundings, owing to their bigger surface area to volume ratio. This review focuses on the source of origin, bioaccumulation, and potential impact of MPs and NPs on aquatic organisms and human health. Additionally, the review explores various methods employed for identification and quantification of these particles in aquatic ecosystems. Sufficient information is available on their characteristics, distributions, and effects on marine ecosystems compared with freshwater ecosystems. For plastic particles

Protozoa exert a serious global threat of growing concern to human, and animal, and there is a need for the advancement of novel therapeutic strategies to effectively treat or mitigate the impact of associated diseases. Omega polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-PUFAs), including Omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6), are constituents derived from various natural sources, have gained significant attention for their therapeutic role in parasitic infections and a variety of essential structural and regulatory functions in animals and humans. Both ω-3 and ω-6 decrease the growth and survival rate of parasites through metabolized anti-inflammatory mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, and have both in vivo and in vitro protective effects against various protozoan infections. The ω-PUFAs have been shown to modulate the host immune response by a commonly known mechanism such as (inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic process, production of anti-inflammatory mediators, modification of intracellular lipids, and activation of the nuclear receptor), and promotion of a shift towards a more effective immune defense against parasitic invaders by regulation the inflammation like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane, are involved in controlling the inflammatory reaction. The immune modulation may involve reducing inflammation, enhancing phagocytosis, and suppressing parasitic virulence factors. The unique properties of ω-PUFAs could prevent protozoan infections, representing an important area of study. This review explores the clinical impact of ω-PUFAs against some protozoan infections, elucidating possible mechanisms of action and supportive therapy for preventing various parasitic infections in humans and animals, such as toxoplasmosis, malaria, coccidiosis, and chagas disease. ω-PUFAs show promise as a therapeutic approach for parasitic infections due to their direct anti-parasitic effects and their ability to modulate the host immune response. Additionally, we discuss current treatment options and suggest perspectives for future studies. This could potentially provide an alternative or supplementary treatment option for these complex global health problems.

Abstract The objective of this manuscript is to investigate the traversable wormhole solutions in the background of the $$f(R, \phi )$$ f ( R , ϕ ) theory of gravity, where R is the Ricci scalar and $$\phi $$ ϕ is the scalar potential respectively. For this reason, we use the Karmarkar criterion for traversable static wormhole geometry to create a wormhole shape function. The suggested shape function creates wormhole geometry that links two asymptotically flat spacetime regions and meets the necessary requirements. The embedding diagram in three-dimensional Euclidean space is also discussed in order to demonstrate the wormhole configurations. For our current analysis, we choose the suitable values of free parameters for $$f(R, \phi )$$ f ( R , ϕ ) gravity models to discuss the wormhole geometry. It can be observed that our proposed shape function provides the wormhole solutions with less amount of exotic matter. It can be noticed that energy conditions especially null energy conditions are violated for all considered models. The violation of energy conditions indicates the existence of exotic matter and wormhole geometry. It is concluded that the shape function acquired through the Karmarkar technique yields validated wormhole configurations with even less exotic matter correlating to the chosen $$f(R, \phi )$$ f ( R , ϕ ) gravity models.

This study explores the Ivancevic Option Pricing Model, a nonlinear wave-based alternative to the Black-Scholes model, using adaptive nonlinear Schrödingerr equations to describe the option-pricing wave function influenced by stock price and time. Our focus is on a comprehensive analysis of this equation from multiple perspectives, including the study of soliton dynamics, chaotic patterns, wave structures, Poincaré maps, bifurcation diagrams, multistability, Lyapunov exponents, and an in-depth evaluation of the model's sensitivity. To begin, a wave transformation is applied to convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, from which soliton solutions are derived using the [Formula: see text] method. We explore various forms of the option price function at different time points, including singular-kink, periodic, hyperbolic, trigonometric, exponential, and complex solutions. Furthermore, we simulate 3D surface plots and 2D graphs for the real, imaginary, and modulus components of some of the obtained solutions, assigning specific parameter values to enhance visualization. These graphical representations offer valuable insights into the dynamics and patterns of the solutions, providing a clearer understanding of the model's behavior and potential applications. Additionally, we analyze the system's dynamic behavior when a perturbing force is introduced, identifying chaotic patterns using the Lyapunov exponent, Sensitivity, multistability analysis, RK4 method, wave structures, bifurcation diagrams, and Poincaré maps.

We study the existence of fixed points, local stability analysis, bifurcation sets at fixed points, codimension-one and codimension-two bifurcation analysis, and chaos control in a predator-prey model with Holling types I and III functional responses. It is proven that the model has a trivial equilibrium point for all involved parameters but interior and semitrivial equilibrium solutions under certain model parameter conditions. Furthermore, local stability at trivial, semitrivial, and interior equilibria using the theory of linear stability is investigated. We have also explored the bifurcation sets for trivial, semitrivial, and interior equilibria and proved that flip bifurcation occurs at semitrivial equilibrium. Furthermore, it is also proven that Neimark–Sacker bifurcation as well as flip bifurcation occurs at an interior equilibrium solution, and in addition, at the same equilibrium solution, we also studied codimension-two 1:2 strong resonance bifurcation. Then, OGY and hybrid control strategies are employed to manage chaos in the model under study, which arises from Neimark–Sacker and flip bifurcations, respectively. We have also examined the preservation of the positive solution of the understudied model. Finally, numerical simulations are given to verify the theoretical results.

Background: Temporomandibular patients frequently feel discomfort in other areas as well. It is believed that temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is linked to whole body imbalance including lower cervical and upper thoracic spine. Objective: To determine the relationship between lower cervical and upper thoracic spine with TMJ disorders. Methodology: This study was conducted on bilateral temporomandibular disorder patients of Multan. It included both males and females of age group between 20 to 50 years. People with history of trauma and fracture of face, patients with any spine abnormality and systemic disease such as rheumatoid were excluded. Helkimo index, neck disability scale and Oswestry scale was used to assess TMJ, cervical spine and thoracic spine. Results: In the current study total of 82 participants participated with a mean age of 31.19. In this study, 31(37.8%) males and 51(62.2%) females participated for the study. Result showed that there are 32 (39%) with mild dysfunction, 28 (34.1%) with moderate dysfunction and 22 (26.8%) with severe dysfunction of TMJ. Neck disability scale results showed that around 21 (25.6%) had no disability, 25 (30.5%) had mild disability, 19 (23.2%) had moderate, 16 (19.5%) had severe and only 1 (1.2%) had total disability of neck and Oswestry disability index results showed that the 53 (64.6%) had mild thoracic spine disability, 16 (19.5%) had moderate thoracic spine disability and 13 (15.9%) had severe thoracic spine disability of thoracic spine. Association was found between TMJ dysfunctions with both cervical spine and thoracic spine (P

Background: Shoulder pain is the most common health related problem. Diabetic patients are also exposed and appeared to have prevalent shoulder pain due to diabetics and physical stress. Many other causes such as trauma, injury, bursitis, tendinitis is included. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of shoulder pain in diabetic patients. Objective: To find out the frequency of shoulder pain in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Multan. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study. Data was collected from different areas of Multan. The sample size was 120 patients which were selected through convenient sampling. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) was used to find out the frequency. Sample selection was computed through Cochran’s formula. The data was analyzed by SPSS 21.0 Version. Results: Total sample size was 120 out of which there were 52 participants who had shoulder pain and 68 participants did not report shoulder pain. 57% diabetics with shoulder pain who reported no difficulty during clothing. 32% reported that they had mild level of difficulty during clothing and 11% reported moderate level difficulty during clothing due to shoulder pain However, there were no one who reported severe level of difficulty during clothing due to shoulder pain. 31.67% participants who reported mild level of difficulty during reaching. 10% reported moderate level of difficulty and 2% reported severe level of difficulty during reaching activities whereas 57% reported having no difficulty in reaching. The mean of total SPADI score was 84.92. Conclusion: The study investigated shoulder pain in Type 2 diabetes patients, assessing external rotation and glycated HbA1c levels. It emphasizes the importance of addressing musculoskeletal issues in diabetes management and promoting better understanding and treatment of shoulder pain in these patients.

Poultry production occupies an important place in the economy of any country. High broiler production in recent years has badly affected its profitability due to bad feed quality, excessive use of chemotherapeutic agents, emergence of diverse pathogens, and the deficiencies in management practices during rearing cycle. Microbiological improvement of the meat quality using potential probiotics can be beneficial for broiler farming. Present study was initiated to isolate chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria with probiotic potential. To isolate probiotics from chicken gut, alimentary canal of chickens of known sizes and ages was suspended in ringers soln. Under shaking conditions for overnight followed by serial dilutions of ringers soln. Bacterial isolates were analyzed via growth curve analysis, biochemical testing using RapID™ NF Plus Panel kit, molecular characterization, antimicrobial activity assay, antibiotic sensitivity assay, GIT adherence assay, bile salt and gastric acid resistant assay, and cholesterol assimilation assay. Four bacteria isolated in present study were identified as Limosilactobacillus antri strain PUPro1, Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain PUPro2, Lacticaseibacillus casei strain PUPro3, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius strain PUPro4. L. delbrueckii strain PUPro2 grew extremely fast. All isolates exhibited exceptional resistance to increasing concentrations of NaCl and bile salts with value of p >0.5. L. delbrueckii strain PUPro2 adhered to chicken ileum epithelial cells and demonstrated the highest viable counts of 320 colony forming units (CFUs). Antagonistic action was found in all isolates against P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, B. proteus, and S. aureus, with value of p >0.5. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed sensitivity to all the antibiotics used. Cholesterol assimilation was detected in all bacteria, with values ranging from 216.12 to 192.2 mg/dL. All isolates exhibited γ-hemolysis. In future, these bacteria might be tested for their impact on broilers meat quality and growth and can be recommended for their use as supplements for broilers diet with positive impact on poultry production.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293477.].

Abstract It is highly desirable to develop fiber materials with high strength and toughness while increasing fiber strength always results in a decrease in toughness. Spider silk is a natural fiber material with an excellent combination of high strength and toughness, which is produced from the spinning dope solution by gelation and drawing spinning process. This encourages people to prepare artificial fibers by mimicking the material, structure, and spinning of natural spider silk. In this review, we first summarized the preparation of artificial spider silk prepared via such a gelation process from different types of materials, including nonrecombinant proteins, recombinant proteins, polypeptides, synthetic polymers, and polymer nanocomposites. In addition, different spinning approaches for spinning artificial spider silk are also summarized. In the third section, some novel application scenarios of the artificial spider silk were summarized, such as artificial muscles, sensing, and smart fibers.

In this paper, we explore the existence of fixed points, local dynamical characteristics at fixed points, the existence of bifurcation sets at fixed points, and bifurcations of a three-species discrete prey-predator system with the scavenger. More specifically, it is proved that for all parameters, the discrete system has trivial and boundary fixed points; two more boundary fixed points, and an interior fixed point under a certain model's parametric restriction(s). Further, by the theory of linear stability, we examined local dynamics at fixed points. In order to understand the dynamics of the understudied system thoroughly, we studied the occurrence of certain bifurcations at fixed points by the bifurcation theory. Finally, theoretical results are numerically verified.

Metal/polymer laminates are important lightweight construction composite materials. In search of economical alternatives of expensive traditional processes, feasibility of Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) to process laminates is being analyzed nowadays. Poor accuracy is one of the major drawbacks of this innovative process. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the accuracy and identifying the mechanism controlling the springback in SPIF of the laminates. The High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) sheets of varying thickness are adhesively bonded to Al–1060H24 sheet to build metal/polymer laminates. These laminates and the constituting monolithic sheets are subjected to SPIF and relaxation tests to identify the relevant springback mechanism (s). The results reveal that the magnitude of relaxation modulus of the laminate interestingly decreases as the polymer-to-metal thickness ratio increases. As a result, agreeing with the mechanics intuition, stress relaxation increases but amazingly strain relaxation decreases due to metal/polymer intactness thereby resulting in reduced springback in the formed components. The monolithic polymer sheet on the contrary experiences an increase in the relaxation modulus upon increasing thickness resulting in decrement in both the stress and strain relaxations thereby causing reduction in the springback. From analysis of the property–error correlations, strain relaxation is identified as the main springback controlling property in the laminates. On the other hand, both the stress and strain relaxations and modulus are detected as the springback controlling properties in polymers. The laminates are witnessed to experience a way lower profile error than the polymer attributing to lower strain relaxation. `

The boundedness character, persistent nature, and asymptotic conduct of non-negative outcomes of the system of three dimensional exponential form of difference equations were studied in this research: $ \begin{eqnarray*} x_{n+1} & = &ax_{n}+by_{n-1}e^{-x_{n}}, \\ \text{ }y_{n+1} & = &cy_{n}+dz_{n-1}e^{-y_{n}},\ \\ z_{n+1} & = &ez_{n}+fx_{n-1}e^{-z_{n}}, \end{eqnarray*} $ where $ a, \ b, \ c $, $ d, \ e $ and $ f $ are non-negative real values, and the initial values $ x_{-1}, \ x_{0}, \ y_{-1}, \ y_{0}, \ z_{-1}, \ z_{0} $ are non-negative real values.

We explore the local dynamical characteristics, chaos and bifurcations of a two-dimensional discrete laser model in $ \mathbb{R}_+^2 $. It is shown that for all $ a $, $ b $, $ c $ and $ p $, model has boundary fixed point $ P_{0y}(0, \frac{p}{c}) $, and the unique positive fixed point $ P^+_{xy}(\frac{ap-bc}{ab}, \frac{b}{a}) $ if $ p > \frac{b c}{a} $. Further, local dynamical characteristics with topological classifications for the fixed points $ P_{0y}(0, \frac{p}{c}) $ and $ P^+_{xy}(\frac{ap-bc}{ab}, \frac{b}{a}) $ have explored by stability theory. It is investigated that flip bifurcation exists for the boundary fixed point $ P_{0y}(0, \frac{p}{c}) $, and also there exists a flip bifurcation if parameters vary in a small neighborhood of the unique positive fixed point $ P^+_{xy}(\frac{ap-bc}{ab}, \frac{b}{a}) $. Moreover, it is also explored that for the fixed point $ P^+_{xy}(\frac{ap-bc}{ab}, \frac{b}{a}) $, laser model undergoes a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation, and in the meantime stable invariant curve appears. Numerical simulations are implemented to verify not only obtain results but also exhibit complex dynamics of period $ -2 $, $ -3 $, $ -4 $, $ -5 $, $ -8 $ and $ -9 $. Further, maximum lyapunov exponents along with fractal dimension are computed numerically to validate chaotic behavior of the laser model. Lastly, feedback control method is utilized to stabilize chaos exists in the model.

In this paper, we explore local dynamic characteristics, bifurcations and control in the discrete activator-inhibitor system. More specifically, it is proved that discrete-time activator-inhibitor system has an interior equilibrium solution. Then, by using linear stability theory, local dynamics with different topological classifications for the interior equilibrium solution are investigated. It is investigated that for the interior equilibrium solution, discrete activator-inhibitor system undergoes Neimark-Sacker and flip bifurcations. Further chaos control is studied by the feedback control method. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to validate the obtained theoretical results.

Abstract Background Mastitis in dairy cattle is a highly prevalent infectious disease, caused by various pathogens, mainly Staphylococcu aureus and Escherichia Coli, considerable economic loss worldwide. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Herbal plants used against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria which are the causative agents of mastitis. Methods Therefore, in this study we investigate the antimicrobial effect of plant to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of squaw mint (Mentha pulegium L., Lamiaceae family), catnip (Nepeta cataria L., Lamiaceae), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae), for mastitis treatment. Solutions prepared in fixed oils, against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria which are the main agents of mastitis. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility analyses of milk samples taken from 100 subclinical mastitis dairy cows were performed. The antibacterial properties of the solutions were analysed by a disk diffusion method. Results In the bacterial isolation, S. aureus was determined 97.7% and E. coli 53.5% positive of cows with mastitis. Antibacterial susceptibility test of the Lemon balm extract and essential oil showed maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus 30 µl (23 mm), followed by 20 µl (19 mm), E. coli (19 mm) and 10 µl (5–7 mm), of the same extract against the Gram‐positive bacteria. The ethanol extracts show the similar activity against the Gram‐negative bacteria at 30, 20, and 10 µl (18–20 mm). Followed by S. aureus, when the zone areas for the susceptible solutions (Lemon balm, and essential oil) and the control group were compared, determined that there was little difference between for S. aureus and E. coli. Conclusions This study hence indicated that in vitro cultured plantlets of lemon balm and peppermint oil can be used as the alternative method for production of mastitis and cheap source its precursor with antimicrobial activities.

Background: Urease belongs to the family of amid hydrolases with two nickel atoms in their core structure. On the basis of literature survey, this research work is mainly focused on the study of bis-Schiff base derivatives of benzyl phenyl ketone nucleus. Objective: Synthesis of benzyl phenyl ketone based bis-Schiff bases in search of potent urease inhibitors. Method: In the current work, bis-Schiff bases were synthesized through two steps reaction by reacting benzyl phenyl ketone with excess of hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solvent in the first step to get the desired hydrazone. In last, different substituted aromatic aldehydes were refluxed in catalytic amount of acetic acid with the desired hydrazone to obtain bis-Schiff base derivatives in tremendous yields. Using various spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, HR-ESI-MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to clarify the structures of the created bis-Schiff base derivatives. Results: The prepared compounds were finally screened for their in-vitro urease inhibition activity. All the synthesized derivatives (3–9) showed excellent to less inhibitory activity when compared with standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.15 ± 0.32 µM). Compounds 3 (IC50 = 22.21 ± 0.42 µM), 4 (IC50 = 26.11 ± 0.22 µM) and 6 (IC50 = 28.11 ± 0.22 µM) were found the most active urease inhibitors near to standard thiourea among the synthesized series. Similarly, compound 5 having IC50 value of 34.32 ± 0.65 µM showed significant inhibitory activity against urease enzyme. Furthermore, three compounds 7, 8, and 9 exhibited less activity with IC50 values of 45.91 ± 0.14, 47.91 ± 0.14, and 48.33 ± 0.72 µM respectively. DFT used to calculate frontier molecular orbitals including; HOMO and LUMO to indicate the charge transfer from molecule to biological transfer, and MEP map to indicate the chemically reactive zone suitable for drug action. The electron localization function (ELF), non-bonding orbitals, AIM charges are also calculated. The docking study contributed to the analysis of urease protein binding.

Nickel titanate (NiTiO3) semiconductors and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) have attracted great attention as photocatalysts in the degradation of environmental pollutants because of their visible-light-driven activity. But the utilizations of both semiconductors are limited by their low specific surface area. In this study, a nano-NiTiO3/g-C3N4 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by optimizing the preparation method of photocatalyst precursors. Compared with the bulk g-C3N4 and bulk NiTiO3/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts, the nano-NiTiO3/g-C3N4 composite catalyst displayed a larger specific surface area, a more abundant pore size structure, and superior carrier separation capabilities. According to the pseudo-first-order, the degradation rate of MB was more than 2.5–19.7 times higher than that of previous studies. The superoxide radicals (·O2−) and holes (h+) played significant roles in the photocatalytic reaction of MB. This study provides a new idea for the synthesis of photocatalysts and the improvement in photocatalytic performance.

SMEs are well-known as the economic backbone of any country. Similarly, in Pakistan, they play a vital role in socio-economic development and income generation. However, some of Pakistan's Food Processing SMEs are reportedly less involved in the country's exports due to their inability to meet the quality of produce required for global markets. Pakistan's food industry is transforming from a traditional food processing system to higher-value-added products due to the demand from lifestyle - and health-conscious customers. This study aims to identify the critical success factors of quality management and analyze their impact on operational performance amongst food-processing SMEs in Pakistan. Previous studies demonstrated that critical Success Factors provide an effective way of focusing strategic direction, and enable management to focus on critical areas. Toward that end a questionnaire was developed and employed for data collection from respondents selected using a snowball sampling technique. A total of 302 food processing SMEs responded the survey. SPSS- Version 23 and Smart-PLS 3 were used for data analysis. It is believed that this study will help food manufacturers in Pakistan to improve their operational performance and product quality by practicing certain critical factors.

IntroductionEstuaries are highly vulnerable systems and increasingly exposed to a number of environmental, climatic and human-induced stressors. The Knysna estuary and lagoon complex, on the south coast of South Africa, is regarded as environmentally and economically important, yet faces regional impacts resulting from ongoing urbanisation and land use change as well as the significant global threats of rising sea levels and changing climate. Although the estuary has been reasonably well studied in terms of modern ecological processes, little is known of how the system has responded to changes in the longer term, not least the impact of European colonization and subsequent population growth and economic development.MethodsIn order to address this shortcoming, a series of shallow (

Background: Drosophila ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L5 (Uch-L5) functions as a critical component of the 26S proteasome to mediate degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins. It was recently shown to modulate tissue/organ development by targeting the Smoothened protein in the hedgehog pathway. However, whether it plays a role in controlling organismal immune response remains largely unknown. Methods: Reverse transcription plus quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), dual-luciferase, and Western blot assays were used to explore the potential function of Uch-L5 in the innate immune regulation in cultured Drosophila S2 cells. Further genetic manipulations and bacterial infections were conducted to confirm the findings in vivo. Results: Silencing of Uch-L5 antagonizes the immune deficiency (IMD) but not the Toll innate immune signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Uch-L5 positively contributes to the Drosophila innate immune response via its N-terminal Uch domain, which is the catalytical triad executing its deubiquitinase activity. Conclusions: Our studies shed light on a novel function of the deubiquitinase Uch-L5 in governing the anti-microbial defense in Drosophila.

Background: Professional voice user is a term used for people using their voice as a primary tool for trade and their job but if a problem arises in them like aphonia or dysphonia, they become discouraged and sought for alternative jobs. This article figures out such issues in lawyers's population which are the one; prone to vocal-misuse. Objective: The study aim to investigate the occupational risk for voice disorders in lawyers and its association with increase in their age, on provincial level of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study was carried among the lawyers practicing in the high court and district courts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Data was collected using convenient sampling from the sample size of 373 and analyzed using SPSS. Probability of developing voice disorders was determined through VHI scoring while t-tests are used for further analysis of the data. Results: On the basis of results, it was observed that lawyers with increase in their age by practicing in this profession was at greater risk for developing voice disorders (Age: 51-60, n=198). On the basis of VHI, prevalence for the lawyers who scored for severe level was 53% While most of the participants were seem to be handicapped for voice due to its emotional component (mean=16.02, σ2=159.96). Results also shows significant association for severity with increase in age (P

Metribuzin (MB), a triazinone herbicide is extensively sprayed for weed control in agriculture, has been reported to contaminate soil, groundwater, and surface waters. In soil, MB residues can negatively affect not only the germination of subsequent crops but also disturb soil bacterial community. The present study describes the use of biochar as a carrier material to immobilize MB-degrading bacterial consortium, for remediation of MB-contaminated soil and restoration of soil bacterial community in soil microcosms. The bacterial consortium (MB3R) comprised four bacterial strains, i.e., Rhodococcus rhodochrous AQ1, Bacillus tequilensis AQ2, Bacillus aryabhattai AQ3, and Bacillus safensis AQ4. Significantly higher MB remediation was observed in soil augmented with bacterial consortium immobilized on biochar compared to the soil augmented with un-immobilized bacterial consortium. Immobilization of MB3R on biochar resulted in higher MB degradation rate (0.017 Kd−1) and reduced half-life (40 days) compared to 0.010 Kd−1 degradation rate and 68 day half-life in treatments where un-immobilized bacterial consortium was employed. It is worth mentioning that the MB degradation products metribuzin-desamino (DA), metribuzin-diketo (DK), and metribuzin desamino-diketo (DADK) were detected in the treatments where MB3R was inoculated either alone or in combination with biochar. MB contamination significantly altered the composition of soil bacteria. However, soil bacterial community was conserved in response to augmentation with MB3R immobilized on biochar. Immobilization of the bacterial consortium MB3R on biochar can potentially be exploited for remediation of MB-contaminated soil and protecting its microbiota.

Abstract According to the literature review, microbial degradation of polyethylene terephthalate by PETases has been detected effective and eco‐friendly. However, the number of microorganisms capable of such feats is limited with some undesirable bioprospecting results. BTA‐hydrolase has been already reported capable of degrading polyethylene terephthalate. Therefore, mutation by in silico site‐directed mutagenesis means to introduce current isomer of PETase for polyethylene terephthalate degradative capability as a better approach to resolve this issue. This study aimed to use in silico site‐directed mutagenesis to convert a carboxylesterase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus to BTA‐hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca by replacing six amino acids in specific locations. This work was followed by molecular docking analysis with polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene to compare their interactions. The best‐docked enzyme‐substrate complex was further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to gauge the binding quality of the BTA‐hydrolase, wild‐type and mutant‐carboxylesterase with only polyethylene terephthalate as a substrate. Results of molecular docking revealed lowest binding energy for the wild‐type carboxylesterase‐polypropylene complex (‐7.5 kcal/mol). The root‐mean‐square deviation value was observed stable for BTA‐hydrolase. Meanwhile, root‐mean‐square fluctuation was assessed with higher fluctuation for the mutated residue Lys178. Consequently, the Rg value for BTA‐hydrolase‐ligand complex (∼1.68 nm) was the lowest compared to the mutant and wild‐type carboxylesterase. The collective data conveyed that mutations imparted a minimal change in the ability of the mutant carboxylesterase to bind to polyethylene terephthalate.

This study presents a comparative life-cycle assessment of two juicers, of same power rating and capacity, produced by two different manufacturers. First juicer was produced in Slovenia and the second juicer was produced in China. Life-cycle inventory for each juicer was compiled by considering all the stages of life cycle, including manufacturing, transportation, usage and end-of-life. Simapro software was used for modelling life-cycle inventory and ReCiPe method was used for impact assessment. Life-cycle assessment revealed that despite having the same power rating and capacity, two juicers have significantly different environmental impacts. Juicer produced in Slovenia consumes 50% less power and on average has 20% less environmental impacts. Compact design, efficient motor and frugal use of materials contributed to this superior environmental performance.

The current study was designed to analyze nutritional parameters and to characterize carbapenemase producing-Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from bovine mastitic cow's milk. Out of 700 milk samples K. pneumoniae was identified by phenotypic and molecular techniques along with their antibiogram analysis and nutritional analysis was performed using the procedure of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae was detected by phenotypic CarbaNP test followed by molecular characterization of their associated resistant genes blaVIM, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaNDM, and blaIMP along with insertion sequence common region 1 (ISCR1) and integrons (Int1, Int2, and Int3) genes. Among nutritional parameters, fat content was observed (2.99%) followed by protein (2.78%), lactose (4.32%), and total solid (11.34%), respectively. The prevalence of K. pneumoniae among bovine mastitis was found 25.71%. Antibiogram analysis revealed that more effective antibiotics was ceftazidime (80%) followed by amikacin (72%), while highly resistant antibiotics was Fusidic acid (100%). Distribution of carbapenemase producer K. pneumoniae was found 44.4%. Among carbapenem resistant genes blaKPC was found 11.25%, blaVIM 2.75%, blaNDM 17.5%, and blaOXA-48 7.5%, while blaIMP gene was not detected. Furthermore, distribution of ISCR1 was found 40%, while integron 1 was found 61.2% followed by integron 2 (20%), and integron 3 (5%). In conclusion, the recent scenario of carbapenemase resistant K. pneumoniae isolates responsible for mastitis may affect not only the current treatment regime but also possess a serious threat to public health due to its food borne transmission and zoonotic potential.

Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. Globally, it affects economically poor countries, typically due to a lack of proper sanitation systems, and poor hygiene conditions. Currently, no vaccine is available against schistosomiasis, and the preferred treatment is chemotherapy with the use of praziquantel. It is a common anti-schistosomal drug used against all known species of Schistosoma. To date, current treatment primarily the drug praziquantel has not been effective in treating Schistosoma species in their early stages. The drug of choice offers low bioavailability, water solubility, and fast metabolism. Globally drug resistance has been documented due to overuse of praziquantel, Parasite mutations, poor treatment compliance, co-infection with other strains of parasites, and overall parasitic load. The existing diagnostic methods have very little acceptability and are not readily applied for quick diagnosis. This review aims to summarize the use of nanotechnology in the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention. It also explored safe and effective substitute approaches against parasitosis. At this stage, various nanomaterials are being used in drug delivery systems, diagnostic kits, and vaccine production. Nanotechnology is one of the modern and innovative methods to treat and diagnose several human diseases, particularly those caused by parasite infections. Herein we highlight the current advancement and application of nanotechnological approaches regarding the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of schistosomiasis.