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There are twelve stages were identified in the spermatogenic cycle in Guinea Pig, each contains one or two generations of spermatids which is connected with one or two generations of Spermatocytes and one or two generations of spermatogonia. This cycle leads into the formation of significant changes in the diameter and height of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules which reaches its highest(59.78 + 0.07 micrometer) and (215.3+0.08micrometer) in diameter at the seventh stage . Also the least hight of epithelium (49.42+ 0.09micrometer) is realized at the eleventh stage,and the least diameter (195.39+0.08 micrometer) at the ninth stage. statistical analysis indicated significant differences (p

The dynamic retrograde intercrural columellar strut graft placement is a novel technique for a columellar strut insertion via a hemi-transfixion incision in patients undergoing endonasal functional or cosmetic surgery. It has a maximally concealed incision and does not disrupt major or minor tip support mechanisms. In our article, we give a detailed description of this unique surgical technique. Laryngoscope, 134:1246-1248, 2024., (© 2023 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Introduction  Multiple solutions are currently used to cleanse a deep neck infection (DNI), and a variety of devices are available to deliver wound irrigation solutions. An essential difference between these devices is the pressure that the irrigation solution exerts over the wound tissue. Objective  To compare low-pressure and high-pressure irrigation delivery systems for wound cleansing in DNI. Methods  we designed a retrospective cohort study and reviewed the medical records of patients operated on due to DNI from June 2016 to December 2017 at our institution. One cohort included patients treated with an intraoperative irrigation method that exerts low pressure over the irrigated tissue, and the other cohort, to a system capable of generating higher pressure. The Pearson Chi-squared test was used to analyze the data. Results  A total of 42 patients whose ages ranged from 16 months to 72 years were included. The low-pressure irrigation system was used in 18 patients, and the high-pressure system was used in 24 patients. No statistical differences were observed regarding the irrigation methods, the complexity of the DNI, and the overall outcomes. Conclusions  The present is the first study in which low- and high-pressure systems for wound lavage were evaluated in the treatment of DNI. When comparing these methods, we did not find one to be superior to the other; however, the additional cost associated with the high-pressure devices may not justify their in head and neck procedures., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).)

Various techniques for tracheoesophageal fistula cannulation have been reported. In this case, we created a loop using a plastic catheter. The loop allowed us to create traction for rapid intraoperative localization and to pull a difficult-to-reach fistula, superiorly into the neck, to be reached through a cervical approach. Laryngoscope, 133:2425-2427, 2023., (© 2022 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

BACKGROUND Thyroid malignant lesions mostly present as an anterior neck mass with or without compressive symptoms. Infrequently, metastases from extra-thyroid neoplasms migrate to the thyroid gland. These lesions most commonly arise from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the primary kidney malignancy in adults. This case parallels one of the longest latency periods described in the literature from a primary RCC with metastasis to the thyroid gland (TG). CASE REPORT We report a case of an 88-year-old female patient with past medical history of RCC resected 25 years earlier, who presented to the Emergency Department with a large left anterior neck mass causing dyspnea and stridor due to intra-tracheal extension. The airway symptoms progressed rapidly, and she required emergent management to secure the airway in the operating room. CONCLUSIONS This case reports a rare instance in which RCC metastasis presented with intra-tracheal extension causing airway compromise and the need for emergent airway management. It is the first time that use of cold instruments has been documented to excise RCC's intra-luminal tracheal lesion to secure the airway in an emergent case in a safe manner. With this surgical approach, the airway is secured by endotracheal intubation after excision of an intra-luminal tracheal lesion, with the benefit of avoiding awake tracheostomy in a patient with a distorted neck anatomy. Also, this case reinforces that metastatic RCC to the thyroid gland can occur 25 years after initial diagnosis. For this reason, we advocate lifelong monitoring in patients with the diagnosis of RCC.

In this paper, the memristive switching behavior of Cu/ HfO 2 /p ++ Si devices fabricated by an organic-polymer-assisted sol-gel spin-coating method, coupled with post-annealing and shadow-mask metal sputtering steps, is examined. HfO 2 layers of about 190 nm and 80 nm, are established using cost-effective spin-coating method, at deposition speeds of 2000 and 4000 rotations per minute (RPM), respectively. For two types of devices, the memristive characteristics (V on , I on , and V reset ) and device-to-device electrical repeatability are primarily discussed in correlation with the oxide layer uniformity and thickness. The devices presented in this work exhibit an electroforming free and bipolar memory-resistive switching behavior that is typical of an Electrochemical Metallization (ECM) I-V fingerprint. The sample devices deposited at 4000 RPM generally show less variation in electrical performance parameters compared to those prepared at halved spin-coating speed. Typically, the samples prepared at 4000 RPM (n = 8) display a mean switching voltage V on of 3.0 V (±0.3) and mean reset voltage V reset of -1.1 V (±0.5) over 50 consecutive sweep cycles. These devices exhibit a large R off /R on window (up to 10 4 ), and sufficient electrical endurance and retention properties to be further examined for radiation sensing. As they exhibit less statistical uncertainty compared to the samples fabricated at 2000 RPM, the devices prepared at 4000 RPM are tested for the detection of soft gamma rays (emitted from low-activity Cs-137 and Am-241 radioactive sources), by assessing the variation in the on-state resistance value upon exposure. The analysis of the probability distributions of the logarithmic R on values measured over repeated ON-OFF cycles, before, during and after exposing the devices to radiation, demonstrate a statistical difference. These results pave the way for the fabrication and development of cost-effective soft-gamma ray detectors.

In this paper, we present a novel Pt/CuO/Pt metal-oxide-metal (MOM) glucose sensor. The devices are fabricated using a simple, low-cost standard photolithography process. The unique planar structure of the device provides a large electrochemically active surface area, which acts as a nonenzymatic reservoir for glucose oxidation. The sensor has a linear sensing range between 2.2 mM and 10 mM of glucose concentration, which covers the blood glucose levels for an adult human. The distinguishing property of this sensor is its ability to measure glucose at neutral pH conditions (i.e. pH = 7). Furthermore, the dilution step commonly needed for CuO-based nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors to achieve an alkaline medium, which is essential to perform redox reactions in the absence of glucose oxidase, is eliminated, resulting in a lower-cost and more compact device.

It has been demonstrated that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) and some of its analogues have antitumor activity. 1,25D labeled with deuterium (26,26,26,27,27,27-hexadeuterated 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or 1,25D-d6) is commonly used as internal standard for 1,25D liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) quantification. In the present study using human breast cancer cell lines, the biological activity of 1,25D-d6 administered alone and in combination with two commonly used antineoplastic agents, 5-fluorouracil and etoposide, was evaluated. Using an MTT assay, flow cytometry, and western blots, our data demonstrated that 1,25D-d6 has effects similar to the natural hormone on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the combination of 1,25D-d6 and etoposide enhances the antitumoral effects of both compounds. Interestingly, the antitumoral effect is higher in the more aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Our data indicate that 1,25D-d6 administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy could be a good experimental method for accurately quantifying active 1,25D levels in cultures or in biological fluids, on both in vitro breast cancer cell lines and in vivo animal experimental models.

Paragonimiasis is a zoonosis affecting wild and domestic animals and human beings, caused by species of trematodes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans become infected after ingestion of raw or poorly cooked fresh water crustaceans. The aim of the present work is the description of a case of a 3-years old child, coming from Guárico State in Venezuela with a year of residence in the seashore of the Provincia Manabí in Ecuador, where he ate crabs in "ceviche". During hospitalization, he presented respiratory distress, hepatomegaly and nodules in the back. The thorax cat scan showed heavy infiltrate in both pulmonary bases and pleural compromise. Based on clinic, radiological images, an eosinophilia of 47% (Eosinophils absolute count (EAC) 6.682/mm3) and the antecedent of raw crabs ingestion, pulmonary paragonimiasis was diagnosed. Paragonimus eggs were not found in sputum and feces. ELISA with crude Paragonimus antigen was positive and Western blot revealed recognition of specific molecules. After treatment for three days with Praziquantel at a daily dose of 25 mg/kg body weight divided into three intakes, the sintomatology disappeared and radiological images and number of eosinophils diminished considerably.

A well documented case of hepatic fascioliasis (HF), successfully treated with triclabendazole, is reported. Predominant clinical manifestations were fever, marked eosinophilia and abdominal pain. Triclabendazole was given as two single oral doses of 10 mg/kg each. Neither side effects nor clinical or parasitological relapses were seen after three months of follow up. Based on this experience and few other similar reports in the literature, triclabendazole might be a valid therapeutical alternative in the treatment of human fascioliasis.

We present a 60 years old female with a history of upper right quadrant pain, fever and eosinophily. We made the diagnosis of fasciolasis on clinical, parasitology studies and radiological findings. In the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) we found the bile duct of normal caliber, but with many filling defects. Fasciola eggs were found in the bile. This is the first case with endoscopic retrograde cholanglopancreatography and the fourth case of fasciolasis in Venezuela.

Twenty three patients with Cutaneous Larva Migrans syndrome were prospectively treated with 400 mg/day of Albendazole for 3 consecutive days. Clinical response, compliance and tolerance was excellent. Patients were asymptomatic within the first 72 hours of treatment and recurrences did not occurred. Preliminary results with three additional patients suggest that a single oral 400 mg dose may be effective as well.