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Reverse cracking is a common problem in hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlays. In this work, models of concrete and asphalt were evaluated to see what effect interlayers added by applying vertical stresses (representing road traffic) under the influence of heat. The LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) electro-transformer was also utilized to determine the model's deviation. The results were satisfactory since the reflecting cracks began to form late through the employment of three separate layers, namely the geological network, geotextiles, and steel mesh, and the behavior of these layers was changed by the heat. This method was sensitive to several factors including the type of mixture, fall loads, and temperature selection, with the results showing that the steel mesh outperformed other options. The heating temperature was chosen to simulate the summer effect on the pavement by increasing the crack reflection speed in comparison to a moderate or medium temperature. It is superior to the other two interlayer types, with a percentage increase (i.e. performance improvement) of 37.5% when using geotextiles, compared to a percentage increase of 20.9% when using geogrid, and the lowest reflective crack resistance, when using geotextiles. Using the geographic network, 16.7% of the population was impacted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel Time estimation and reliability measurement are important issues for improving operational efficiency and safety of traffic road networks; therefore, an effective and dependable transportation infrastructure that provides accessibility and promotes the safe and efficient movement of people and commodities is critical to a nation's or region's economy. This paper aims to compute travel time reliability for a part of (Abi Talep) urban arterial street in Baghdad city of Iraq capital starting from (Al-Shaab bridge intersection) to (Al – Nidaa intersection) is considered one of the busiest and most important links of this arterial to provide a database for estimating travel time and actual travel time for drivers and passengers using this arterial street. Buffer time index harms reliability. Link (2) from Army Canal intersection to Al-Seelaikh intersection had a buffer index of about 74.5 percent, link (4) from Qahira intersection to Al-Nidaa intersection had a 66.6 percent buffer index, but Link (1) from Al-Shaab bridge intersection to Army Canal intersection had a buffer index of about 62 percent. Finally, link (3) from the Al-Seelaikh intersection to the Qahira intersection had a 60.7 percent buffer index. During the peak period, the reliability of links (2), (4), (1), and (3), respectively, deteriorates. In terms of 95 percent percentile travel time, an extra delay detects on links (1), (2), (3), and (4), which are (299, 75, 168, and 733) sec. correspondingly. For link, a higher result for 95 percent travel time is obtained (4). The travel time index (TTI) for links 1, 2, 3, and 4 is 11.5 percent, 2.92 percent, 2.1 percent, and 6.32 percent, respectively. For links 1, 2, 3, and 4, the values of (PTI) planning time index is 18.6 %, 5.1 %, 3.3 %, and 10.5 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the different aspects of using Ground Control Points (GCPs), which took from satellite positioning systems and combined GNSS systems in the creation of urban 3D modeling and aerial photogrammetry for urban planning and development, as well as shows the significance of accurate GCPs in aerial imagery and 3D modeling. The methods of GCPs acquisition and the accuracy qualification of each technique investigate the impact of the number and distribution pattern of GCPs in geo-referencing of DSM, representing accurate raw material for urban planning. The results of root mean square error for different GCPs distribution are used to show the difference between various aspects of the impact of GCPs on the precision of the photogrammetric models. Results of previous related research analysis and introduced to show the effect of each aspect on the precision of 3D models implemented by the researchers in terms of the root mean square error that was presented in the results, concluding that both the number and distribution pattern of the GCPs in a specific 3D model affects its precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently in Baghdad traffic congestion has become one of the top proprieties for daily commuters. The delay due to traffic congestion is the worst that the capital citizen has experienced for decades. That delay can take the shape of grocery store check-out lines, and lengthy waits for a table at a famous restaurant. Automobile congestion has myriad impacts, from wasted gasoline and delivered emissions to frayed nerves, extra pricey items, and increased crash rates. Its clearest effect is delay, or misplaced time. Baghdad city suffered from excessive traffic congestion. Particularly in the current few years, and this ordinary in the absence of any new techniques and traffic administration research to qualify several of the reverse effects of congestion noted above. Therefore, this paper introduces new measurements of travel time reliability which are essential to understand how travel time fluctuates throughout day hours, days, of week, and weeks of month for (three) routes of Palestine urban arterial street at the Rusafaa part in Baghdad city of Iraq from (Al-Muaal) intersection to (Beirut square) intersection, on the other hand, the Buffer time index has the worst indicator on reliability. route (3) had a buffer index of roughly 78 percent, route (1) had a buffer index of 64.3 percent, route (2) had a buffer index of 46 percent, this means that the reliability to be worst of link (3), (1), and (2) respectively. Furthermore, the buffer time will be added to the average travel time is 107.5, 60.8, and 160 sec. for routes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In addition to the 95% percentile travel time of observed routes which presents the additional delay measured on each route 275, 193, and 365 sec. for Link 1, 2, and 3 sequentially. The highest value of 95% travel time is measured for Route (3). But the values of overall time a tripper ought to permit to ensure on-time arrival for each route is called planning time index (PTI) is 5.87%, 8.17%, and 12.87% for Routes 1, 2, 3 sequentially larger value of planning time index is recorded of Route (3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding pedestrian-vehicle interactions and individual responding behavior in mixed traffic situations is a difficult issue where time is of the essence the Pedestrians want to cross the road in comfort, convenience, and safety without having to risk a minor delay at signalized intersections crosswalk locations. The accuracy of accident facts is highly disputed in many developing countries the aims of the study included evaluation of pedestrian crossing safety behavior, identifying factors that influence pedestrian crossing speed at signalized intersections, and determining the influence varies with pedestrian characteristics: age, gender, trip purpose, environmental characteristics, vehicle characteristics and vehicular flow characteristics, land use type. Two sites in Baghdad city in Iraq were included in the study: A combination of field survey and researcher field notes were used to obtain the data at each site. A crossing with a high pedestrian density was chosen as the crosswalk for observation at each intersection. Traffic data on pedestrian crossing were collected for nine hours over three weeks, each week on three different days during peak hours for each of the signalized intersections locations. A total of 15645 pedestrians crossing from two signalized intersections crossings were observed and analyzed to determine the association of legal or illegal pedestrian crossing behavior, land use type, pedestrian characteristics, and other in situ factors with pedestrian crossing Safety. The study showed that density pedestrians crossing was affected by different days of the week. The analysis also showed that the age group of adult pedestrians of each gender was the predominant illegal crossing behavior, with a large disparity when compared to the legal crossing behavior. The results of the study showed males, on average, take less safe actions than females, that the behavior of illegal pedestrian crossing dominates over the behavior of legal pedestrian crossing for males, there is a greater uneven that reaches around 55% percent for illegal crossing compared to 45% percent for legal crossing. The study emphasizes the need to improve the transportation system through infrastructure improvements, and a better understanding of the factors that contribute to pedestrian fatalities could lead to the development of safer roadway facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineers working in the field of road maintenance and rehabilitation face the problems of reflective cracks resulting from the effect of repeated loads or the effect of temperature changes. Therefore, the research aims to conduct a laboratory study of the effect of the reflective cracks resulting from the impact of the contraction joint on the concrete pavement and its reflection on the asphalt pavement by the influence of the applied loads, Through the use of Geosynthetic (geogrid and geotextiles) and steel mesh. In this study, a composite model of concrete and asphalt was examined with an interlayer between them to find out their effect on reflective cracks by applying vertical loads (which represent road traffic). The LVDT transducer is placed under the model to measure the deflection that occurs in the model where the models were examined with the Avery device that vertically drops the loads on the models and the results showed that the performance of the Geogrid network is better than the other two types of interlayers at normal temperature. Where the percentage increase (ie: performance improvement) was 48.6%. Therefore, through the results obtained, it is clear to us that the model bears a higher load when using interlayers, and this indicates the delay of reflection cracks when repeating traffic loads and turning the cracks into softer cracks compared to the normal case These are indications that encourage the use of interlayers in addressing the ways in which this problem is faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's fast-paced world, where time is of the essence, pedestrians want to cross the road in comfort, convenience, and safety without risking a minor delay while crossing at mid-block crosswalk locations. The accuracy of accident facts is highly disputed in many developing countries. The aims of the study included evaluation of pedestrian crossing Safety behavior, identifying factors that influence pedestrian crossing speed at a midblock crosswalk, and determining the influence varies with pedestrian characteristics: age, gender, trip purpose, environmental characteristics, vehicle characteristics and vehicular flow characteristics, land use type. Two sites in Baghdad city in Iraq were included in the study: Al-Rusafa, Al-Karkh.A combination of field survey and researcher field notes were used to obtain the data at each site. Traffic data on pedestrian crossing were collected for nine hours over three weeks, each week on three different days during peak hours for each of the midblock locations. A total of 9037 pedestrians crossing from two mid-block crossings were observed and analyzed to determine the association of legal or illegal pedestrian crossing behavior, land use type, pedestrian characteristics, and other in situ factors with pedestrian crossing Safety. The study showed that pedestrians crossing was affected by different days of the week. The analysis also showed that the age group of adult pedestrians of each gender was the predominant illegal crossing behavior, with a large disparity when compared to the legal crossing behavior. The results of the study demonstrated that the behavior of illegal pedestrian crossing dominates over the behavior of legal pedestrian crossing with a large uneven for each gender, but for males there is a greater uneven that reaches more than eighty percent for illegal crossing compared to less than twenty percent for legal crossing. The study emphasizes the need to improve the transportation system through infrastructure improvements, and a better understanding of the factors that contribute to pedestrian fatalities could lead to the development of safer roadway facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]