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This review on gene editing technologies summarizes the features, applications and future of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome regulating system. Recently, the aim of searchers has been to improve cost-effective and reliable ways to perform goal modify to the genome of living cells. Thanks to the improvement of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, it has made progress in many fields such as molecular biology, biomedicine and medicine. Moreover, it has contributed to important developments in the field of genome engineering through targeted breaks in the DNA of almost every organism and cell type.

Royal jelly (RJ) from the honey bee,Our study continued for 8 weeks. 42 Wistar albino (8 weeks old) male rats were used in the study. The study included 6 groups; Group 1: Control group (fed with standard diet), Group 2: RJ (100 mg/kg, bw), Group 3: F-50 (50 mg/kg, bw), group 4: F-100 (100 mg/kg, bw) group 5: F-50 (50 mg/kg, bw) + RJ (100 mg/kg, bw) Group 6: F-100 (100 mg/kg, bw) + RJ (100 mg/kg, bw). Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activities in liver tissue were determined by spectrophotometer. Liver tissue samples were examined histopathologically and various protein levels were determined by Western blotting technique.RJ caused a significant decrease in MDA level, Bcl-2, GSK3 and NF-κB protein expression levels, whereas induced a significant increase in GSH level, CAT activities and Bax, BDNF, caspase-6, caspase-3, Nrf-2 protein expression levels.Our findings suggest RJ to be used as a hepatoprotective agent in the clinic to modulate the toxic effects of fluoride and other chemicals in the future.

Aloe vera (A. vera) tropikal, kuraklığa dayanıklı bir sukulent bir bitkidir. A. vera bitkisi, çeşitli gıdalarda besin takviyesi olarak ve kozmetik ürünlerinde bir bileşen olarak kullanılmaktadır. Anti-inflamatuar, anti-kanser, anti-oksidan, anti-diyabetik ve yara iyileşmesi gibi biyolojik aktivitelere sahiptir. Bu yüzden çalışmamızda A. vera jelinin sisplatin (Cis) kaynaklı Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.cerevisiae) kültüründe oksidatif hasar üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmamızdaki gruplarımız; Grup (1): Kontrol grubu; Grup (2): A. vera Grubu (%10); Grup (3): Cis Grubu (15 mM); Grup (4): A. vera (% 10) + Cis (15 mM) Grubu. Hücre gelişim ölçümleri, lipit peroksidasyonu malondialdehit (MDA) analizleri, glutatyon (GSH) seviyeleri ve katalaz (CAT) aktiviteleri spektrofotometre ile tespit edilmiştir. Total protein değişiklikleri SDS-PAGE elektroforezi ile belirlenmiş ve Bradford metodu ile hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; S.cerevisiae kültürlerine ilave edilen A. vera jel hücre gelişimini (1, 3, 5 ve 24 saat), total protein sentezini (24 saat), GSH seviyelerini (24 saat) ve CAT aktivitelerini (24 saat) arttırdığı, MDA düzeyini (24 saat) azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, A. vera jelinin S. cerevisiae kültüründe oksidatif hasarı azalttığını, protein sentezini teşvik ettiğini ve hücre büyümesini arttırmak için koruyucu bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

Covid-19 SARS-CoV-2 (şiddetli akut solunum sendromu-koronavirüs-2), bulaşıcı bir üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu hastalığı olarak bilinen yeni bir koronavirüs türüdür. Dünya genelinde insan sağlığı için büyük bir tehdit oluşturan koronavirüs, Aralık 2019'da Çin'in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Koronavirüs salgınlarının pandemi haline gelmesinin en önemli nedeni, hastalığın enfekte kişilerin yakınında bulunan damlacıklar yoluyla kolayca bulaşmasıdır. Birkaç ay içinde hızla tüm dünyaya yayılan hastalık, Mart 2020'de Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından dünya çapında bir salgın olarak ilan edilmiştir. İleri yaş grubunda hipertansiyon, diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalık, kanser, kronik akciğer hastalığı ve kronik böbrek hastalığı gibi ağır hastalık tablosu için risk oluşturmaktadır. Bugüne kadar ölüm oranları göz önüne alındığında, Covid-19 enfeksiyonuna karşı başarılı ilaçlar ve aşılar üretmek için hem dünya çapında hem de ülkemizde büyük çabalar sarf edilmektedir. Bu derlemenin temel amacı, insanlığı derinden etkileyen koronavirüs salgını ve neden olduğu hastalıklar hakkında elde edilen mevcut bilgiler sayesinde Covid-19 için bir bağışıklık müdahalesine ve önleyici çalışmalara yardımcı olmaktır., Covid-19 SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) is a new type of coronavirus known as an infectious upper respiratory tract infection disease. The coronavirus, which poses a great threat to human health worldwide, emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The most important reason for coronavirus epidemics to become a pandemic that the disease was easily transmitted by droplets in close proximity with infected people. The disease spread rapidly all over the world within a few months and it was declared a worldwide epidemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. It poses a risk for severe diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease and chronic kidney disease in the advanced age group. Considering the mortality rates to date, great efforts have been made both worldwide and in our country to manifacture successful drugs and vaccines against Covid-19 infection. The main purpose of this review is to assist in an immune response and preventive work for Covid-19, thanks to the available information about the coronavirus epidemic that deeply affects humanity and the diseases it causes.

Miyeloid kanser türünden ismini alan MEIS; enerji üretimini teşvik eden, ROS seviyelerini minimum düzeye indirmeye çalışan, kalp kası gelişim evresinde görev alan bir proteindir. Kanserli hücreler MEIS proteini metastaz için kullanmaktadır. MEIS proteini kanserli hücrelerde durdurmak amacıyla ‘kanseri kendi silahıyla vurma’ olarak tanımlanan MEIS protein inhibitörleri (MEISi) Türk akademisyen Fatih KOCABAŞ tarafından keşfedilmiş ve bu çalışma Uluslararası Hemotoloji-Onkoloji ödülüne layık görülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmada MEIS protein inhibitörleri meme ve pankreas gibi kanser türlerinden, %75 ve %95 gibi ciddi oranda kanserli hücrelerin yayılımını engellediği belirtilmiştir. Bu derlemede MEIS proteinlerinin; kanser türleri ve hastalıklar üzerindeki etkisi, MEIS inhibitörlerinin (MEISi) keşfiyle ilgili bilgilerden bahsedilmektedir.

Protective effect of royal jelly (RJ) on fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in this study.42 healthy male Wistar rats (n = 42, 8 weeks of age) were divided equally into 6 groups with 7 rats in each; (1) Group-1: Controls fed with standard diet; (2) Group-2: RJ [100 mg/kg] bw (body weight), by oral gavage; (3) Group-3: Fluoride [50 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water; (4) Group-4: Fluoride [100 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water; (5) Group-5: RJ [100 mg/kg] bw, by oral gavage + Fluoride [50 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water; (6) Group-6: RJ [100 mg/kg] bw, by oral gavage + Fluoride [100 mg/kg] bw, in drinking water. After 8 weeks, all rats were decapitated and their kidney tissues were removed for further analysis. The protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF, GSK-3, BDNF, COX-2 and TNF-α proteins in kidney tissue were analysed by western blotting technique.RJ increased Bcl-2, COX-2, GSK-3, TNF-α and VEGF protein levels and a decreased caspase-3, caspase -6, caspase-9, Bax and BDNF protein levels in fluoride-treated rats.RJ application may have a promising therapeutical potential in the treatment of many diseases in the future by reducing kidney damage.

Ellagic acid (EA) has protective effect on testicular damage and this natural compound decreases oxidative damage. The present study aims to examine the preventive effect of ellagic acid (EA) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl

Doğası gereği karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olan tornalama ile şekillendirilecek bir malzemenin en iyi işleme şartlarının belirlenmesi maliyet, zaman ve verimlilik açısından önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada orta karbonlu alaşım çeliği AISI 5140 malzemenin kuru kesme şartlarında tornalanması esnasında kesme parametrelerinin ve yaklaşma açısının çeşitli işlenebilirlik kıstasları üzerine etkisi deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Dinamometre, akselerometre ve yüzey pürüzlülük cihazı kullanılarak esas kesme kuvveti (Fc), titreşim (Vb) ve deney malzemesi yüzey pürüzlülüğü (Ra) ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Taguchi tasarımına göre 27 adet deney yapılmış, deneylerde Fc ve Vb anlık olarak ölçülürken, işleme durdurulduğunda Ra ölçümü gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaklaşma açısı ve kesme parametrelerinin etkisi grafiksel olarak incelenmiş, deney malzemesinin en iyi işlenme şartları farklı işlenebilirlik kıstasları göz önüne alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, başta otomotiv sektörü olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda yaygın kullanıma sahip olan ancak geçmişte sınırlı sayıda çalışmanın konusu olan AISI 5140 çeliğinin işlenebilirliği kapsamlı olarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, Fc, Vb ve Ra üzerinde ilerleme oranının etkili parametre olduğu görülmüştür. Yaklaşma açısının Fc başta olmak üzere tüm kalite karakteristikleri üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmüştür., Determining the best processing conditions of a material to be formed by turning which is intrinsically complex structure, gains importance in terms of cost, time and efficiency. In this study, the effect of cutting parameters and approach angle on various machinability characteristics during the turning of medium carbon alloy steel AISI 5140 material in dry cutting conditions were investigated experimentally. Using the dynamometer, accelerometer and surface roughness device, the main cutting force (Fc), vibration (Vb) and workpiece surface roughness (Ra) measurements were carried out. According to the Taguchi design, 27 experiments were performed while the Fc and Vb were measured on-line during the experiments, Ra measurement was performed. The effects of approaching angle and cutting parameters were examined graphically; the best machining conditions of the workpiece were evaluated by considering different machinability criteria. In this study, the machinability of AISI 5140 steel is investigated comprehensively which is utilized in various areas mainly on automotive industry however had limited study in the past. According to findings, feed rate is the effective parameter on Fc ve Ra while depth of cut and feed rate is seen as efficient on Vb. It is seen that approaching angle is effective all on quality characteristics especially on main cutting force.

Mechanical milling presents an effective solution in producing a homogenous structure for composites. The present study focused on the production of 0.5 wt% yttria nanoparticle reinforced 7075 aluminum alloy composite in order to examine the effects of yttria dispersion and interfacial bonding by ball milling technique. The 7075 aluminum alloy powders and yttria were mechanically alloyed with different milling times. The milled composites powders were then consolidated with the help of hot pressing. Hardness, density, and tensile tests were carried out for characterizing the mechanical properties of the composite. The milled powder and the microstructural evolution of the composites were analyzed utilizing scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A striking enhancement of 164% and 90% in hardness and ultimate tensile strength, respectively, were found compared with the reference 7075 aluminum alloy fabricated with the same producing history. The origins of the observed increase in hardness and strength were discussed within the strengthening mechanisms' framework.

Graphical abstract In this study, 42 Wistar albino male rats (n = 42, 8 weeks old) were used. Rats were divided into 6 groups and 7 rats included each group. Groups: (i) Control group: Standard diet; (ii) RJ (royal jelly) group: Standard diet + royal jelly; (iii) F50 group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride; (iv): F100 group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride; (v) F50+RJ group: Standard diet + 50 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly; (vi): F100+RJ group: Standard diet + 100 mg/kg fluoride + royal jelly. After 8 weeks, the rats were decapitated, and their muscle tissues were removed. Expression levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Bax, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1-α) and Bcl-2 proteins in muscle tissue were determined by western blotting method. Histopathological analyses were also performed on the muscle tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) analyses were determined by a spectrophotometer. According to the obtained results, Bcl-2, TNF-α and IL1-α protein expression was increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while Caspase-3, Caspase-6 and Bax protein expression levels decreased in damage groups. MDA level increased in damage groups compared to the control and royal jelly groups, while CAT and GSH levels increased with royal jelly application in royal jelly-given group in comparison to the flouride-exposed group. According to histopathological analysis results, edema and inflammatory cell formations were found in the injury groups, a tendency to decrease in these injuries was observed in the treatment groups. Based on these results, we can say that royal jelly has protective effects on muscle tissue against fluoride damage.

Kesici takımlar işleme esnasında kaçınılmaz olarak deforme olurken, meydana gelen aşınmayı takip etmek takımın işleme performansını tayin etmek açısından son derece önemlidir. Takım yüzeylerinde aşınmanın düzenli bir yapıda yayılmaması, aşınmanın yeri ve miktarının belirlenmesini gerektirmektedir. Krater aşınması aşındırıcı, yapışma ve difüzyon aşınması mekanizmalarının etkisi ile kesici takımın talaş yüzeyinde meydana gelen, fazla ilerlemesi durumunda takım kaybına yol açabilen bir takım aşınması tipidir. Bu çalışma, AISI 5140 malzemenin tornalanması esnasında kesici takımda meydana gelen krater aşınmasının takım talaş yüzeyi sıcaklığı ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amacı ile yapılmış olup, bu alanda bir ilk niteliğindedir. Çalışma kapsamında kesme hızı, ilerleme, talaş derinliği ve yaklaşma açısı parametreleri kullanılmış olup deneyler kuru kesme şartlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Krater aşınması tornalama işlemi durdurulduğunda kesici takım üzerinden ölçülmüş, takım sıcaklığı ise sıcaklık sensörü yardımı ile anlık olarak izlenmiştir. İstatistiksel ve grafiksel sonuçlar, kesme hızının krater aşınması (71.3%) ve takım sıcaklığı (78.5%) üzerinde en etkili parametre olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Tornalamada kesme hızının talaş yüzeyinde kesici takım ve iş parçası sürtünme koşulları üzerinde etkili olması ve bu bölgede meydana gelen aşındırıcı ve difüzyon aşınma mekanizmalarını tayin etmesi sebebiyle krater aşınması ve takım sıcaklığı arasında kuvvetli bir ilişki olduğu düşünülmektedir.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect of ellagic acid (EA) in the treatment of pancreatic injury. EA has been found to have strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer properties. The effects of EA on pancreati˜c star cell (PSC) activation and cell functions have been evaluated and it has been shown that it inhibits the activation of basic cell functions and PSCs and. it has antidiabetic activity through its effect on β-pancreas cells. In this work, 36 Wistar albino rats (n = 36, 8 weeks old) were used. Rats were divided to 4 groups and 9 rats were each group. Groups: Group 1: control group; Group 2: EA group; Group 3: carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) group; Group 4: EA + CCl4 group. Animals were decapitated after 8 weeks and their pancreas tissue samples were taken and researched. In pancreas tissue, NF-κB, TNF-α, Nrf-2, VEGF, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and Akt proteins expression ratios were analyzed by western blotting method, CAT activity and GSH levels were determined by spectrophotometer and ROS production was detected by MDA. In our results, the Nrf-2 and caspase-3 protein expressions, catalase activities and GSH levels increased, TNF-α, NF-κB, Bcl-2, VEGF, and Akt protein expressions and MDA levels reduced in EA + CCl4 group comparable to the CCl4 group. These findings reveal that EA decreases pancreas tissue injury in rats and that EA may also be used as a drug against pancreas tissue injury in the future.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the fifth known form of viral hepatitis and was first recognized as the cause of an epidemic of unexplained acute hepatitis in the early 1980s. Globally, it is one of the most frequent causes of acute viral hepatitis. The majority of HEV infections are asymptomatic and lead to the spontaneous clearance of the virus. Among the eight different genotypes identified to date, HEV genotype 1 (HEV1), HEV2, HEV3, and HEV4 are the most frequent genotypes causing infections in humans. HEV1 and HEV2 are prevalent in developing regions and able to result in large-scale outbreaks originating from contaminated water supplies. They are also responsible for severe hepatitis in pregnant patients and infants. In contrast, HEV3 and HEV4 are zoonotic, and the transmission of these genotypes to humans occurs mainly through the fecal contamination of water and consumption of contaminated meat from infected animals. Their main reservoir is the pig, and they are mostly encountered in developed countries. The major risk groups for HEV infection and its ensuing adverse consequences are pregnant women, infants, older people, immunocompromised individuals, patients with underlying chronic liver diseases, and workers that come into close contact with HEV-infected animals. In the clinical perspective, HEV infections have diverse clinical manifestations including acute and self-limiting hepatitis, acute-on-chronic liver disease, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. Although HEV mainly results in acute self-limiting infection, chronic HEV infection may occur among immunocompromised patients (e.g., solid-organ transplant recipients). Additionally, HEV-associated extrahepatic manifestations involving various organs have been reported in the last decade, although the causal link for many of them still needs to be proven. Ribavirin and interferon-alpha are the most widely used agents for the treatment of HEV infections with a certain level of success. However, ribavirin is contraindicated in pregnant patients, and interferon-alpha cannot be used in most transplant recipients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antiviral compounds that are safe and effective particularly for patients having contraindications for ribavirin or interferon-alpha and infected by the ribavirin-resistant HEV. In this review article, a literature search using PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed, up to March 2020. Only the articles published in English were reviewed.

Bu çalışmada 6 grup oluşturulmuştur. Gruplar: (i) Kontrol grubu; (ii) Karadut grubu; (iii) Kızılcık grubu; (iv) Karadut + Kızılcık grubu (v) H2O2 grubu; (vi) Karadut + Kızılcık + H2O2 grubu. S. cerevisiae kültürleri 1 saat, 3 saat, 5 saat ve 24 saat boyunca 30 °C'de geliştirildi. Hücre gelişimi ve lipit peroksidasyonu MDA (malondialdehit) analizleri spektrofotometre ile belirlendi. Total protein değişiklikleri SDS-PAGE elektroforezi ile tespit edildi ve Bradford metodu ile hesaplandı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; H2O2 grubu ile kıyaslandığında, Karadut + Kızılcık + H2O2 grubunda (1, 3, 5 ve 24 saat) hücre gelişimi ve total protein sentezi artarken, MDA düzeyi azalış göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak karadut ve kızılcık S. cerevisiae kültüründe oksidatif hasarı azaltmasının yanı sıra, hücre büyümesini ve total protein sentezini teşvik edici bir role sahiptir.

Bee pollen is a valuable product with apitherapeutic properties, highly valued by natural medicine for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Bee pollen, one of the basic elements of alternative therapy, has various biological activities such as antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, four groups were created to investigate whether bee pollen has a protective role against copper chloride (CuCl2) damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Study groups: (1) Control group: only yeast was cultivated; (2) CuCl2 group: given CuCl2 (30 mM); (3) Bee Pollen group: given bee pollen (10%); (4) Bee Pollen + CuCl2 group: given bee pollen (10%) + CuCl2 (30 mM). Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures were grown at 30 °C for 1, 3, 5 and 24 hours. Cell growth, lipid peroxidation, MDA (malondialdehyde) analyzes, GSH (glutathione) levels and CAT (catalase) activities were determined by spectrophotometer. Total protein changes were determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Lowry protein method. In the results of working; when compared to the CuCl2 group, cell development (1, 3, 5 and 24 hours), total protein synthesis and GSH level (24 hours) increased in bee pollen groups, while MDA level (24 hours) decreased. It has been determined that bee pollen has a role of promoting cell growth and total protein synthesis by reducing oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture thanks to its antioxidant properties. Moreover, these natural products have been found to have a strong therapeutic effect in the treatment of many diseases.

The combination of powder metallurgy and ball milling method has been widely regarded as the most beneficial route for producing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. In this study, the effects of different milling times (1, 2, 4, and 8 h) on the structural, morphological, and crystallographic properties of MWCNTs-reinforced Al7075 composite powders were characterized by particle size analyzer, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). After the morphological and structural characterization of the milled powders, the microstructural and mechanical properties of the hot-pressed composites were evaluated using an optical microscope, SEM, density, and Brinell hardness measurements. Considering milled powder characterization, the MWCNTs were gradually distributed and embedded within the matrix as the milling time increased. Milling for 8 h resulted in a minimum level of particle size (11 µm) with shortened and uniformly dispersed CNTs. Brinell hardness of the composite increased from 91 to 237 HB -a ⁓%160 after 8 h of milling. Such a remarkable increment in hardness could be attributed to several concurrent strengthening effects related to dispersion, solution, grain refinement, and Orowan looping mechanisms. However, relative density results revealed that the composite produced by 2 h milled powders exhibited the highest density (%99.96). The observed differences between hardness and density results were ascribed to powders’ deteriorated packing and sintering behavior due to an increment in the hardness of particles and variation in particle size range and morphology, which resulted from following different milling protocols.

The study was carried out on 42 male rats divided into six groups with 7 rats in each group: two control groups, two injury groups and two treatment groups. One of the control groups received a basal diet while the other one was fed a basal diet supplemented with royal jelly (RJ) (100 mg/kg). The two injury groups were given 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg fluoride, respectively. The two treatment groups exposed to 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg fluoride were both fed basal diets with RJ (100 mg/kg). Lungs were taken for histopathological examination. Spectrophotometric analysis was utilized to determine Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activities, and Western blotting technique was used to evaluate the levels of specific proteins. On one hand, our experiments revealed that RJ caused decreased MDA levels, and downregulation of COX-2, Bcl-2, GSK3 and TNF-α protein expressions. On the other hand, rolay jelly caused augmented GSH and CAT activities, as well as upregulated Bax, BDNF, caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9 protein expressions in rats injuried by the fluoride exposure. The results suggest that the application of RJ was very likely to have a healing effect on the degenerative changes seen in the examined tissue.

The aim of this review is to investigate the possible protective and preventive effects of epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) in terms of human health including hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephrotoxicity and anticancer effects. Green tea is one of the most consumed beverages in many countries, especially in Turkey and it plays protective roles in the treatment of various diseases via the polyphenol it contains. It is known that EGCG, which is the main bioactive polyphenol in green tea, has versatile bioactivities. It has been determined that EGCG has the highest free radical scavenging ability among common phenolic compounds. It regulates gene expression and molecular signaling pathways by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, it prevents cell death by suppressing cytokine production and neutrophil migration in inflammatory diseases. With the studies conducted in the last decade, it has been determined that EGCG has anticancer, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, antihypertensive and neuroprotective activities. Especially, its anticancer effect has been found to have chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities in various cancer types such as colon, lung and breast cancer with in vivo and in vitro studies conducted to investigate molecular targets. This review was written to examine the possible protective and preventive effects of EGCG in terms of human health, including its hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephrotoxicity and anticancer effects.

The aim of the study was to determine the protective and therapeutic effect of fullerene CIn vitro cell viability was determined by the WST-1 test. In vivo analysis was performed in female Wistar Albino rats. The expression of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Nrf-2, NF-κB, TNF-α, COX-2, p53, IL-6, IL-1α ve p38α (MAPK) proteins were assessed by western blotting. Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase activity (CAT), total protein levels and DNA damage were investigated. In addition, tissues were evaluated by histopathologically. In in silico analysis, the binding affinities of the fullerene CTreatment of MCF-7 cells at various concentrations of fullerene CIn silico assays, fullerene C

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is a sustainable method that has been efficiently applied to achieve machinability improvements with various materials in recent years, such as hardened steels, superalloys, soft metals, and composites. This study is the first to focus on the performance evaluation of MQL and dry milling environments with AISI 1040 steel. The tool wear, cutting temperature, and power consumption were considered as the quality responses while cutting speed, feed rate and machining environment are taken as input parameters. The effects of the influential factors are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and bar charts. Additionally, Taguchi signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios are utilized in order to determine the optimum parameters for the best quality responses. The results show that the MQL system provides better performance compared to dry milling by reducing the tool wear, cutting temperature, and power consumption. According to the ANOVA results, the cutting environment affects the cutting temperature (37%) and power consumption (94%), while cutting speed has importance effects on the tool wear (74%). A lower cutting speed (100 m/min) and feed rate (0.10 mm/rev) should be selected under MQL conditions to ensure minimum tool wear and power consumption, however, a higher feed rate (0.15 mm/rev) needs to be selected along with a low cutting speed and MQL conditions to ensure better temperatures. A comparative evaluation is carried out on the tool wear, cutting temperature, and power consumption under MQL and dry environments. This investigation is expected to contribute to the current literature, highlighting the superiority of sustainable methods in the milling of industrially important materials.

The goal of this study was to determine the protective role of ellagic acid (EA) against CCl4-induced muscle injury in rats. In this study, 36 Wistar albino rats (n = 36, 8 weeks old) were used. The rats were divided into 4 groups and 9 rats were included each group. Groups: (i) control Group: standard diet; (ii) EA Group: standard diet + EA group; (iii) CCl4 group: standard diet + CCl4 group; (iv) EA + CCl4 group: standard diet + EA + CCl4. The animals were decapitated after 8 weeks, and their muscle tissues were received and investigated. In the muscle tissue, TNF-α, COX-2, Nrf-2, NF-kB, caspase-3 and bcl-2 expression levels were analyzed by the western blotting technique, lipid peroxidation was detected by MDA (malondialdehyde), and catalase and GSH levels were determined by a spectrophotometer. In our findings, in comparison to the CCl4 group, in the EA + CCl4 group, the Nrf-2 and caspase-3 protein expression levels, GSH and catalase activities increased, while the NF-kB, bcl-2, TNF-α and COX-2 protein expression levels and MDA levels decreased. These results suggest that EA reduces muscle tissue damage rate in rats and that EA may also be used as a potential drug to protect against muscle tissue damage in the future.

Phytochemicals is considered one of the most effective and safe alternative therapy against oxidative linked lung diseases. Ellagic acid (EA), an important component of fruits, nuts, and vegetables, are partly responsible for their beneficial health effects against oxidation-related diseases. In the present study, we investigated the ameliorative effect of EA on lung damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in Wistar male albino rats. Thirty-six male rats (n = 36, 8-week old) were divided into 4 groups, each with 9 rats. The groups were: Control group: received standard diet; EA group: administered with EA (10 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneal); CCl4 group: administered with CCl4 (1.5 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneal); EA+CCl4 group: administered with EA and CCl4. . The rats were decapitated at the end of experimental period of 8 weeks and the lung tissues were examined. CCl4-induced rats showed elevation in the expressions of inflammatory proteins, nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); and the indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA). Intraperitoneal administration of EA significantly reduced the levels of these markers. EA administration increased the protein expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and enhanced the activity of glutathione (GSH) and catalase enzyme (CAT). In addition, EA administration increased the expression levels of the executioner protein of apoptosis, caspase-3, and decreasing pro-survival protein, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). In conclusion, these results establishes the protective role of EA in the treatment of lung damage and that in the future, this may have the potential to be used as a medication for the prevention or attenuation of lung diseases.

Vücudun kendi bağışıklık sisteminin kullanımı göz önüne alındığında, immünoterapi olarak adlandırılan tedavi; kanseri tedavi etmek için geleneksel tedavilerden daha etkili ve dayanıklı bir tedavi vaat etmektedir. Bir tür immünoterapi olan kimerik antijen reseptörü-T (CAR-T) hücre tedavisi, kanser tedavisinde umut verici yeni bir T hücresi immünoterapisidir. CAR-T; bir antijen tanıma parçası ve T hücresi sinyalleşme alanlarından oluşan bir füzyon proteinidir. CAR-T hücresi, ağırlıklı olarak; akut lenfoblastik lösemi (ALL), kronik lenfositik lösemi (KLL), lenfoma (Lenf kanseri), multipl miyeloma (kemik iliği kanseri) dahil olmak üzere hematolojik kanserlerin tedavisinde kullanılmıştır. CAR-T hücresi; melanom (cilt kanseri), meme kanseri ve sarkom (bağ dokusunda oluşan tümör) gibi tümörlerin tedavisinde ise büyük umut vaat etmektedir. Güvenlik ve etkinliği artırmak, üretim maliyetlerini azaltmak ve hematolojik kanserlerin ötesinde uygulanabilir kılmak için kimerik antijen reseptörü teknolojisinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik çalışmalar yürütülmekte ve klinik çalışmaların sayısı katlanarak artmaya devam etmektedir.

Forty-two healthy adult male rats (Wistar albino, n = 42, 8 weeks old, starting weights 200-250 g) employed in this study were subdivided into six groups randomly with seven rats per group as follows: (i) Control group: received standard diet; (ii) RJ group: received standard diet supplemented with royal jelly; (iii) F50 group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (50 mg/kg BW); (iv) F100 group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (100 mg/kg BW); (v) F50 +RJ group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (50 mg/kg BW) and royal jelly; (iv) F100 +RJ group: received standard diet supplemented with fluoride (100 mg/kg BW) and royal jelly. The study continued for a total of eight weeks. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the post-translational expression levels of NF-κB, Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α, Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 proteins in pancreas tissue. The pancreatic tissue was subjected to histopathological evaluation. Furthermore, MDA, GSH and CAT activities were examined by spectrophotometric analyzes. Our findings demonstrate that, compared to the control and RJ groups, Bcl-2 protein expression was augmented and, conversely, Caspase-6, Caspase-3 and Bax protein levels were decreased upon fluoride treatment. A statistically significant increase in TNF-α and NF-κB protein expressions was observed in the groups with fluoride-induced damage compared to the control and RJ groups. The MDA levels were increased in all fluoride-treated rats compared to those in the control and RJ groups, whereas the CAT and GSH activities were reduced in all rats with fluoride- induced damage. Although there was not a great difference between the groups regarding histopathological findings, there was a tendency to decrease in the rate of damage upon royal jelly treatment.

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [Project Number: 113M141] and Konya Technical University OYP Projects Coordination Unit [Project Number: 2014-OYP-86]. Tribological properties are important to evaluate the in-service conditions of machine elements, especially those which work as tandem parts. Considering their wide range of application areas, metal matrix composites (MMCs) serve as one of the most significant materials equipped with desired mechanical properties such as strength, density, and lightness according to the place of use. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the wear performance of these materials to obtain a longer life and to overcome the possible structural problems which emerge during the production process. In this paper, extensive discussion and evaluation of the tribological performance of newly produced spheroidal graphite cast iron-reinforced (GGG-40) tin bronze (CuSn10) MMCs, including optimization, statistical, graphical, and microstructural analysis for contact zone temperature and specific wear rate, are presented. For this purpose, two levels of production temperature (400 and 450 degrees C), three levels of pressure (480, 640, and 820 MPa), and seven different samples reinforced by several ingredients (from 0 to 40 wt% GGG-40, pure CuSn10, and GGG-40) were investigated. According to the obtained statistical results, the reinforcement ratio is remarkably more effective on contact zone temperature and specific wear rate than temperature and pressure. A pure CuSn10 sample is the most suitable option for contact zone temperature, while pure GGG-40 seems the most suitable material for specific wear rates according to the optimization results. These results reveal the importance of reinforcement for better mechanical properties and tribological performance in measuring the capability of MMCs. Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) 113M141 Konya Technical University OYP Projects Coordination Unit 2014-OYP-86

Royal jelly is known to strengthen memory, provide antioxidative, antidiabetic, antitumor, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive. In this study, 42 rats (n = 42) were used, and these rats were divided into 6 groups of 7 rats each. Groups: (i) Control Group: Group fed with standard diet; (ii) Royal Jelly (RJ) Group: RJ (100 mg/kg CA, gavage); (iii) F50 Group: Fluoride (50 mg/kg CA, drinking water); (iv) F100 Group: F (100 mg/kg CA, drinking water); (v) F50 + RJ Group: F (50 mg/kg CA, drinking water) + RJ (100 mg/kg CA, gavage); (vi) F100 + RJ Group: F (100 mg/kg CA, drinking water) + RJ (100 mg/kg CA, gavage). The rats were decapitated after 8 weeks, and their heart tissues were taken and examined. Lipid peroxidation by MDA (malondialdehyde) analyzes, GSH (glutathione) level and catalase activity were determined by spectrophotometer. Protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax, BDNF, GSK-3, Nrf-2 and NF-κB proteins in heart tissue were determined by western blotting technique and hearth tissue evaluated by histopathologically. As a result, MDA levels, Bcl-2, GSK-3 and NF-κB protein expression levels were reduced, whereas GSH levels, caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-6, Bax, BDNF and Nrf-2 protein levels were increased in the F50 + RJ and F100 + RJ groups compared to the F50 and F100 groups. According to the results of this study, it has been concluded that Royal jelly has the potential to be developed into a drug for treatment of heart diseases in addition to providing protection against heart damage.

Surface roughness reflects the quality of many operational parameters, namely service life, wear characteristics, working performance and tribological behavior of the produced part. Therefore, tribological performance is critical for the components used as tandem parts, especially for the MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites) which are a unique class of materials having extensive application areas such as aerospace, aeronautics, marine engineering and the defense industry. Current work covers the optimization study of production parameters for surface roughness and tribological indicators of newly produced cast iron reinforced bronze MMCs. In this context, two levels of temperature (400 and 450 °C), three levels of pressure (480, 640 and 820 MPa) and seven levels of reinforcement ratios (60/40, 70/30, 80/20, 90/10, 100/0 of GGG40/CuSn10, pure bronze-as received and pure cast iron-as received) are considered. According to the findings obtained by Taguchi’s signal-to-noise ratios, the reinforcement ratio has a dominant effect on surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz), the coefficient of friction and the weight loss in different levels. In addition, 100/0 reinforced GGG40/CuSn10 gives minimum surface roughness, pure cast iron provides the best weight loss and pure bronze offers the desired coefficient of friction. The results showed the importance of material ingredients on mechanical properties by comparing a wide range of samples from starting the production phase, which provides a perspective for manufacturers to meet the market supply as per human requirements.

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an apheresis procedure in which plasma is separated from the blood cellular components ex vivo, allocated, and replaced with another plasma or a plasma-replacing fluid. This study aimed to define the rate of complications and determine TPE distribution in various neurological diseases. Our study is a retrospective analysis of neurologic diseases requiring TPE between 2008 and 2019 that were selected using the medical records of neurology departments and apheresis units database. We performed 1459 TPE procedures on 207 patients between 2008 and 2019. TPE Procedure is most frequently applied in patients with Myasthenia-Gravis syndrome (34.7%). The complication ratio was 1.6% from a total of 1459 TPE procedures. The most commonly specified adverse event was allergic reactions 11 (5.3%), followed by hypotension 6 (2.9%). TPE was safe and tolerable, with manageable complications in experienced hands.

Tornalamada kesme parametrelerinin optimizasyonu, iş parçasının yüzey kalitesinin, üretim verimliliğinin ve takım ömrünün artırılması için oldukça önemlidir. Endüstriyel uygulamalarda oldukça fazla sayıda malzemenin talaşlı imalat alanında kullanılması sebebiyle her malzeme için optimizasyon çalışması yapılması önemlidir. Ancak özellik birbirinden farklı birçok sektörde kritik yük taşıyan parçalarda kullanılan malzemelerin optimizasyonu elzemdir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma kapsamında 5140 çeliğinin tornalanması için optimum kesme parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Deneyler kuru işleme koşullarında gerçekleştirilmiş olup 2 farklı kesme hızı, talaş derinliği, ilerleme hızı ve yaklaşma açısı incelenmiştir. Kesme parametreleri, akustik emisyon ve akım sensörlerinden alınan verilerle değerlendirilmiş olup optimizasyon tekniği olarak Taguchi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca kesme parametrelerinin akustik emisyon ve akım üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre kesme hızı motor akımı (70.8%) ve akustik emisyon (89.5%) üzerinde en etkili parametre olurken, istatistiksel analiz sonuçlarının hem motor akımı (92.5%) hem de akustik emisyon (95.9%) için yüksek güven aralığında olduğu görümüştür. Optimizasyon sonuçlarına göre motor akımı ve akustik emisyonu minimum yapacak parametreler sırası ile v1f1d1κ1 ve v1f1d2κ2 olarak tespit edilmiştir., Optimization of cutting parameters in turning is very important for increasing the surface quality, production efficiency and tool life of the workpiece. In industrial applications, it is important to make an optimization study for each material because a large number of materials are used in the field of machining. However, the optimization of materials used in parts carrying critical loads in many different sectors is essential. Therefore, in the scope of this study, optimum cutting parameters for turning 5140 steel were determined. The experiments were carried out under dry machining conditions and 2 different cutting speeds, depth of cut, feed rate and approach angle were investigated. The cutting parameters were evaluated with the data obtained from the acoustic emission and flow sensors, and Taguchi method was used as the optimization technique. In addition, the effect of cutting parameters on acoustic emission and current has been investigated. According to the results, while cutting speed was the most influential parameter on engine current (70.8%) and acoustic emission (89.5%), statistical analysis results were found to be in a high confidence interval for both motor current (92.5%) and acoustic emission (95.9%). According to the optimization results, the parameters that will minimize the motor current and acoustic emission were determined as v1f1d1κ1 and v1f1d2κ2, respectively.

Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) antioksidan özellikleri sayesinde son zamanlarda kullanılan fonksiyonel gıdalar arasında yer almaktadır. Anti-oksidatif, kardiyo-protektif, nöro-protektif, anti-diyabet, anti-kanser ve anti-tümör özelliklerinin yanı sıra daha birçok hastalığın tedavisinde koruyucu rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada 4 grup oluşturulmuştur. Gruplar; (1) Kontrol grubu; (2) Goji berry Grubu (%10); (3) Krom (K2Cr2O7) Grubu (10 mM); (4) Goji berry (% 10) + Krom (K2Cr2O7) (10 mM) Grubu. Saccharomyces cerevisiae kültürleri 1h, 3h, 5h ve 24h boyunca 30 °C'de geliştirilmiştir. Malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyleri, katalaz aktivite tayini (CAT), glutatyon (GSH) seviyeleri ve hücre gelişimi spektrofotometre ile ölçülmüştür. SDS-PAGE elektroforez analizi ile total protein değişiklikleri tespit edilmiş ve bradford metodu ile hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarımıza göre; Krom (K2Cr2O7) grubu ile kıyaslandığında, Goji berry + Krom (K2Cr2O7) grubunda hücre gelişimi (1h, 3h, 5h ve 24h, total protein sentezi (24h), GSH seviyeleri (24h) ve katalaz aktiviteleri (24h) artarken, MDA düzeyi (24h) azalış göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, Goji berry yaprağı’nın S. cerevisiae kültüründe Krom (K2Cr2O7) kaynaklı oksidatif hasarı azaltarak, total protein sentezini olumlu yönde arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Goji berry yaprağı tedavisinin hücre gelişimi ve büyümesinde teşvik edici bir role sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect of ellagic acid (EA) in the treatment of pancreatic injury. EA has been found to have strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer properties. The effects of EA on pancreati˜c star cell (PSC) activation and cell functions have been evaluated and it has been shown that it inhibits the activation of basic cell functions and PSCs andIn this work, 36 Wistar albino rats (In our results, the Nrf-2 and caspase-3 protein expressions, catalase activities and GSH levels increased, TNF-α, NF-κB, Bcl-2, VEGF, and Akt protein expressions and MDA levels reduced in EA + CClThese findings reveal that EA decreases pancreas tissue injury in rats and that EA may also be used as a drug against pancreas tissue injury in the future.

The aim of this study is to produce composite materials by recycling metallic chips, which are found in industry as a large amount of waste. In addition, it is aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasonic cleaning process as the consolidation behavior and mechanical properties of bulk material directly depend on the cleaning of waste metallic chips. In the present investigation, spheroidal graphite cast iron (GGG-40) was employed as reinforcement material in tin bronze (CuSn10) matrix system. GGG-40 and CuSn10 chips were cleaned by ultrasonic agitation in water for 20 and 40 min. Consolidation of the cleaned metallic chips was achieved with a hot press by applying 820 MPa pressure under 450 degrees C, and the cylindrical and prismatic metal matrix composite materials with different reinforcement ratios were successfully produced. Energy-dispersive X-ray and scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out to determine the amount of the oxide removed from the surfaces of chips. The mechanical properties of the samples were determined by hardness, porosity, compression and three-point bending tests. According to the results of the analyses, it was found that CuSn10 surfaces were cleaned from 20%, 50% and GGG-40 surfaces from 35%, 39% oxides during 20- and 40-min cleaning time, respectively. In addition, the results of the mechanical tests revealed that increased ultrasonic cleaning time improves the consolidation quality of metallic chips and it provides successful covering of GGG-40 chips by the CuSn10 chips as a result of a better structural integrity. New machinery parts with high mechanical properties can be produced as a result of recycling of the metallic chips which are available as waste in industry by appropriate cleaning process and this situation makes this study more innovative, economical and environmentally friendly research.