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Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effect of a charcoal-containing dentifrice with different toothbrush stiffness on enamel. Methods Four main groups were applied: distilled water, conventional fluoridated toothpaste (Colgate® Total® 12 Clean Mint Toothpaste), charcoal toothpaste (Colgate® Total® Charcoal Toothpaste) and whitening toothpaste (Colgate Total® Advanced Whitening Toothpaste). Three subgroups for each toothpaste were further included according to the toothbrush bristles’ stiffness (soft, medium, and hard). Enamel specimens were subjected to 1,250 and 2,500 cycles of brushing using toothbrushing simulation machine. The average surface roughness change (ΔRa) in nanometer (nm) was measured to estimate the changes following the brushing simulation model. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests analyzed the data. Results The type of toothpaste and the bristles’ stiffness were determinant factors in increasing the ΔRa value (P =

Objective: To identify the potential factors that induce procedural errors during posterior proximal resin composite restorations placed by dental students. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 803 bitewing radiographs of posterior proximal resin composite restorations placed by dental students at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University. Atypical radiographic signs of failure were screened, and different patient-, operator-, and clinical-related factors were recorded. Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between procedural errors and recorded factors. Stepwise adjusted logistic regression model was performed to identify predictors of procedural errors. Results: The most observed errors were internal gaps at the bonding interface and internal voids. Molars had 0.39 the risk of internal voids (odds ratio [OR] = 0.39; confidence interval [CI] = 0.25–0.60; P = 40 years of age had 1.79 the risk of overhang compared to younger patients (OR = 1.79; CI = 1.04–3.11; P =

Abstract Objectives This article examines the efficacy of two bioactive dental composites in preventing demineralization while preserving their mechanical and physical properties. Materials and methods The study compares Beautifil Kids and Predicta® Bioactive Bulk-Fill (Predicta) composites with conventional dental composite. Flexural strength and elastic modulus were evaluated using a universal testing machine. A pH-cycling model assessed the composites’ ability to prevent dentin demineralization. Color stability and surface roughness were measured using a spectrophotometer and non-contact profilometer, respectively, before and after pH-cycling, brushing simulation, and thermocycling aging. Results Beautifil Kids exhibited the highest flexural strength and elastic modulus among the materials (p 0.05). Predicta exhibited greater color change after brushing and increased surface roughness after thermocycling aging (p

Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhering to denture-based resins (DBRs) is a known cause of denture stomatitis. A new approach to prevent denture stomatitis is to include antimicrobial substances within DBRs. Here, we examined the mechanical performance and antifungal properties of DBRs containing benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (C12BDMA-Cl) as an antimicrobial compound. C12BDMA-Cl is a quaternary ammonium compound, and its antifungal properties have never been investigated when combined with dental acrylic resin. Therefore, we modified a commercially available heat-polymerized acrylic DBR to contain 3 and 5 wt.% of C12BDMA-Cl. Unmodified DBR was used as a control group. Specimens were prepared using the conventional heat processing method. The specimen’s flexural strength, elastic modulus, microhardness, and surface roughness were evaluated. C. albicans biofilm was grown on the specimens and assessed via colony-forming units (CFUs) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In silico molecular docking was applied to predict the potential C12BDMA-Cl inhibition activity as an antifungal drug. The 3% C12BDMA-Cl DBR demonstrated antifungal activities without a deterioration effect on the mechanical performance. SEM images indicated fewer colonies in DBR containing C12BDMA-Cl, which can be a potential approach to managing denture stomatitis. In conclusion, C12BDMA-Cl is a promising antifungal agent for preventing and treating denture stomatitis.

Abstract Objectives There is a significant apprehension in medicine and dentistry concerning the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, as it composes a significant threat to global health, particularly oral health. The growing concern that oral pathogens may develop resistance against standard preventive measures raises the need for alternative measures to prevent these pathogens’ growth without inducing microbial resistance. Therefore, this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties of eucalyptus oil (EO) against two main oral disease pathogens, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococci faecalis. Methods S. mutans and E. faecalis biofilms were initiated using brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth supplemented with 2% sucrose with and without diluted EO. After 24 h of biofilm formation, total absorbance was measured via spectrophotometer; then, the biofilm was fixed, stained with crystal violet dye, and measured at 490 nm. An Independent t-test was used to compare the outcomes. Results Diluted EO revealed significant total absorbance reduction against S. mutans and E. faecalis compared to the control (p ≤ 0.001). For the biofilm measurement, S. mutans and E. faecalis biofilms were reduced by around 60- and 30-fold, respectively, compared to the group with no EO (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Based on this study’s results, using EO as an organic compound could be considered an adjunctive tool in preventing the growth of oral pathogens causing dental caries and endodontic infection.

Abstract Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) shows promise in eliminating oral pathogens without inducing microbial resistance. Yet, it faces limited biofilm penetration by the photosensitizer, which hinders its efficacy against mature, thick biofilms. This study assesses the effectiveness of the MagTBO (magnetic nanoparticles and toluidine‐blue ortho) nanoplatform against mature Streptococcus mutans biofilms associated with dental caries. The study employs constant‐depth film fermenter (CDFF) models, known as “artificial mouth,” to replicate caries processes and allow biofilm growth over teeth. This method enables the evaluation of biofilm‐induced mineral loss under cariogenic challenge over 5 and 10 days. The study shows that MagTBO improves aPDT's effectiveness against highly mature and complex biofilms over 5 and 10 days. However, the biofilm reduction unaffected the mineral content in the underlying dentin. This presents a promising approach for clinical aPDT protocols. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that these findings are based on in vitro studies and may necessitate further clinical confirmation. In summary, our data indicate that magnetic‐based photosensitizers enhance the modulation of pathogenic oral biofilms by aPDT, offering potential advancements in clinical aPDT protocols.

Dental resin adhesives and composites are the most prevailing dental restorative materials used to treat cavitated tooth decay. These materials are challenged inside the mouth by bacterial acid attack, lack of bioactivity, and the scarcity of alternatives maintaining the mechanical properties over the lifetime service of these materials. Core-shell nanostructures are composed of various materials surrounded by a protective shell. They are acquiring considerable attention as innovative multipurpose carriers that show great potential in restorative dentistry. Herein, we systematically reviewed the recent studies on core-shell nanostructures incorporated into dental resin-based materials, their intended properties, synthesis methods, and assessment tests employed. This study used scoping review method, following Arksey and O'Malley's five stages framework using PubMed and Scopus (Elsevier) databases. From 149 initially identified manuscripts, 20 studies were eligible for full-text screening, and 15 were included for data extraction. The majority of included studies have used resin composite as parental material. Silica oxide was the most prevailing shell incorporated into dental resins. Almost all core-shell nanostructures were added to improve the material's strength and impart antibacterial properties. Designing strategies and drug release behaviors were discussed. In the end, current challenges and prospects in this promising field were highlighted.

With the advent of nanotechnology, incorporating nanoscale fillers in dental resins seems promising to improve therapeutic features and provide more excellent physicochemical properties for dental materials. The use of nanotubes has been raised due to their excellent mechanical properties, carry and delivery of drugs capabilities, and bioactive properties. These features depend on the composition of nanotubes and their application. This scoping review aims to describe previous studies about incorporating nanotubes in restorative resin-based materials. The main goals here addresses are: (1) to identify which are the most used nanotubes in the development of these dental materials; (2) to verify which the molecules/particles associated with these nanotubes; (3) to report the objectives of the incorporation of nanotubes to these dental materials and main results. The searches were performed using PubMed and Scopus databases in December 2022, identifying 534 manuscripts. After the selection process, 43 studies were included in the review. We mainly analyzed and discussed the nanotubes' composition, the parental materials in which the nanotubes were incorporated, the purposes of adding these particles to the dental materials, how the materials were analyzed, and the primary studies' outcomes. The outcomes are stimulating and reveal a promising advance in dental resins with the possibility of improving the maintenance of restorations and patients' quality of life. Further studies should address the abovementioned topics to expand the understanding and options of using nanotubes in resin-based restorative materials.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the dimensional stability of irreversible hydrocolloid and polyvinylsiloxane (P.V.S.) impressions after exposure to four commercial disinfectants using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Two different impression materials were tested: irreversible hydrocolloid and P.V.S. Four disinfection solutions were applied: BirexSE, Opti-Cide3, COEfect MinuteSpray, and CaviCide Spray. Distilled water was used as a control group. Each solution remained in contact with the impression for 5 min. Additional contact time of 5 min compromises time for scanning. The materials were evaluated for dimensional stability after the impression of a maxillary complete edentulous template via CBCT before and after being in contact with the disinfectant agents. Measurements were assessed on the digital models from A-B, B-C, and C-A points. Paired analyses (Wilcoxon Signed Rank test or paired Student's t-test) were used to analyze each measurement before and after the contact with the disinfectant agents. The variance for each measurement was also analyzed via a one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis. Results: Overall, there were no statistical differences among the points measurements in the irreversible hydrocolloid or P.V.S. between initial and final assessments (p > 0.05). The used disinfectant agents in this study did not influence each measurement's variation on irreversible hydrocolloid or P.V.S. (p > 0.05). All agents showed an effect on the dimensional stability of both impression materials. The differences in the three dimensions ranged between 0.34 and 1.54%. Conclusion: Within 10 min of removing the impression from the master cast, is study's findings indicated that the four commercially available disinfectants did not influence the dimensional stability of irreversible hydrocolloid or P.V.S. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the antimicrobial effect of these solutions applied as a spray on the surface of irreversible hydrocolloid and P.V.S. impressions.

Objective: To assess and compare the effects of two pediatric anti-asthmatic medication doses on the microhardness of enamel and microhardness, surface roughness and color of restorative materials. Methods: Human enamel samples and packable and flowable composite restorations were used. The samples were exposed to Salbutamol (0.6 mL/6 mL saline) and Budesonide (2 mL/2 mL saline) via a custom-made chamber connected to a nebulizer. Medication administration was conducted for 10 days. The samples were brushed with an electronic brush in a continuous and circular mode for 10 s after 10 min of medication administration. Assessments of microhardness, surface roughness and color were carried out at three different time intervals: baseline (T0), 5 days (T1) and 10 days (T2). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a two-sample t-test and a Bonferroni multiple comparison test were used to analyze the data and compare between the groups. Results: Both medications significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the microhardness of the enamel and composite samples after 10 days. Both medications lowered the surface roughness of both types of composite with a greater effect observed after 10 days of Budesonide administration (p < 0.05). Both medications had comparable detectable color change on both types of composite with a greater effect observed after 10 days of Budesonide administration (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Salbutamol and Budesonide significantly decreased microhardness in the enamel samples. Both medications affected the properties of packable and flowable composites. The packable composite showed more resistance to microhardness changes. Both medications showed a clinically detectable change in the color of packable and flowable composites.

Objectives: Composites are commonly used for tooth restorations, but recurrent caries often lead to restoration failures due to polymerization shrinkage-stress-induced marginal leakage. The aims of this research were to: (1) develop novel low-shrinkage-stress (L.S.S.) nanocomposites containing dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) with nanoparticles of calcium fluoride (nCaF2) or amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) for remineralization; (2) investigate antibacterial and cytocompatibility properties. Methods: Nanocomposites were made by mixing triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether with urethane dimethacrylate containing 3% DMADDM, 20% nCaF2, and 20% NACP. Flexural strength, elastic modulus, antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans biofilms, and cytotoxicity against human gingival fibroblasts and dental pulp stem cells were tested. Results: Nanocomposites with DMADDM and nCaF2 or NACP had flexural strengths matching commercial composite control without bioactivity. The new nanocomposite provided potent antibacterial properties, reducing biofilm CFU by 6 logs, and reducing lactic acid synthesis and metabolic function of biofilms by 90%, compared to controls (p < 0.05). The new nanocomposites produced excellent cell viability matching commercial control (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Bioactive L.S.S. antibacterial nanocomposites with nCaF2 and NACP had excellent bioactivity without compromising mechanical and cytocompatible properties. The new nanocomposites are promising for a wide range of dental restorations by improving marginal integrity by reducing shrinkage stress, defending tooth structures, and minimizing cariogenic biofilms.

Background. The disinfection of orthodontic acrylic resins might change the physical and mechanicalproperties of these materials. We aimed to investigate the impact of four different commercially availabledisinfectants on the surface roughness of acrylic resins used for orthodontic appliances. Methods. Four disinfectant solutions (BirexSE, Opti-Cide3, COEfect MinuteSpray, and CaviCideSpray) were used to disinfect orthodontic acrylic resins using the spraying method. The resins weresubjected to repeated disinfection protocols. Distilled water, also applied via spraying method, was usedas a control. Surface roughness was scrutinized to examine the extent of surface topography changes bystylus profilometry. Data normality was evaluated via the Shapiro–Wilk test, followed by the WilcoxonSigned-Rank test for non-parametric data or paired Student’s t-test for parametric data to compareintra-group differences in roughness before and after the use of the disinfectant solutions. Results. Some of the disinfectants (BirexSE and CaviCide) resulted in significant changes in surfaceroughness values before and after the disinfection compared to the controls (P0.05). However, from a clinical perspective, theresulting variations in surface roughness (

The management and treatment of dental and craniofacial injuries have continued to evolve throughout the last several decades. Limitations with autograft, allograft, and synthetics created the need for more advanced approaches in tissue engineering. Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are frequently used to repair bone defects. Since their discovery in the 1980s, extensive research has been conducted to improve their properties, and emerging evidence supports their increased application in bone tissue engineering. This review focuses on the up-to-date performance of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds and upcoming promising dental and craniofacial bone regeneration strategies. First, we summarized the barriers encountered in CPC scaffold development. Second, we compiled the most up to date in vitro and in vivo literature. Then, we conducted a systematic search of scientific articles in MEDLINE and EMBASE to screen the related studies. Lastly, we revealed the current developments to effectively design CPC scaffolds and track the enhanced viability and therapeutic efficacy to overcome the current limitations and upcoming perspectives. Finally, we presented a timely and opportune review article focusing on the significant potential of CPC scaffolds for dental and craniofacial bone regeneration, which will be discussed thoroughly. CPC offers multiple capabilities that may be considered toward the oral defects, expecting a future outlook in nanotechnology design and performance.

Millions of people worldwide suffer from a toothache due to tooth cavity, and often permanent tooth loss. Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, is a biofilm-dependent infectious disease that damages teeth by minerals loss and presents a high incidence of clinical restorative polymeric fillings (tooth colored fillings). Until now, restorative polymeric fillings present no bioactivity. The complexity of oral biofilms contributes to the difficulty in developing effective novel dental materials. Nanotechnology has been explored in the development of bioactive dental materials to reduce or modulate the activities of caries-related bacteria. Nano-structured platforms based on calcium phosphate and metallic particles have advanced to impart an anti-caries potential to restorative materials. The bioactivity of these platforms induces prevention of mineral loss of the hard tooth structure and antibacterial activities against caries-related pathogens. It has been suggested that this bioactivity could minimize the incidence of caries around restorations (CARS) and increase the longevity of such filling materials. The last few years witnessed growing numbers of studies on the preparation evaluations of these novel materials. Herein, the caries disease process and the role of pathogenic caries-related biofilm, the increasing incidence of CARS, and the recent efforts employed for incorporation of bioactive nanoparticles in restorative polymer materials as useful strategies for prevention and management of caries-related-bacteria are discussed. We highlight the status of the most advanced and widely explored interaction of nanoparticle-based platforms and calcium phosphate compounds with an eye toward translating the potential of these approaches to the dental clinical reality. Keywords: Dental materials, Bioactive, Nanoparticles, Dental caries

Current dental adhesives lack antibacterial properties. This study aimed to explore the effect of incorporating benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BDMDAC) on the degree of conversion, contact angle, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), microtensile bond strength (µTBS), cytotoxicity, antibacterial and bonding performance after artificial aging. A dental adhesive was doped with BDMDAC in the concentration range of 1–5 wt.%. For antibacterial assays, the BDMDAC compound was subject to planktonic cells of Streptococcus mutans. Then, after incorporation into the dental adhesive, an S. mutans biofilm model was used to grow 48 h-mature biofilms. The biofilms grown over the formulated materials were assessed by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting assay and fluorescence microscopy staining. In addition, the cytotoxicity was evaluated. Samples were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles for aging and evaluated by UTS, µTBS, and CFU. Incorporating BDMDAC did not increase the cytotoxicity or change the physical properties when the mass fraction of the BDMDAC was 1–5 wt.%. The UTS of BDMDAC-doped adhesives was not impaired immediately or over time. A significant bacterial reduction was obtained for the mass fraction of the BDMDAC greater than 3 wt.%. However, the BDMDAC-doped adhesives did not offer an antibacterial effect after artificial aging. The overall results indicate that the BDMDAC strategy has the potential to control of microbial growth of cariogenic planktonic cells and biofilms. However, other new technological approaches are needed to overcome the deleterious effect of BDMDAC release over time such as those based on the principle of drug delivery systems whereby the BDMDAC is transported on microparticles or core shells, providing tangible benefits to oral health over time.

The incorporation of metallic oxides in dental adhesives has been a strategy to confer improved radiopacity and physicochemical properties for polymers. Tailoring the structure of these fillers could contribute to their application in therapeutic strategies for dental restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incorporation of niobic acid into experimental dental adhesives, and compare these adhesives to niobium pentoxide containing adhesives. A control group without Nb2O5·n H2O or Nb2O5 was also used for comparison. Niobium-based particles have been used as a feasible approach, mainly because of their bioactivity. In this study, hydrated niobium pentoxide, also called niobic acid (Nb2O5·n H2O), was incorporated into an experimental dental adhesive as a potential catalyst for monomer conversion. A base resin for dental adhesive was formulated with methacrylate monomers and photoinitiators. Two types of oxides were tested as filler for this adhesive: Nb2O5·n H2O or niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5). Both fillers were added separately into the experimental adhesive at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.%. One group without Nb2O5·n H2O or Nb2O5 (0 wt.% of filler addition) was used as a control group. The formulated materials were analyzed for radiopacity according to the ISO 4049 and used FTIR analysis to assess the degree of conversion (DC) and the maximum polymerization rate (RPmax). Mechanical properties were analyzed by ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in a testing machine. Softening in solvent was conducted by measuring Knoop microhardness before and after immersion of samples in ethanol. Normality of data was assessed with Shapiro-Wilk, and comparisons between factors were conducted with two-way ANOVA and Tukey at 5% of significance. Both fillers, Nb2O5 or Nb2O5·n H2O, increased the radiopacity of dental adhesives in comparison to the unfilled adhesive (p < 0.05). There were no differences among groups for the ultimate tensile strength (p > 0.05), and all groups containing Nb2O5 or Nb2O5·n H2O improved the resistance against softening in solvent (p < 0.05). The groups with 5 and 10 wt% addition of Nb2O5 showed decreased DC compared to the control group (p < 0.05), while the addition of Nb2O5·nH2O up to 10 wt% did not alter the DC (p > 0.05). The polymerization rate did not change among groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, Nb2O5·n H2O is a promising filler to be incorporated into dental adhesives providing proper mechanical properties, improved resistance against solvents, and increased radiopacity, without changing the DC.

Resin composites are the material of choice for dental restorative treatment in oral health care. However, the inherent composition of this class of material commonly results in microbial adherence and colonization, which carries the potential risk of recurrent carious lesions around dental restorations. The high risk of resin composites failure complicates the treatment of root caries, defined as the onset of tooth decay over the prone root surface of a tooth. The restorative treatment of root caries among high caries risk individuals, especially for senior patients, is a challenging, painful, and costly. The dysbiotic microbiota colonizes the composite’s surfaces and forms polymicrobial biofilms that are difficult to be dislodged by regular tooth brushing. This study assesses the antibiofilm performance of a surface contact killing antibacterial dental resin composites on the growth of microcosm biofilms using dental plaque sampled from patients with active root carious lesions as an inoculum. The designed formulations contain dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM), a tailored quaternary ammonium monomer with an alkyl chain length of 16, at 3–5 wt.% in a base resin with and without 20 wt.% nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP). Biofilms were grown on the tested resin composites using a 48 h plaque-derived microcosm biofilm model. Dental plaque collected from active root carious lesions was used as an inoculum to emulate the microbiota present in those lesions. The biofilm growth was assessed via the colony-forming unit (CFU) counts in four culture media, metabolic behavior, lactic acid production, and confocal microscopy. The percentage of reacted double bonds of the formulations was also investigated. The dental resin composites formulated with 3–5 wt.% DMAHDM and 20 wt.% NACP were effective at eradicating surface-attached biofilms from the total microbial load and each relevant cariogenic group: total streptococci, mutans streptococci, and lactobacilli. The metabolic activities and lactic acid production of the plaque-derived microcosm biofilms were reduced by 80–95%, respectively. Fewer viable microorganisms were observed over resin composites containing DMAHDM and NACP. Besides, all the experimental formulations demonstrated an acceptable degree of conversion values. This new strategy fits with ongoing dental caries preventive and minimally invasive approaches by preventing biofilm growth over-restored carious root lesions and improving the lifespan of dental restorations.

The use of herbal products in oral hygiene care has a long history, and their use is popular today. A tree stick, named Salvadora persica (S. persica), is commonly used to remove dental plaque and clean teeth in many countries. In addition, extracts of S. persica can be used as a mouthwash, as they demonstrate antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of S. persica methanol and aqueous extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. A S. mutans biofilm formation assay was conducted using different concentrations of S. persica methanol or water extracts in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye, and the absorbance was assessed to examine biofilm formation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the results. The S. persica methanol extract displayed a significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) against the S. mutans biofilm. The 10 mg/mL concentration of the S. persica methanol extract was determined as the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The used methanol concentration, mixed with TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose and without the S. persica extract, did not inhibit the S. mutans biofilm. The S. persica aqueous extract did not demonstrate any biofilm inhibition at any concentration (p ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the potential of using S. persica methanol extract as a mouthwash or adjunctive to oral hygiene tools.

Advances in nanotechnology have unlocked exclusive and relevant capabilities that are being applied to develop new dental restorative materials. Metal oxide nanoparticles and nanotubes perform functions relevant to a range of dental purposes beyond the traditional role of filler reinforcement—they can release ions from their inorganic compounds damaging oral pathogens, deliver calcium phosphate compounds, provide contrast during imaging, protect dental tissues during a bacterial acid attack, and improve the mineral content of the bonding interface. These capabilities make metal oxide nanoparticles and nanotubes useful for dental adhesives and composites, as these materials are the most used restorative materials in daily dental practice for tooth restorations. Secondary caries and material fractures have been recognized as the most common routes for the failure of composite restorations and bonding interface in the clinical setting. This review covers the significant capabilities of metal oxide nanoparticles and nanotubes incorporated into dental adhesives and composites, focusing on the novel benefits of antibacterial properties and how they relate to their translational applications in restorative dentistry. We pay close attention to how the development of contemporary antibacterial dental materials requires extensive interdisciplinary collaboration to accomplish particular and complex biological tasks to tackle secondary caries. We complement our discussion of dental adhesives and composites containing metal oxide nanoparticles and nanotubes with considerations needed for clinical application. We anticipate that readers will gain a complete picture of the expansive possibilities of using metal oxide nanoparticles and nanotubes to develop new dental materials and inspire further interdisciplinary development in this area.

How dentists cure a resin-based material has deleterious effects on the material’s properties and its interaction with surrounding dental tissues. Biofilm accumulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of carious lesions around dental restorations, with its composition manifesting expressed dysbiosis in patients suffering from dental caries. To evaluate the influence of varying radiant exposure on the degree of conversion (DC%), Streptococcus mutans biofilm growth, and surface roughness of bulk-fill composites under different light-curing conditions. Two light-curing units (LCU) at 600 and 1000 mW/cm2 were used to simulate curing conditions with different angulations (∢20° and ∢35°) or 2 mm-distance displacements of the LCU tip. The radiant exposure (RE) was assessed, and the composites were analyzed for DC%. Biofilm formation was induced over the bulk-fill composites and analyzed via colony-forming units counting and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface roughness was analyzed via a profilometer and SEM after biofilm formation. Curing conditions with different angulation or displacement decreased RE compared to the “optimal condition”. The moderately (∢35°) angulated LCU tip and low (600 mW/cm2) radiant emittance significantly reduced the DC% (p < 0.05). The difference in DC% between the top and bottom of the composites ranged from 8 to 11% for 600 mW/cm2 and 10 to 20% for 1000 mW/cm2. Greater S. mutans biofilm and surface changes were found in composites with non-optimal RE delivery (e.g., tip displacement and angulation) (p < 0.05). Inadequate polymerization of bulk-fill composites was associated with more biofilm accumulation and surface topography changes. Overall, non-optimally performed curing procedures reduced the amount of delivered RE, which led to low DC%, more biofilm formation, and higher surface roughness. The improper light-curing of bulk-fill composites compromises their physicochemical and biological properties, which could lead to inferior clinical performance and reduced restorative treatments’ longevity.

The persistence of microorganisms in the root canal system is one of the leading causes of root canal treatment failure. Root canal anatomy is complex, and it is often a challenge to obtain optimal disinfection. Biofilms of putative pathogens hidden inside dentin tubules and other root canal ramifications may limit current disinfection protocols. The search for additional disinfection of the root canal has been intensely carried out over the last twenty years. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an adjunctive, conservative, non-selective bacterial kill approach. aPDT has been used to improve root canals disinfection without inducing bacterial resistance. This review focuses on the up-to-date aPDT performance and upcoming promising strategies for disinfection of the root canal system. First, we summarized the barriers encountered by photosensitizer (PS) and light delivery applied to root canal disinfection. Second, we compile the most updated clinical literature. A systematic search for scientific articles was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and EMBASE to screen the related in vivo studies about this theme. Third, we summarized and critically analyzed the current developments to overcome the aPDT limitations, and we revealed upcoming perspectives in this scoping literature review. We present a timely and opportune review article focusing on the significant potential of aPDT in endodontic disinfection. aPDT offers multiple capabilities that may be considered toward the root canal system’s disinfection with future outlooks in nanosized-platforms’ design and performance.

This study intended to investigate the long-term antibacterial effect, mechanical performance, and surface topography of new anticaries dental composites. While most artificial aging studies of dental resins lasted for 30–90 days, this study prolonged the water-aging to one year to be more clinically relevant. The base resin was loaded with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) at 3 or 5 wt.% and nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) at 20 wt.%. Composites were subjected to one-year water storage and wear. Following water aging, samples were evaluated for flexural strength, elastic modulus, and microbiological assays. Biofilm plate counting method, metabolic assay, colorimetric quantification of lactic acid, and Baclight bacterial viability assay were measured after one year. Topography changes (ΔRa, ΔRq, ΔRv, ΔRt) were examined after wear and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Biofilm assays and topography changes data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. Mechanical properties and normalized data were verified using a t-test. The flexural strength values for the formulations that contained 5% DMAHDM-20% NACP, 3% DMAHDM, and 5% DMAHDM were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in relation to the baseline but the values were still above the ISO standards. No significant differences were observed between the groups concerning the topography changes, except for the ΔRt, where there was a significant increase in the 5% DMAHDM-20% NACP group. All the groups demonstrated robust biofilm-inhibition, with slightly reduced antibacterial properties following water aging. The aged samples reduced the total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci by 1.5 to 3-log, compared to the experimental control. The new formulations containing DMAHDM and NACP were able to sustain the antibacterial performance after one-year of aging. Mechanical properties and surface topography were slightly affected over time.

Oral biofilm accumulation at the tooth–restoration interface often leads to recurrent dental caries and restoration failure. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a novel bioactive crown cement containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), and (2) investigate the mechanical properties, anti-biofilm activity, and calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43−) ion release of the crown cement for the first time. The cement matrix consisted of pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate and ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate monomers and was denoted PEHB resin matrix. The following cements were tested: (1) RelyX luting cement (commercial control); (2) 55% PEHB + 45% glass fillers (experimental control); (3) 55% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 0% DMAHDM; (4) 52% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 3% DMAHDM; (5) 51% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 4% DMAHDM; (6) 50% PEHB + 20% glass + 25% NACP + 5% DMAHDM. Mechanical properties and ion release were measured. Streptococcusmutans (S. mutans) biofilms were grown on cements, and colony-forming units (CFUs) and other biofilm properties were measured. The novel bioactive cement demonstrated strong antibacterial properties and high levels of Ca2+ and PO43− ion release to remineralize tooth lesions. Adding NACP and DMAHDM into the cement did not adversely affect the mechanical properties and dentin bonding strength. In conclusion, the novel NACP + DMAHDM crown cement has excellent potential for restoration cementation to inhibit caries by suppressing oral biofilm growth and increasing remineralization via Ca2+ and PO43− ions. The NACP + DMAHDM composition may have wide applicability to other biomaterials to promote hard-tissue formation and combat bacterial infection.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to develop a novel dental nanocomposite containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM), 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), and nanoparticles of calcium fluoride (nCaF2) for preventing recurrent caries via antibacterial, protein repellent and fluoride releasing capabilities. (2) Methods: Composites were made by adding 3% MPC, 3% DMAHDM and 15% nCaF2 into bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (denoted BT). Calcium and fluoride ion releases were evaluated. Biofilms of human saliva were assessed. (3) Results: nCaF2+DMAHDM+MPC composite had the lowest biofilm colony forming units (CFU) and the greatest ion release; however, its mechanical properties were lower than commercial control composite (p < 0.05). nCaF2+DMAHDM composite had similarly potent biofilm reduction, with mechanical properties matching commercial control composite (p > 0.05). Fluoride and calcium ion releases from nCaF2+DMAHDM were much more than commercial composite. Biofilm CFU on composite was reduced by 4 logs (n = 9, p < 0.05). Biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid were also substantially reduced by nCaF2+DMAHDM, compared to commercial control composite (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The novel nanocomposite nCaF2+DMAHDM achieved strong antibacterial and ion release capabilities, without compromising the mechanical properties. This bioactive nanocomposite is promising to reduce biofilm acid production, inhibit recurrent caries, and increase restoration longevity.

Polymeric materials are the first choice for restoring tooth cavities, bonding tooth-colored fillings, sealing root canal systems, and many other dental restorative applications. However, polymeric materials are highly susceptible to bacterial attachment and colonization, leading to dental diseases. Many approaches have been investigated to minimize the formation of biofilms over polymeric restorative materials and at the tooth/material interfaces. Among them, contact-killing compounds have shown promising results to inhibit dental biofilms. Contact-killing compounds can be immobilized within the polymer structure, delivering a long-lasting effect with no leaching or release, thus providing advantages compared to release-based materials. This review discusses cutting-edge research on the development of contact-killing compounds in dental restorative materials to target oral pathogens. Contact-killing compounds in resin composite restorations, dental adhesives, root canal sealers, denture-based materials, and crown cements have all demonstrated promising antibacterial properties. Contact-killing restorative materials have been found to effectively inhibit the growth and activities of several oral pathogens related to dental caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic, and fungal infections. Further laboratory optimization and clinical trials using translational models are needed to confirm the clinical applicability of this new generation of contact-killing dental restorative materials.