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The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze effect of the debt-to-assets ratio, maturity, guarantee, and company size on construction company bond ratings. The population and sample of this research is construction companies that publish complete financial reports from 2014 to 2022. Data analysis uses logistic regression analysis. The results showed that: 1) Debt to assets ratio has no significant effect on the probability of bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bonds because they see the company's reputation not from the Debt to Assets Ratio obtained by the company; 2) Maturity has no significant effect on bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bonds with ages under 3 years, because companies with maturity under 3 years are able to pay off their obligations to pay the loan principal at maturity; 3) Guarantees have no significant effect on bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bonds because they look at the company's reputation, not from what is guaranteed and not guaranteed to the company; 4) Company size has no significant effect on bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bonds not in terms of company size but from the company's reputation; 5) The debt-to assets ratio, maturity, guarantee, and company size affect bond ratings.

The interest of students to enter in high school is important because it also encourages schools to continue to improve their quality so as to create good relationships between schools, graduates, stakeholders, and parents of students. This study aims to determine the factors that influence student interest in school at Nurul Islam Jember High School. This research is a descriptive research. The sampling technique is quota sampling. The data analysis technique uses factor analysis. The results of the study show that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value Measure of Sampling Adequacy is greater than 0.50 which is equal to 0.721> 0.50 and the value of Barlett’s Test of Sphericity (Sig.) 0,000

Inventory procurement raises other costs, ordering costs, compensation costs, maintenance costs, warehouse rental costs, and damage costs. Therefore, proper inventory management is needed to avoid increasing inventory costs and maximizing UKM (Small and Medium Enterprises) appropriately. The error of making decisions in the procurement of raw material inventories gives the impact of the number of finished goods not in accordance with market requirements. This study is conducted to determine the inventory control of raw materials and the comparison between the total costs of raw material inventory using the Dodik Bakery UKM policy using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. This research is a descriptive qualitative. Data collected by using library study methods and direct observation. The result of the study shows that the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method has more optimal and economical results compared to the method applied by the Dodik Bakery UKM. This is evidenced by the frequency of ordering with the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method which is less than 9 times, the difference is 88 times compared to the method used by Dodik Bakery SMEs as well as a lower inventory cost of Rp 1,992,492 compared to Rp 3,718,908 compared to the method used by UKM Dodik Bakery.

HIV infection is a chronic infection that almost inevitably progresses to AIDS. The infection is characterized by the deterioration in the immune function leading to opportunistic infections and malignancies. Additionally, there is an associated immune dysfunction characterized by a persistent inflammatory state and unhealthy elaboration of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The CD4+ T cell count has been used as a surrogate for the level of immune dysfunction that exists in patients with HIV infection. Eighty-eight (88) patients with HIV infection, forty-four (44) of whom were treatment naïve patients and forty-four (44) who were treatment-experienced patients, were recruited. The serum concentrations of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were carried out using R&D human Quantikine ELISA kits, while patients’ CD4+ T cell counts were evaluated using the Partec easy count kit. The serum IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were significantly higher among the AR-naïve participants compared to the ART-experienced group. Additionally, the IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were higher in patients with lower CD4+ T cell count compared to those with higher cell counts though this was not statistically significant. Also, both IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were higher in patients with higher WHO clinical staging of disease, significantly so for IL-6.

In patients with lepromatous leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae is often observed inside the human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) surrounding Schwann cells (SC) at the site of lesions in the peripheral nerves. Based on this observation, it is considered that the nasal mucous may be the invasion pathway for M. leprae and HMVEC serve as an important reservoir for the bacteria before they invade SC. In light of previous research which revealed that Mce1A protein mediates bacterial invasion into nasal epithelial cells and HMVEC, we conducted a study to determine whether the invasion of M. leprae into HMVEC can be suppressed by blocking the Mce1A protein. In this study, we analyzed bacterial invasive activity by adding recombinant Escherichia coli, which express the active region (InvX:72 a.a.) of Mce1A protein on their external membrane, into cultured HMVEC, using the adhesin involved in the diffuse adherence mechanism. The number of bacteria that invaded into the cells was then measured by a colony counting method. The active region of Mce1A was divided into four sections, and hyperimmune antisera was prepared for each section for analyzing the inhibitory effect against invasion. The invasive activity was suppressed by antibodies against InvX regions 1-24 a.a., 25-46 a.a. and 58-72 a.a. This suggests that the InvX regions 1-24 a.a., 25-46 a.a. and 58-72 a.a. of Mce1A protein play an important role in the invasion of M. leprae into HMVEC and that it may be possible to suppress entry of M. leprae in HMVEC with antibodies against these regions., (© 2019 Japanese Dermatological Association.)