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Aims: To describe urologic complications in patients with chronically elevated post‐void residual (PVR) volumes and to evaluate other related risk factors during a long‐term follow‐up in patients managed conservatively. Methods: Non‐neurogenic patients who refused surgical intervention of the prostate and had PVR volumes >300 mL on two or more separate occasions at least 6 months apart were included. We followed this cohort over time, recorded complications and evaluated risk factors for complications. Results: Twenty‐eight men with a mean age of 74 were followed for a median of 56 months (IQR: 26‐101 months); 26 had benign prostatic hyperplasia with a median prostate size of 55 cc. Baseline median PVR was 468 cc (IQR: 395‐828) and follow‐up median PVR was 508 cc (IQR: 322‐714). During follow‐up, 13 patients (46%) had at least one complication with acute urinary retention being the most common occurring in 10 patients (36%) with 15 episodes. Other complications presented in less than 15%, and no patients developed permanent renal insufficiency. Patients with prostate size ≥ 100 cc had significantly higher total number of acute retention episodes (P‐value: 0.01). Conclusions: Although the presence of CUR could commonly predispose to episodes of acute retention, severe complications are infrequent although present. Additionally, prostate size may play a role in increasing some adverse outcomes. With proper counseling about different complications, patients with retention who denied surgical treatment can be safely followed for at least 5 years without renal deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is considered a size-independent technique to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. This safe and effective procedure is increasingly being adopted in urology training programs worldwide, yet limited teaching strategies have been described. Endoscopic handling during HoLEP allows for a simultaneous interaction between the surgeon and trainee, facilitating a guided teaching strategy with increasing difficulty as experience grows. In this article, we describe our stepwise approach for teaching HoLEP as part of a structured surgical training curriculum. We also evaluate the association of our method with intraoperative efficiency parameters and immediate postoperative surgical outcomes of 200 HoLEP procedures.

Purpose: Transrectal prostate biopsy is a common ambulatory procedure that can result in pain and anxiety for some men. Low-dose, adjustable nitrous oxide is increasingly being used to improve experience of care for patients undergoing painful procedures. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose (<45%) nitrous oxide, which has not been previously established for transrectal prostate biopsies., Materials and Methods: A single-institution, prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsies. Patients were randomized to receive either self-adjusted nitrous oxide or oxygen, in addition to routine periprostatic bupivacaine block. Nitrous oxide at levels between 20% and 45% were adjusted to patients' desired effect. Patients completed a visual analog scale for anxiety, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a visual analog scale for pain immediately before and after biopsy. The blinded operating urologist evaluated ease of procedure. Periprocedural vitals and complications were assessed. Patients were allowed to drive home independently., Results: A total of 133 patients received either nitrous oxide (66) or oxygen (67). There was no statistically significant difference in the primary anxiety end point of State Trait Anxiety Inventory or the visual analog scale for anxiety scores between the nitrous oxide and oxygen groups. However, patients in the nitrous oxide group reported significantly lower visual analog scale for pain scores compared to the oxygen group ( P = .026). The operating urologists' rating of tolerance of the procedure was better in the nitrous oxide group ( P = .03). There were no differences in biopsy performance time. Complications were similarly low between the 2 groups., Conclusions: Patient-adjusted nitrous oxide at levels of 20% to 45% is a safe adjunct during transrectal prostate biopsy. Although there was not an observed difference in the primary end point of anxiety, nitrous oxide was associated with lower patient-reported pain scores.

Introduction: This study is conducted to evaluate the long-term outcomes, including effectiveness and complications, of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation in men with primarily stress urinary incontinence., Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients with complete data sets and a continuous follow-up with the device in place for 5 years or more were included. We analyzed effectiveness through pads per day use, and complications were assessed based on device revisions and explantations. Various risk factors for revisions were evaluated and revision free-survival at 15 years was estimated., Results: Thirty-four male patients were implanted and followed for a mean of 116.5 months (range: 60-285). Mean pads per day use was significantly decreased from 3.6 at baseline to 0.6 at 1 year, 1.1 at 5 years, and 1.06 at last visit ( P < 0.0001). During follow-up, 12 patients (35%) required between 1 and 3 device revisions and 1 (3%) required 5. The device revision-free survival was 76% (confidence interval [CI] 58%-87%) at 5 years and 56% (CI 32%-75%) at 15 years. A higher mean number of dilations or incisions for bladder neck contractures was a statistically significant risk factor for revisions in univariate analysis (odds ratio 1.8; 95% CI 1.02-3.2). No other significant risk factors for revisions were found. Explantations were performed in four patients for device erosion at 60, 69, 153, and 200 months., Conclusions: The AUS provides excellent long-term outcomes with continued improvement in continence rates and <50% of patients requiring revisions at 15 years. The previous history of bladder neck contractures and dilations may predispose to an increased rate of revisions., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.