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1. Radiofrequency ice dielectric measurements at Summit Station, Greenland

Author

Juan Antonio Aguilar, Patrick Allison, Dave Besson, Abby Bishop, Olga Botner, Sjoerd Bouma, Stijn Buitink, Maddalena Cataldo, Brian A. Clark, Kenny Couberly, Zach Curtis-Ginsberg, Paramita Dasgupta, Simon de Kockere, Krijn D. de Vries, Cosmin Deaconu, Michael A. DuVernois, Anna Eimer, Christian Glaser, Allan Hallgren, Steffen Hallmann, Jordan Christian Hanson, Bryan Hendricks, Jakob Henrichs, Nils Heyer, Christian Hornhuber, Kaeli Hughes, Timo Karg, Albrecht Karle, John L. Kelley, Michael Korntheuer, Marek Kowalski, Ilya Kravchenko, Ryan Krebs, Robert Lahmann, Uzair Latif, Joseph Mammo, Matthew J. Marsee, Zachary S. Meyers, Kelli Michaels, Katharine Mulrey, Marco Muzio, Anna Nelles, Alexander Novikov, Alisa Nozdrina, Eric Oberla, Bob Oeyen, Ilse Plaisier, Noppadol Punsuebsay, Lilly Pyras, Dirk Ryckbosch, Olaf Scholten, David Seckel, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, Daniel Smith, Jethro Stoffels, Daniel Southall, Karen Terveer, Simona Toscano, Delia Tosi, Dieder J. Van Den Broeck, Nick van Eijndhoven, Abigail G. Vieregg, Janna Z. Vischer, Christoph Welling, Dawn R. Williams, Stephanie Wissel, Robert Young, and Adrian Zink

Subjects
Arctic glaciology, ice physics, radio-echo sounding, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

We recently reported on the radio-frequency attenuation length of cold polar ice at Summit Station, Greenland, based on bi-static radar measurements of radio-frequency bedrock echo strengths taken during the summer of 2021. Those data also allow studies of (a) the relative contributions of coherent (such as discrete internal conducting layers with sub-centimeter transverse scale) vs incoherent (e.g. bulk volumetric) scattering, (b) the magnitude of internal layer reflection coefficients, (c) limits on signal propagation velocity asymmetries (‘birefringence’) and (d) limits on signal dispersion in-ice over a bandwidth of ~100 MHz. We find that (1) attenuation lengths approach 1 km in our band, (2) after averaging 10 000 echo triggers, reflected signals observable over the thermal floor (to depths of ~1500 m) are consistent with being entirely coherent, (3) internal layer reflectivities are ≈–60$\to$–70 dB, (4) birefringent effects for vertically propagating signals are smaller by an order of magnitude relative to South Pole and (5) within our experimental limits, glacial ice is non-dispersive over the frequency band relevant for neutrino detection experiments.

Published
2023
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2. The Beamforming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos (BEACON): A Radio Detector for Earth-Skimming Tau Neutrinos

Author

Andrew James Zeolla, Jaime Alvarez-Muniz, Austin Cummings, Zachary Curtis-Ginsberg, Cosmin Deaconu, Valentin Decoene, Angus Hendrick, Kaeli Autumn Hughes, Ryan Krebs, Andrew Ludwig, Katie Mulrey, Eric Oberla, Steven Prohira, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, A. Rodriguez, Andres Romero-Wolf, Harm Schoorlemmer, Dan Southall, Abigail G. Vieregg, Stephanie Wissel, and Enrique Zas

Published
2023
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3. Improved polarization calibration of the BICEP3 CMB polarimeter at the South Pole

Author

James Cornelison, Clara Verges, P A. Ade, Zeeshan Ahmed, Mandana Amiri, Denis Barkats, Ritoban Basu Thakur, Dominic Beck, Colin A. Bischoff, James J. Bock, Victor Buza, James R. Cheshire, Jake Connors, Michael Crumrine, Ari Jozef Cukierman, Edward Denison, Marion Dierickx, Lionel Duband, Miranda Eiben, Sofia Fatigoni, Jeff P. Filippini, Christos Giannakopoulos, Neil Goeckner-Wald, David C. Goldfinger, James A. Grayson, Paul Grimes, Grantland Hall, George Halal, Mark Halpern, Emma Hand, Sam A. Harrison, Shawn Henderson, Sergi Hildebrandt, Gene C. Hilton, Johannes Hubmayr, Howard Hui, Kent D. Irwin, Jae Hwan Kang, Kirit S. Karkare, Sinan Kefeli, John Kovac, Chao-Lin Kuo, King Lau, Erik M. Leitch, Amber Lennox, Tongtian Liu, Karsten Look, K(oko). G. Megerian, Lorenzo Minutolo, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Yuka Nakato, Toshiya Namikawa, H. T. Nguyen, Roger O'brient, Steven Palladino, Matthew Petroff, Thomas Prouve, Clement Pryke, Benjamin Racine, Carl D. Reintsema, Maria Salatino, Alessandro Schillaci, Benjamin Schmitt, Baibhav Singari, Ahmed Soliman, Tyler St Germaine, Bryan Steinbach, Rashmi Sudiwala, Keith L. Thompson, Calvin Tsai, Carole Tucker, Anthony D. Turner, Caterina Umiltà, Abigail G. Vieregg, Albert Wandui, Alexis C. Weber, Don Wiebe, Justin Willmert, Wai Ling K. Wu, Hung-I Yang, Ki Won Yoon, Edward Young, Cyndia Yu, Lingzhen Zeng, Cheng Zhang, Silvia Zhang, Service des Basses Températures (SBT ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Systèmes Basses Températures (DSBT ), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Polarization, Cosmic Microwave Background, Calibration, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic Birefringence, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The BICEP3 Polarimeter is a small aperture, refracting telescope, dedicated to the observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at 95GHz. It is designed to target degree angular scale polarization patterns, in particular the very-much-sought-after primordial B-mode signal, which is a unique signature of cosmic inflation. The polarized signal from the sky is reconstructed by differencing co-localized, orthogonally polarized superconducting Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers. In this work, we present absolute measurements of the polarization response of the detectors for more than $\sim 800$ functioning detector pairs of the BICEP3 experiment, out of a total of $\sim 1000$. We use a specifically designed Rotating Polarized Source (RPS) to measure the polarization response at multiple source and telescope boresight rotation angles, to fully map the response over 360 degrees. We present here polarization properties extracted from on-site calibration data taken in January 2022. A similar calibration campaign was performed in 2018, but we found that our constraint was dominated by systematics on the level of $\sim0.5^\circ$. After a number of improvements to the calibration set-up, we are now able to report a significantly lower level of systematic contamination. In the future, such precise measurements will be used to constrain physics beyond the standard cosmological model, namely cosmic birefringence., Submitted to: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation (AS22)

Published
2022
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4. Design and initial performance of the prototype for the BEACON instrument for detection of ultrahigh energy particles

Author

Dan Southall, Cosmin Deaconu, Valentin Decoene, Eric Oberla, Andrew Zeolla, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Austin Cummings, Zach Curtis-Ginsberg, Angus Hendrick, Kaeli Hughes, Ryan Krebs, Andrew Ludwig, Katharine Mulrey, Steven Prohira, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Andres Rodriguez, Andres Romero-Wolf, Harm Schoorlemmer, Abigail G. Vieregg, Stephanie A. Wissel, and Enrique Zas

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation
Abstract

The Beamforming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos (BEACON) is a planned neutrino telescope designed to detect radio emission from upgoing air showers generated by ultrahigh energy tau neutrino interactions in the Earth. This detection mechanism provides a measurement of the tau flux of cosmic neutrinos. We have installed an 8-channel prototype instrument at high elevation at Barcroft Field Station, which has been running since 2018, and consists of 4 dual-polarized antennas sensitive between 30-80 MHz, whose signals are filtered, amplified, digitized, and saved to disk using a custom data acquisition system (DAQ). The BEACON prototype is at high elevation to maximize effective volume and uses a directional beamforming trigger to improve rejection of anthropogenic background noise at the trigger level. Here we discuss the design, construction, and calibration of the BEACON prototype instrument. We also discuss the radio frequency environment observed by the instrument, and categorize the types of events seen by the instrument, including a likely cosmic ray candidate event., 21 pages, 20 figures

Published
2023
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5. Optical Characterization of the Keck Array and BICEP3 CMB Polarimeters from 2016 to 2019

Author

R. Basu Thakur, P. A. R. Ade, Mark Halpern, Sarah M. Harrison, S. Fliescher, Howard Hui, A. D. Turner, E. Bullock, E. Karpel, C. Tucker, B. Racine, Bryan Steinbach, S. A. Kernasovskiy, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Mandana Amiri, Victor Buza, T. St. Germaine, H. T. Nguyen, K. L. Thompson, E. M. Leitch, J. R. Cheshire, Chao Zhang, C. L. Kuo, J. J. Bock, H. Boenish, S. Fatigoni, L. Duband, S. R. Hildebrandt, King Tong Lau, E. Young, Roger O'Brient, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, Abigail G. Vieregg, Toshiya Namikawa, Zeeshan Ahmed, D. V. Wiebe, R. Schwarz, C. Pryke, Alessandro Schillaci, C. D. Sheehy, E. Yang, Kent D. Irwin, Stefan Richter, R. V. Sudiwala, S. Kefeli, S. Palladino, W. L. K. Wu, J. Cornelison, A. Wandui, Marion Dierickx, Carl D. Reintsema, C. L. Wong, J. Willmert, J. E. Tolan, G. Hall, K. G. Megerian, Gene C. Hilton, Denis Barkats, C. Yu, A. Cukierman, Jake Connors, R. W. Ogburn, J. A. Grayson, M. Crumrine, K. W. Yoon, C. Umilta, A. C. Weber, Colin A. Bischoff, J. Kang, Calvin B. Netterfield, Jeffrey P. Filippini, Ahmed Soliman, Namikawa, Toshiya [0000-0003-3070-9240], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Transition-edge sensor, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, BICEP3, Radio spectrum, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Optics, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Gravitational wave, business.industry, Detector, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Inflation, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Refracting telescope, Keck Array, Transition edge sensor, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The BICEP/Keck experiment (BK) is a series of small-aperture refracting telescopes observing degree-scale Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization from the South Pole in search of a primordial $B$-mode signature. This $B$-mode signal arises from primordial gravitational waves interacting with the CMB, and has amplitude parametrized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. Since 2016, BICEP3 and the Keck Array have been observing with 4800 total antenna-coupled transition-edge sensor detectors, with frequency bands spanning 95, 150, 220, and 270 GHz. Here we present the optical performance of these receivers from 2016 to 2019, including far-field beams measured in situ with an improved chopped thermal source and instrument spectral response measured with a field-deployable Fourier Transform Spectrometer. As a pair differencing experiment, an important systematic that must be controlled is the differential beam response between the co-located, orthogonally polarized detectors. We generate per-detector far-field beam maps and the corresponding differential beam mismatch that is used to estimate the temperature-to-polarization leakage in our CMB maps and to give feedback on detector and optics fabrication. The differential beam parameters presented here were estimated using improved low-level beam map analysis techniques, including efficient removal of non-Gaussian noise as well as improved spatial masking. These techniques help minimize systematic uncertainty in the beam analysis, with the goal of constraining the bias on $r$ induced by temperature-to-polarization leakage to be subdominant to the statistical uncertainty. This is essential as we progress to higher detector counts in the next generation of CMB experiments., 8 pages, 3 figures. Accepted by the Journal of Low Temperature Physics (Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors)

Published
2020
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6. The Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G)

Author

Zachary S. Meyers, Allan Hallgren, Katie Carter, Anna Nelles, Thomas Meures, Ryan Krebs, Lilly Pyras, Krijn D. de Vries, N. Bingefors, John L. Kelley, Patrick Allison, U. Latif, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Juan A. Aguilar, Dieder J. Van Den Broeck, Simon De Kockere, R. Lahmann, Ilse Plaisier, Stephanie Wissel, David Zeke Besson, Jorge Torres, M. A. DuVernois, Mitchell Magnuson, Simona Toscano, Kaeli Hughes, D. Tosi, Christian Glaser, Maddalena Cataldo, Bob Oeyen, Dirk Ryckbosch, Robert Young, Rno-g, Steffen Hallmann, Cosmin Deaconu, Zachary Curtis-Ginsberg, Daniel Southall, J. J. Beatty, Daniel Smith, Hans Bernhoff, C. Hornhuber, Katharine Mulrey, Paramita Dasgupta, Olga Botner, Sjoerd Bouma, Olaf Scholten, D. Seckel, Brian Clark, Alexander Novikov, Amy Connolly, Christoph Welling, Spencer Klein, Hershal Pandya, Stijn Buitink, Bryan Hendricks, Nick van Eijndhoven, Eric Oberla, A. Karle, Abigail G. Vieregg, Adrian Zink, and Jordan C. Hanson

Subjects
Neutrino detector, Sky, Software deployment, Observatory, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Environmental science, Astronomy, Instrumentation (computer programming), Neutrino, media_common
Abstract

The Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G) is scheduled for deployment in the summerof 2021. It will target the detection of astrophysical and cosmogenic neutrinos above 10 PeV. With 35 autonomous stations, it will be the largest implementation of a radio neutrino detector to date.The stations combine best-practice instrumentation from all previous radio neutrino arrays, such as a deep phased-array trigger and surface antennas. These proceedings describe the experimentalconsiderations that have driven the design of RNO-G and the current progress in deployment, aswell as discuss the projected sensitivity of the instrument. RNO-G will provide a unique view ofthe Northern Sky and will also inform the design of the radio component of IceCube-Gen2.

Published
2021
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7. A Template-based UHE Neutrino Search Strategy for the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA)

Author

A. Ishihara, Y. Pan, Y. S. Shiao, Chun Hsiung Chen, J. Roth, C. Xie, P. Dasgupta, Yi Chen, M.-Y. Lu, M. Z. Wang, S. Y. Hsu, R. J. Nichol, N. van Eijndhoven, Myoungchul Kim, Eric Oberla, R. Gaior, R. D. Young, N. Harty, A. Karle, A. Nozdrina, Cosmin Deaconu, Amy Connolly, L. Cremonesi, Jorge Torres, Patrick Allison, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hughes, Abigail G. Vieregg, James C. Osborn, C.Y. Kuo, Jiwoo Nam, D. Seckel, B. Madison, A. Shultz, B. Hendricks, S. Yoshida, J. C. Hanson, S. H. Wang, A. Laundrie, Stephanie Wissel, K.-C. Kim, Thomas Meures, E. Friedman, M. Beydler, J. J. Huang, I. Kravchenko, N. Punsuebsay, Alexander Novikov, Y.H. Wang, Carl Pfendner, J. Touart, Kael Hanson, K. D. Hoffman, J. J. Beatty, Brian Clark, M. Beheler-Amass, J. L. Kelley, J. Davies, P. Sandstrom, D. Z. Besson, K. Mase, S. De Kockere, Simona Toscano, S. Archambault, E. Hong, U. Latif, K. Kurusu, Po-Hsun Chen, G. Nir, R. Krebs, H. Landsman, A. O'Murchadha, K. D. de Vries, J. Flaherty, W. Clay, David J. Smith, Tsung-Che Liu, G. S. Varner, Y. Ku, R. Khandelwal, Michael DuVernois, and M.-H. A. Huang

Subjects
Physics, Astronomy, Template based, Neutrino
Published
2021
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8. Modeling and Validating RF-Only Interferometric Triggering with Cosmic Rays for BEACON

Author

K. Hughes, Cosmin Deaconu, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Harm Schoorlemmer, Eric Oberla, Andrew Ludwig, A. C. Cummings, Andrew Zeolla, S. Prohira, D. Southall, K. Mulrey, Abigail G. Vieregg, Stephanie Wissel, Enrique Zas, A. Romero-Wolf, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, and Z. Curtis-Ginsberg

Subjects
Beamforming, Physics, COSMIC cancer database, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Interferometry, Optics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Antenna (radio), Neutrino, business, Lepton
Abstract

When Earth-skimming tau neutrinos interact within the Earth, they generate upgoing tau leptons that can decay in the atmosphere, forming extensive air showers. The Beamforming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos (BEACON) is a novel detector concept that utilizes a radio interferometer atop a mountain to search for the radio emission due to these extensive air showers. The prototype, located at the White Mountain Research Station in California, consists of 4 crossed-dipole antennas operating in the 30-80 MHz range and uses a directional interferometric trigger for reduced thresholds and background rejection. The prototype will first be used to detect down-going cosmic rays to validate the detector model. A Monte-Carlo simulation was developed to predict the acceptance of the prototype to cosmic rays, as well as the expected rate of detection. In this simulation, cosmic ray induced air showers with random properties are generated in an area around the prototype array. It is then determined if a given shower triggers the array using radio emission simulations from ZHAireS and antenna modelling from XFdtd. Here, we present the methodology and results of this simulation.

Published
2021
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9. Implementing a Low-Threshold Analysis with the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA)

Author

Patrick Allison, K. D. de Vries, C.Y. Kuo, C. Xie, Alexander Novikov, Michael DuVernois, Eric Oberla, R. Gaior, K. Hughes, A. Karle, A. Nozdrina, M.-C. Kim, J. Davies, I. Kravchenko, J. Touart, Brian Clark, U. Latif, J. Flaherty, Thomas Meures, M.-Y. Lu, N. Harty, W. Clay, J. L. Kelley, M.-H. A. Huang, H. Landsman, A. Shultz, S. Archambault, M. Beydler, J. Roth, Stephanie Wissel, A. O'Murchadha, B. Hendricks, R. J. Nichol, N. Punsuebsay, Simona Toscano, S. Y. Hsu, K. Mase, E. Hong, Chun Hsiung Chen, S. De Kockere, Abigail G. Vieregg, Po-Hsun Chen, L. Cremonesi, A. Ishihara, J. J. Huang, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, G. Nir, M. Beheler-Amass, D. Z. Besson, K. Kurusu, P. Dasgupta, D. Seckel, Cosmin Deaconu, M. Z. Wang, R. Krebs, Y.H. Wang, J. C. Hanson, James C. Osborn, B. Madison, Y. Pan, Jiwoo Nam, Jorge Torres, P. Sandstrom, Yi Chen, A. Laundrie, E. Friedman, J. J. Beatty, K. D. Hoffman, Kael Hanson, N. van Eijndhoven, S. Yoshida, S. H. Wang, K.-C. Kim, Y. S. Shiao, Y. Ku, David J. Smith, Tsung-Che Liu, Amy Connolly, Carl Pfendner, R. D. Young, G. S. Varner, and R. Khandelwal

Subjects
Physics, Early results, Phased array, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Acoustics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Neutrino, Energy (signal processing), Noise (radio)
Abstract

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is a ground-based radio detector at the South Pole designed to capture Askaryan emission from ultra-high energy neutrinos interacting within the Antarctic ice. The newest ARA station has been equipped with a phased array trigger, in which radio signals in multiple antennas are summed in predetermined directions prior to the trigger. In this way, impulsive signals add coherently, while noise likely does not, allowing the trigger threshold to be lower than a traditional ARA station. Early results on just a fraction of available data from this new system prove the feasibility of a low-threshold analysis.

Published
2021
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10. The Calibration of the Geometry and Antenna Delay in Askaryan Radio Array Station 4 and 5

Author

A. O'Murchadha, S. Yoshida, P. Dasgupta, K. Hughes, P. Sandstrom, I. Kravchenko, U. Latif, M. Beheler-Amass, J. Touart, Y.H. Wang, J. Flaherty, M.-H. A. Huang, C. Xie, Kael Hanson, David J. Smith, M. A. Huang, Y. S. Shiao, G. S. Varner, R. D. Young, Y. Pan, Tsung-Che Liu, W. Clay, J. Roth, R. Krebs, A. Ishihara, Eric Oberla, S. De Kockere, A. Karle, S. Y. Hsu, D. Z. Besson, N. Punsuebsay, K. D. de Vries, R. J. Nichol, H. Landsman, Patrick Allison, James C. Osborn, N. van Eijndhoven, M. Z. Wang, Po-Hsun Chen, Brian Clark, B. Madison, Michael DuVernois, G. Nir, Paramita Dasgupta, C.Y. Kuo, S. Archambault, Jorge Torres, A. Nozdrina, Cosmin Deaconu, Chun Hsiung Chen, Abigail G. Vieregg, K. Mase, E. Hong, R. Gaior, Y. Ku, Jiwoo Nam, A. Shultz, Thomas Meures, R. Khandelwal, D. Seckel, Stephanie Wissel, Yi Chen, K. Kurusu, M Beheler Amass, J. J. Beatty, N. Harty, J. L. Kelley, Simona Toscano, Amy Connolly, Carl Pfendner, S. H. Wang, K.-C. Kim, J. C. Hanson, B. Hendricks, K. D. Hoffman, A. Laundrie, E. Friedman, J. J. Huang, L. Cremonesi, M. Beydler, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, M.-Y. Lu, Alexander Novikov, M.-C. Kim, and J. Davies

Subjects
Physics, Calibration (statistics), Acoustics, Antenna (radio)
Published
2021
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11. A neural network based UHE neutrino reconstruction method for the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA)

Author

Thomas Meures, P. Dasgupta, R. Krebs, R. D. Young, J. Flaherty, Y. S. Shiao, A. Ishihara, K. Mase, M. Beydler, Jiwoo Nam, J. Roth, W. Clay, I. Kravchenko, M.-H. A. Huang, S. Y. Hsu, M.-Y. Lu, J. L. Kelley, E. Hong, K. Kurusu, U. Latif, J. Touart, Simona Toscano, Patrick Allison, K. D. de Vries, R. Khandelwal, R. J. Nichol, A. Laundrie, E. Friedman, R. Gaior, C.Y. Kuo, L. Cremonesi, P. Sandstrom, Po-Hsun Chen, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Cosmin Deaconu, G. Nir, Y.H. Wang, D. Z. Besson, N. Harty, Amy Connolly, Chun Hsiung Chen, Alexander Novikov, N. Punsuebsay, Brian Clark, A. O'Murchadha, M.-C. Kim, J. Davies, Carl Pfendner, G. S. Varner, Y. Ku, S. H. Wang, B. Hendricks, K.-C. Kim, Yue Pan, H. Landsman, M. Z. Wang, C. Xie, J. J. Huang, Michael DuVernois, David J. Smith, A. Shultz, Tsung-Che Liu, K. Hughes, James C. Osborn, M. Beheler-Amass, Stephanie Wissel, Jorge Torres, B. Madison, Eric Oberla, A. Karle, Abigail G. Vieregg, D. Seckel, S. Archambault, A. Nozdrina, S. De Kockere, Y. Pan, K. D. Hoffman, Kael Hanson, Yi Chen, S. Yoshida, N. van Eijndhoven, J. C. Hanson, and J. J. Beatty

Subjects
Physics, Vertex (graph theory), Interferometry, Particle physics, Amplitude, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Filter (signal processing), Neutrino, Event (particle physics), Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino ($E_{\nu}$ > $10^{17}$ eV) detector at South Pole. ARA aims to utilize radio signals detected from UHE neutrino interactions in the glacial ice to infer properties about the interaction vertex as well as the incident neutrino. To retrieve these properties from experiment data, the first step is to extract timing, amplitude and frequency information from waveforms of different antennas buried in the deep ice. These features can then be utilized in a neural network to reconstruct the neutrino interaction vertex position, incoming neutrino direction and shower energy. So far, vertex can be reconstructed through interferometry while neutrino reconstruction is still under investigation. Here I will present a solution based on multi-task deep neural networks which can perform reconstruction of both vertex and incoming neutrinos with a reasonable precision. After training, this solution is capable of rapid reconstructions (e.g. 0.1 ms/event compared to 10000 ms/event in a conventional routine) useful for trigger and filter decisions, and can be easily generalized to different station configurations for both design and analysis purposes.

Published
2021
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12. Discovering the Highest Energy Neutrinos with the Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO)

Author

Abigail G. Vieregg, Q. Abarr, P. Allison, J Ammerman Yebra, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, J. J Beatty, D. Z Besson, P. Chen, Y. Chen, X. Cheng, J. M Clem, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, C. Deaconu, J. Flaherty, D. Frikken, P. W Gorham, C. Hast, C. Hornhuber, J. J Huang, K. Hughes, A. Hynous, Y. Ku, C-Y. Kuo, T. C Liu, Z. Martin, C. Miki, J. Nam, R. J Nichol, K. Nishimura, A. Novikov, A. Nozdrina, E. Oberla, S. Prohira, R. Prechelt, B. F Rauch, J. M Roberts, A. Romero-Wolf, J. W Russell, D. Seckel, J. Shiao, D. J.B. Smith, D. Southall, G. S Varner, S-H. Wang, Y-H. Wang, S. A Wissel, R. Young, E. Zas, and A. Zeolla

Subjects
Physics, biology, Payload, Phased array, Point source, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, biology.organism_classification, Earth's magnetic field, Tau neutrino, Pueo, Neutrino, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) is a NASA Long-Duration Balloon Mission that has been selected for concept development. PUEO has unprecedented sensitivity to ultra-high energy neutrinos above $10^{18}$ eV. PUEO will be sensitive to both Askaryan emission from neutrino-induced cascades in Antarctic ice and geomagnetic emission from upward-going air showers that are a result of tau neutrino interactions. PUEO is also especially well-suited for point source and transient searches. Compared to its predecessor ANITA, PUEO achieves better than an order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity and lowers the energy threshold for detection, by implementing a coherent phased array trigger, adding more channels, optimizing the detection bandwidth, and implementing real-time filtering. Here we discuss the science reach and plans for PUEO, leading up to a 2024 launch.

Published
2021
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13. Searching for RF-Only Triggered Cosmic Ray Events with the High-Elevation BEACON Prototype

Author

Harm Schoorlemmer, S. Prohira, Andrew Ludwig, Zachery Curtis-Ginsberg, Austin Cummings, Andrew Zeolla, Cosmin Deaconu, Kaeli Hughes, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Stephanie Wissel, Andrew Romero-Wolf, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Abigail G. Vieregg, K. Mulrey, Enrique Zas, Eric Oberla, and Daniel Southall

Subjects
Beamforming, Physics, COSMIC cancer database, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Interferometry, Tau neutrino, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Lepton, Remote sensing
Abstract

The Beamforming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos (BEACON) is a concept for a neutrino telescope designed to measure tau lepton air showers generated from tau neutrino interactions near the horizon. This detection mechanism provides a pure measurement of the tau flavor of cosmogenic neutrinos, which could be used to set limits on the observed flavor ratios for cosmogenic neutrinos in a manner complimentary to the all-flavor neutrino flux measurements made by other experiments. BEACON is expected to also be capable of detecting cosmic rays through RF-only triggers. BEACON aims to achieve this sensitivity by using mountaintop radio arrays of dual-polarized antennas operating in the 30-80 MHz band which utilize directional interferometric triggering. BEACON stations are designed to efficiently use a small amount of instrumentation, allowing for deployment in a variety of high-elevation sites. The interferometric trigger provides a natural tool for directional-based anthropogenic RFI rejection at the trigger level, broadening the list for potential station sites. The BEACON prototype has seen continuous design advancements towards improving the mechanical durability and scientific capabilities since its initial deployment at White Mountain Research Station in 2018. Here we present the current prototype’s sensitivity to RF-triggered cosmic-ray background signals. We also present the next generation prototype, which includes scintillating cosmic ray detectors, improved antennas, and refined calibration techniques.

Published
2021
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14. Design and Sensitivity of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G)

Author

J. J. Beatty, Hans Bernhoff, Robert Lahmann, C. Hornhuber, Christian Glaser, Daniel P. Smith, Lilly Pyras, J. L. Kelley, Alexander Novikov, M. A. DuVernois, Brian Hendricks, Stijn Buitink, Cosmin Deaconu, Ilse Plaisier, Mitchell Magnuson, Albrecht Karle, Eric Oberla, K. D. de Vries, Steffen Hallmann, Paramita Dasgupta, Brian Clark, Adrian Zink, N. van Eijndhoven, H. Pandya, Dirk Ryckbosch, P. Allison, S. Toscano, Olga Botner, Daniel Southall, Abigail G. Vieregg, D. Van den Broeck, Jorge Torres, Zachary S. Meyers, C. Welling, Daniel García-Fernández, Katie Carter, Anna Nelles, Ryan Krebs, N. Bingefors, Olaf Scholten, A. Connolly, D. Seckel, S. De Kockere, Robert Young, N. Feigl, Allan Hallgren, J. C. Hanson, Stephanie Wissel, T. Meures, Kaeli Hughes, Bob Oeyen, Ben Hokanson-Fasig, David Zeke Besson, Juanan Aguilar, Spencer Klein, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, ice, FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Askaryan effect, 03 medical and health sciences, neutrino, 0302 clinical medicine, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, hardware, Neutrino detectors, 14. Life underwater, Sensitivity (control systems), ddc:610, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Mathematical Physics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, sensitivity, cascade, observatory, detector [radio wave], Physics and Astronomy, Neutrino detector, Physique des particules élémentaires, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

This article presents the design of the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G) and discusses its scientific prospects. Using an array of radio sensors, RNO-G seeks to measure neutrinos above 10 PeV by exploiting the Askaryan effect in neutrino-induced cascades in ice. We discuss the experimental considerations that drive the design of RNO-G, present first measurements of the hardware that is to be deployed and discuss the projected sensitivity of the instrument. RNO-G will be the first production-scale radio detector for in-ice neutrino signals., Comment: 51 pages, 27 figures, version updated to include corrected figure of effective areas

Published
2021
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15. BICEP/Keck XII: Constraints on axionlike polarization oscillations in the cosmic microwave background

Author

S. R. Hildebrandt, H. Boenish, D. V. Wiebe, P. A. R. Ade, K. G. Megerian, J. Kang, C. D. Sheehy, Bryan Steinbach, D. Barkats, S. Palladino, J. E. Tolan, J. Cheshire, J. J. Bock, C. L. Kuo, Edward D. Young, C. D. Reintsema, Tyler St. Germaine, Marion Dierickx, C. Yu, Colin A. Bischoff, Stefan Richter, S. Kefeli, A. C. Weber, Jake Connors, Ahmed Soliman, Lorenzo Moncelsi, A. Schillaci, R. W. Ogburn, Jeffrey P. Filippini, Roger O'Brient, M. Crumrine, K. W. Yoon, G. Hall, C. L. Wong, Abigail G. Vieregg, C. Umilta, Brian Keating, S. Henderson, R. Schwarz, Lingzhen Zeng, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, Mark Halpern, J. Hubmayr, Kei May Lau, Calvin B. Netterfield, S. Fatigoni, M. Amiri, Kent D. Irwin, A. Cukierman, E. Bullock, J. A. Grayson, Victor Buza, Howard Hui, Neil Goeckner-Wald, Grant Teply, C. Tucker, S. Fliescher, R. V. Sudiwala, W. L. K. Wu, Toshiya Namikawa, H. Yang, J. Cornelison, Z. Ahmed, S. A. Kernasovskiy, B. L. Schmitt, T. Prouve, C. Pryke, B. Racine, H. T. Nguyen, E. M. Leitch, Bicep, Chao Zhang, A. Wandui, A. D. Turner, E. Karpel, L. Duband, K. L. Thompson, Sarah M. Harrison, J. Willmert, Gene C. Hilton, and R. Basu Thakur

Subjects
Coupling constant, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Oscillation, Cosmic microwave background, Dark matter, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Parameter space, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, Amplitude, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Axion
Abstract

We present an improved search for axion-like polarization oscillations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with observations from the Keck Array. An all-sky, temporally sinusoidal rotation of CMB polarization, equivalent to a time-variable cosmic birefringence, is an observable manifestation of a local axion field and potentially allows a CMB polarimeter to detect axion-like dark matter directly. We describe improvements to the method presented in previous work, and we demonstrate the updated method with an expanded dataset consisting of the 2012-2015 observing seasons. We set limits on the axion-photon coupling constant for mass $m$ in the range $10^{-23}$-$10^{-18}~\mathrm{eV}$, which corresponds to oscillation periods on the order of hours to years. Our results are consistent with the background model. For periods between $1$ and $30~\mathrm{d}$ ($1.6 \times 10^{-21} \leq m \leq 4.8 \times 10^{-20}~\mathrm{eV}$), the $95\%$-confidence upper limits on rotation amplitude are approximately constant with a median of $0.27^\circ$, which constrains the axion-photon coupling constant to $g_{\phi\gamma} < (4.5 \times 10^{-12}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}) m/(10^{-21}~\mathrm{eV}$), if axion-like particles constitute all of the dark matter. More than half of the collected BICEP dataset has yet to be analyzed, and several current and future CMB polarimetry experiments can apply the methods presented here to achieve comparable or superior constraints. In the coming years, oscillation measurements can achieve the sensitivity to rule out unexplored regions of the axion parameter space.

Published
2021
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16. Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season

Author

J. J. Bock, M. Amiri, B. Steinbach, Kent D. Irwin, S. Kefeli, B. Racine, E. Hand, J. E. Tolan, Abigail G. Vieregg, C. Tucker, J. Willmert, N. Goeckner-Wald, S. Richter, A. Turner, H. Hui, B. L. Schmitt, T. Namikawa, G. Halal, P. A. R. Ade, K. G. Megerian, L. Zeng, R. Schwarz, Victor Buza, L. Minutolo, T. St. Germaine, C. D. Sheehy, Jake Connors, R. Basu Thakur, S. Fliescher, C. Pryke, M. Crumrine, Bicep, Mark Halpern, C. Umilta, Sarah M. Harrison, H. Yang, Chao-Lin Kuo, Che-Hang Yu, K. Lau, Shengyu Zhang, C. Bischoff, C. Verges, S. R. Hildebrandt, S. Fatigoni, R. O'Brient, Denis Barkats, Chao Zhang, Jeffrey P. Filippini, A. Cukierman, H. Boenish, H. T. Nguyen, D. V. Wiebe, K. S. Karkare, Gene C. Hilton, E. Young, J. Grayson, M. Eiben, Y. Nakato, Z. Ahmed, D. C. Goldfinger, A. C. Weber, J. R. Cheshire, L. Duband, C. D. Reintsema, S. Henderson, T. Prouve, A. Wandui, P. Grimes, K. L. Thompson, G. P. Teply, J. Cornelison, S. Palladino, J. Kang, E. V. Denison, Marion Dierickx, A. Lennox, A. Soliman, R. W. Ogburn, R. V. Sudiwala, E. Bullock, D. Beck, C. L. Wong, A. Schillaci, E. Karpel, J. Hubmayr, G. Hall, W. L. K. Wu, L. Moncelsi, K. W. Yoon, E. M. Leitch, S. A. Kernasovskiy, J. M. Kovac, Département des Systèmes Basses Températures (DSBT ), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des Cryoréfrigérateurs et Cryogénie Spatiale (LCCS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BICEP, and Keck

Subjects
noise, satellite: Planck, statistical analysis: confidence limit, media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, General Physics and Astronomy, cosmic background radiation: polarization, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, power spectrum, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, gravitation: lens, cosmological model: parameter space, 0103 physical sciences, synchrotron, Planck, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, Physics, Spectral index, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, gravitational radiation: primordial, cosmological model: dust, Polarization (waves), BICEP, CMB cold spot, Sky, WMAP, symbols, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Noise (radio)
Abstract

International audience; We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μKCMB arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r0.05<0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r)=0.009. These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.

Published
2021
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17. Observing low elevation sky and the CMB Cold Spot with BICEP3 at the South Pole

Author

Lingzhen Zeng, Paul K. Grimes, Denis Barkats, G. Hall, J. Cornelison, P. A. R. Ade, Jeffrey P. Filippini, E. V. Denison, Ki Won Yoon, S. Henderson, S. Richter, Edward D. Young, R. Schwarz, Y. Nakato, N. Precup, Shengyu Zhang, Sarah M. Harrison, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Che-Hang Yu, Lionel Duband, C. Pryke, Rashmikant V. Sudiwala, G. P. Teply, J. Kang, S. Fliescher, C. Umiltà, A. Wandui, Abigail G. Vieregg, A. C. Weber, Kent D. Irwin, J. Willmert, Gene C. Hilton, H. Boenish, Bryan Steinbach, A. Cukierman, John M Kovac, H. T. Nguyen, Donald V. Wiebe, Kirit Karkare, E. M. Leitch, King Tong Lau, J. Cheshire, Colin A. Bischoff, Toshiya Namikawa, Ahmed Soliman, S. Kefeli, Benjamin L. Schmitt, Eui-Hyeok Yang, E. Bullock, Johannes Hubmayr, W. L. K. Wu, Mark Halpern, Roger O'Brient, D. C. Goldfinger, Anthony D. Turner, T. Prouve, E. Karpel, C. L. Wong, J. E. Tolan, Keith L. Thompson, Sergi R. Hildebrandt, Alessandro Schillaci, Chao-Lin Kuo, Jake Connors, Victor Buza, S. Fatigoni, S. A. Kernasovskiy, James J. Bock, S. Palladino, Carl D. Reintsema, C. D. Sheehy, T. St. Germaine, Marion Dierickx, M. Crumrine, R. W. Ogburn, Zeeshan Ahmed, R. Basu Thakur, M. Eiben, J. A. Grayson, Carole Tucker, B. Racine, Howard Hui, K. G. Megerian, Neil Goeckner-Wald, L. Minutolo, Chao Zhang, Mandana Amiri, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Département des Systèmes Basses Températures (DSBT ), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des Cryoréfrigérateurs et Cryogénie Spatiale (LCCS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Zmuidzinas, Jonas, Gao, Jian-Rong, ILL, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
gravitational radiation: polarization, detector: performance, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, cosmic background radiation: polarization, anomaly, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, BICEP3, 010309 optics, 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic Microwave Background, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], mirror, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), media_common, Gravitational Waves, Beam diameter, polarization, Cold spot, Gravitational wave, beam: width, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), BICEP, Flat mirror, Inflation, B-mode, Sky, Refracting telescope, power spectrum: angular dependence, Cold Spot, 0210 nano-technology, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Geology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

BICEP3 is a 520 mm aperture on-axis refracting telescope at the South Pole, which observes the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 95 GHz to search for the B-mode signal from inflationary gravitational waves. In addition to this main target, we have developed a low-elevation observation strategy to extend coverage of the Southern sky at the South Pole, where BICEP3 can quickly achieve degree-scale E-mode measurements over a large area. An interesting E-mode measurement is probing a potential polarization anomaly around the CMB Cold Spot. During the austral summer seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20, BICEP3 observed the sky with a flat mirror to redirect the beams to various low elevation ranges. The preliminary data analysis shows degree-scale E-modes measured with high signal-to-noise ratio., 12 pages, 10 figures; Figure 7 shows the correct file

Published
2020
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18. Receiver development for BICEP Array, a next-generation CMB polarimeter at the South Pole

Author

Zeeshan Ahmed, G. Hall, B. Racine, Lingzhen Zeng, P. A. R. Ade, Colin A. Bischoff, K. G. Megerian, L. Minutolo, E. M. Leitch, S. Palladino, Denis Barkats, K. L. Thompson, B. L. Schmitt, M. Crumrine, Rashmikant V. Sudiwala, Kent D. Irwin, E. V. Denison, Alessandro Schillaci, J. Kang, T. Namikawa, S. Fatigoni, L. Duband, P. Grimes, Edward D. Young, Howard Hui, Neil Goeckner-Wald, M. Amiri, S. Henderson, N. Precup, A. C. Weber, C. Umiltà, D. C. Goldfinger, Victor Buza, J. Cornelison, T. Prouvé, Jeffrey P. Filippini, A. Wandui, Ahmed Soliman, Shou-Cheng Zhang, K. W. Yoon, Sarah M. Harrison, W. L. K. Wu, Anthony D. Turner, J. A. Grayson, Y. Nakato, Chao-Lin Kuo, H. T. Nguyen, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, James J. Bock, Carole Tucker, Jake Connors, Sergi R. Hildebrandt, S. Kefeli, J. Willmert, C. Yu, A. J. Cukierman, Johannes Hubmayr, Mark Halpern, D. V. Wiebe, Chao Zhang, R. Basu Thakur, M. Eiben, Gene C. Hilton, C. Pryke, T. St. Germaine, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Marion Dierickx, Abigail G. Vieregg, Kam Y. Lau, Carl D. Reintsema, Eui-Hyeok Yang, Bryan Steinbach, J. Cheshire, Roger O'Brient, Département des Systèmes Basses Températures (DSBT ), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des Cryoréfrigérateurs et Cryogénie Spatiale (LCCS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Zmuidzinas, Jonas, and Gao, Jian-Rong

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), detector: performance, detector: cryogenics, Cosmic microwave background, Cosmic background radiation, FOS: Physical sciences, cosmic background radiation: polarization, cosmic background radiation, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Cosmology, gravitation: lens, 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic Microwave Background, synchrotron, detector: calibration, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Physics, polarization, beam: polarization, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astronomy, Polarimeter, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), lensing, Polarization (waves), BICEP, Inflation, Galaxy, optics, detector: sensitivity, Gravitational lens, B-mode, B-Modes, readout, galaxy, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

A detection of curl-type ($B$-mode) polarization of the primary CMB would be direct evidence for the inflationary paradigm of the origin of the Universe. The BICEP/Keck Array (BK) program targets the degree angular scales, where the power from primordial $B$-mode polarization is expected to peak, with ever-increasing sensitivity and has published the most stringent constraints on inflation to date. BICEP Array (BA) is the Stage-3 instrument of the BK program and will comprise four BICEP3-class receivers observing at 30/40, 95, 150 and 220/270 GHz with a combined 32,000+ detectors; such wide frequency coverage is necessary for control of the Galactic foregrounds, which also produce degree-scale $B$-mode signal. The 30/40 GHz receiver is designed to constrain the synchrotron foreground and has begun observing at the South Pole in early 2020. By the end of a 3-year observing campaign, the full BICEP Array instrument is projected to reach $\sigma_r$ between 0.002 and 0.004, depending on foreground complexity and degree of removal of $B$-modes due to gravitational lensing (delensing). This paper presents an overview of the design, measured on-sky performance and calibration of the first BA receiver. We also give a preview of the added complexity in the time-domain multiplexed readout of the 7,776-detector 150 GHz receiver., Comment: Proceedings of SPIE 2020 (AS111). This article supersedes arXiv:1808.00568 and arXiv:2002.05228

Published
2020
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19. Polarization Calibration of the BICEP3 CMB polarimeter at the South Pole

Author

K. G. Megerian, L. Minutolo, Y. Nakato, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, H. Boenish, D. C. Goldfinger, Roger O'Brient, A. D. Turner, C. D. Sheehy, Stefan Richter, Kent D. Irwin, E. Karpel, E. Bullock, Lingzhen Zeng, K. L. Thompson, S. Fliescher, M. Crumrine, K. W. Yoon, G. Hall, H. Hui, J. Kang, P. A. R. Ade, C. Yu, C. Umilta, S. Henderson, Zeeshan Ahmed, A. Cukierman, J. Hubmayr, B. L. Schmitt, N. Precup, D. V. Wiebe, S. Kefeli, Kei May Lau, E. Young, R. Basu Thakur, A. Wandui, Denis Barkats, Victor Buza, Neil Goeckner-Wald, Paul K. Grimes, Jeffrey P. Filippini, Marion Dierickx, J. J. Bock, Mark Halpern, E. Yang, R. V. Sudiwala, W. L. K. Wu, C. D. Reintsema, S. A. Kernasovkiy, R. Schwarz, C. Tucker, Lorenzo Moncelsi, G. Halal, J. R. Cheshire, J. A. Grayson, Abigail G. Vieregg, S. R. Hildebrandt, Bryan Steinbach, S. Zhang, J. Willmert, Gene C. Hilton, Chao Zhang, Mandana Amiri, A. C. Weber, Toshiya Namikawa, Chao-Lin Kuo, J. Cornelison, S. Fatigoni, S. Palladino, T. Prouve, C. Pryke, Colin A. Bischoff, B. Racine, H. T. Nguyen, E. M. Leitch, E. V. Denison, A. Schillaci, J. E. Tolan, L. Duband, J. Connors, R. W. Ogburn, M. Eiben, C. L. Wong, Ahmed Soliman, Sarah M. Harrison, G. P. Teply, T. St. Germaine, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, Service des Basses Températures (SBT ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département des Systèmes Basses Températures (DSBT ), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des Cryoréfrigérateurs et Cryogénie Spatiale (LCCS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Zmuidzinas, Jonas, and Gao, Jian-Rong

Subjects
Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, Optics, law, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic Microwave Background, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Birefringence, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Polarimeter, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), Cosmology, Refracting telescope, Calibration, Transition edge sensor, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The BICEP3 CMB Polarimeter is a small-aperture refracting telescope located at the South Pole and is specifically designed to search for the possible signature of inflationary gravitational waves in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The experiment measures polarization on the sky by differencing the signal of co-located, orthogonally polarized antennas coupled to Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detectors. We present precise measurements of the absolute polarization response angles and polarization efficiencies for nearly all of BICEP3s $\sim800$ functioning polarization-sensitive detector pairs from calibration data taken in January 2018. Using a Rotating Polarized Source (RPS), we mapped polarization response for each detector over a full 360 degrees of source rotation and at multiple telescope boresight rotations from which per-pair polarization properties were estimated. In future work, these results will be used to constrain signals predicted by exotic physical models such as Cosmic Birefringence., Comment: Proceedings submitted to SPIE 2020 (AS111). 12 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

Published
2020
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20. Analysis of Temperature-to-Polarization Leakage in BICEP3 and Keck CMB Data from 2016 to 2018

Author

Y. Nakato, S. Palladino, J. Kang, H. Boenish, A. D. Turner, E. Karpel, D. C. Goldfinger, K. L. Thompson, C. L. Wong, P. A. R. Ade, E. V. Denison, S. Kefeli, Bicep, Jeffrey P. Filippini, M. Crumrine, K. W. Yoon, J. Hubmayr, G. Hall, A. C. Weber, C. Umilta, A. Wandui, S. Fliescher, A. Cukierman, Victor Buza, Chao Zhang, J. A. Grayson, Lingzhen Zeng, E. Bullock, J. Willmert, Kei May Lau, Gene C. Hilton, Denis Barkats, John M Kovac, C. D. Sheehy, Kirit Karkare, Colin A. Bischoff, K. G. Megerian, Kent D. Irwin, L. Minutolo, P. Grimes, R. V. Sudiwala, C. Yu, W. L. K. Wu, N. Precup, T. Namikawa, Bryan Steinbach, Eui-Hyeok Yang, J. Cheshire, J. J. Bock, Roger O'Brient, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Mark Halpern, R. Schwarz, S. Henderson, Ahmed Soliman, Shengyu Zhang, Abigail G. Vieregg, B. L. Schmitt, C. D. Reintsema, Stefan Richter, Marion Dierickx, Z. Ahmed, S. A. Kernasovskiy, A. Schillaci, S. R. Hildebrandt, Edward D. Young, T. Prouve, C. Pryke, B. Racine, H. T. Nguyen, E. M. Leitch, C. L. Kuo, M. Amiri, D. V. Wiebe, J. E. Tolan, Jake Connors, R. W. Ogburn, Sarah M. Harrison, Grant Teply, L. Duband, T. St. Germaine, M. Eiben, R. Basu Thakur, Howard Hui, Neil Goeckner-Wald, C. Tucker, J. Cornelison, S. Fatigoni, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and BICEP/Keck

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, cosmic background radiation: polarization, 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Residual, 01 natural sciences, B-mode: primordial, 010309 optics, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic Microwave Background, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], numerical calculations, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Leakage (electronics), media_common, Physics, Gravitational Waves, polarization, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, gravitational radiation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), BICEP, Inflation, cosmic background radiation: temperature, B-mode, Sky, Refracting telescope, Keck Array, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 0210 nano-technology, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Beam (structure), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The BICEP/Keck Array experiment is a series of small-aperture refracting telescopes observing degree-scale Cosmic Microwave Background polarization from the South Pole in search of a primordial $B$-mode signature. As a pair differencing experiment, an important systematic that must be controlled is the differential beam response between the co-located, orthogonally polarized detectors. We use high-fidelity, in-situ measurements of the beam response to estimate the temperature-to-polarization (T $\rightarrow$ P) leakage in our latest data including observations from 2016 through 2018. This includes three years of BICEP3 observing at 95 GHz, and multifrequency data from Keck Array. Here we present band-averaged far-field beam maps, differential beam mismatch, and residual beam power (after filtering out the leading difference modes via deprojection) for these receivers. We show preliminary results of "beam map simulations," which use these beam maps to observe a simulated temperature (no $Q/U$) sky to estimate T $\rightarrow$ P leakage in our real data., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

Published
2020
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21. Constraints on the Diffuse Flux of Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos from Four Years of Askaryan Radio Array Data in Two Stations

Author

H. Landsman, R. Gaior, Michael DuVernois, K. D. de Vries, I. Kravchenko, A. Laundrie, E. Hong, E. Friedman, J. Touart, K. Mase, Brian Clark, P. Sandstrom, U. Latif, L. Hu, K. Kurusu, A. Shultz, Amy Connolly, C. C. Chen, A. Nozdrina, R. Young, Po-Hsun Chen, Thomas Meures, R. Khandelwal, D. Z. Besson, S. Archambault, G. Nir, David J. Smith, J. C. Hanson, Tsung-Che Liu, C.-J. Li, Stephanie Wissel, S. Yoshida, J. J. Huang, M.-H. A. Huang, S. H. Wang, G. S. Varner, J. Roth, K.-C. Kim, James C. Osborn, B. Madison, A. Ishihara, W. Clay, J. Nam, Y. S. Shiao, S. Y. Hsu, Kael Hanson, Kara Hoffman, S. De Kockere, N. van Eijndhoven, Patrick Allison, Chun Hsiung Chen, Aongus O'Murchadha, Abigail G. Vieregg, R. J. Nichol, D. Seckel, J. L. Kelley, M. Beheler-Amass, Y. Pan, Cosmin Deaconu, J. J. Beatty, Eric Oberla, A. Karle, K. Hughes, M.-Y. Lu, M. Beydler, L. Cremonesi, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, C. Pfendner, Alexander Novikov, M.-C. Kim, J. Davies, M. Z. Wang, Jorge Torres, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Physics, and Elementary Particle Physics

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Neutrino detector, 0103 physical sciences, Diffuse flux, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Ultrahigh energy, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Radio wave, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE, $>10^{17}$ eV) neutrino detector designed to observe neutrinos by searching for the radio waves emitted by the relativistic products of neutrino-nucleon interactions in Antarctic ice. In this paper, we present constraints on the diffuse flux of ultra-high energy neutrinos between $10^{16}-10^{21}$ eV resulting from a search for neutrinos in two complementary analyses, both analyzing four years of data (2013-2016) from the two deep stations (A2, A3) operating at that time. We place a 90 % CL upper limit on the diffuse all flavor neutrino flux at $10^{18}$ eV of $EF(E)=5.6\times10^{-16}$ $\textrm{cm}^{-2}$$\textrm{s}^{-1}$$\textrm{sr}^{-1}$. This analysis includes four times the exposure of the previous ARA result, and represents approximately 1/5 the exposure expected from operating ARA until the end of 2022., 12 pages, 7 figures; Accepted to PRD

Published
2020

22. IceCube-Gen2: The Window to the Extreme Universe

Author

J. Kim, A. Gartner, A. Obertacke Pollmann, B. Hoffmann, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Jenni Adams, Akimichi Taketa, D. van Eijk, Daniel Bindig, G. H. Collin, T. C. Arlen, Robert Lahmann, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, U. Nauman, Azadeh Keivani, Y. L. Li, Karl J. Clark, T. Kintscher, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, Christian Glaser, Frederik Hermann Lauber, T. Huege, Erik Ganster, Benedikt Riedel, D. Seckel, Anna Nelles, R. G. Stokstad, F. McNally, R. Maunu, M. Prado Rodriguez, Kayla Leonard, N. Kurahashi, James E. Braun, Amy Connolly, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, Justin Lanfranchi, Pranav Dave, Jannis Necker, C. Wendt, S. Wren, A. Sharma, Sukeerthi Dharani, David Vannerom, M. H. Shaevitz, Alexander Trettin, Reina H. Maruyama, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, K. Krings, Rasha Abbasi, Ben Smithers, Qinrui Liu, M. J. Larson, T. Anderson, Summer Blot, G. de Wasseige, I. Ansseau, D. Hebecker, Jorge Torres, Killian Holzapfel, Martina Karl, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, John Hardin, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Daniel García-Fernández, T. Stezelberger, S. Mandalia, E. O'Sullivan, R. Hoffmann, M. Plum, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, C. Pérez de los Heros, S. Márka, G. WSullivan, A. Haungs, Paul Coppin, Z. Griffith, J. C. Gallagher, Saskia Philippen, Federica Bradascio, Jochen M. Schneider, Srubabati Goswami, Andrea Turcati, Wing Yan Ma, Nahee Park, Y. Makino, Sarah Mancina, C. Walck, M. Kauer, Suyong Choi, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Chad Finley, David Kappesser, T. Gregoire, Ella Roberts, J. van Santen, S. De Ridder, Jan Weldert, Chunfai Tung, F. Jonske, Ken'ichi Kin, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, K. Hultqvist, N. L. Strotjohann, H. Dujmovic, Vedant Basu, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, Alex Pizzuto, K. D. de Vries, I. CMariş, Gerrit Wrede, R. Gernhaeuser, Thomas Huber, Matti Jansson, Thomas K. Gaisser, M. Richman, Christoph Tönnis, James DeLaunay, Gary Binder, K.-H. Becker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, U. Latif, Hiroyuki Tanaka, I. Safa, Steve Sclafani, J. Kiryluk, K. Andeen, P. B. Price, H. Schieler, Kirill Filimonov, Segev BenZvi, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, Darren Grant, Marjon Moulai, Yiqian Xu, Felix Henningsen, S. Robertson, Aswathi Balagopal, Francesco Lucarelli, Pisin Chen, Matt Dunkman, Merlin Schaufel, Patrick Allison, Spencer Klein, Cosmin Deaconu, Tim Ruhe, A. Ludwig, George Japaridze, Javier Gonzalez, C. B. Krauss, Roxanne Turcotte, T. O. B. Schmidt, Simona Toscano, Roger Moore, P. Heix, R. S. Busse, Chujie Chen, Pablo Correa, L. Gerhard, S. De Kockere, J. Felde, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, J. Buscher, D. Rysewyk Cantu, A. Weindl, R. Hellauer, Giorgio Maggi, H. Niederhausen, Mauricio Bustamante, D. Southall, Julia Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, Lenka Tomankova, Maryon Ahrens, A. Burgman, Christopher Wiebusch, Darko Veberič, Juanan Aguilar, T. R. Wood, Christian Spiering, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, L. Schumacher, C. De Clercq, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, L. V. Nguyen, C. Lagunas Gualda, K. Hughes, Kara Hoffman, C. Alispach, J. M. LoSecco, Joshua Hignight, K. Helbing, Timo Sturwald, Xinyue Kang, Richard Naab, Kunal Deoskar, Janet Conrad, Zackary Meyers, K. Meagher, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, David A. Williams, Kurt Woschnagg, M. Zöcklein, M. Silva, Claudio Kopper, Eric Oberla, Ramesh Koirala, E. Cheung, Thomas Stuttard, Martin Rongen, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, R. Cross, Paul Evenson, A. Karle, Sebastian Böser, Seongjin In, Johannes Werthebach, J. P. Lazar, Markus Ackermann, Austin Schneider, Yang Lyu, Justin Vandenbroucke, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Beverley A. Clark, Timo Karg, Sarah Pieper, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, Zhedong Zhang, P. Schlunder, A. Ishihara, Elisa Resconi, Subir Sarkar, William Luszczak, Clara E. Hill, Ava Ghadimi, Alessio Porcelli, Alan Coleman, J. Auffenberg, Grant Parker, Robert Stein, Dirk Ryckbosch, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Abhishek Desai, T. Kittler, J. Nam, P. Mallik, E. Blaufuss, S. Zierke, T. Stanev, M. Bohmer, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Simone Garrappa, P. Muth, Dmitry Chirkin, M. E. Huber, Marcos Santander, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, J. Becker Tjus, L. Classen, Colin Turley, S. C. Nowicki, K. Farrag, M. Kleifges, O. Kalekin, A. Olivas, Alexander Kappes, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Abigail G. Vieregg, Frank G. Schröder, D. Heinen, Erin Carnie-Bronca, N. Kulacz, D. Tosi, J. C. Hanson, Bunheng Ty, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, Gisela Anton, Elisa Lohfink, Elisa Bernardini, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, Jan Soedingrekso, Giovanni Renzi, Michael DuVernois, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, K. Wiebe, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, J. Lünemann, Thomas Ehrhardt, Nathan Whitehorn, Immacolata Carmen Rea, M. U. Nisa, Aaron Fienberg, Gerald Przybylski, G. Krückl, L. Papp, Amirreza Raissi, L. Köpke, Chris Weaver, R. Halliday, Alejandro Diaz, Stephanie Bron, S. Söldner-Rembold, James Pinfold, Ryan Burley, M. Riegel, H. Bagherpour, Stephanie Wissel, Olga Botner, Y. Pan, A. Steuer, S. Tilav, D. Kang, M. deWith, V. Baum, J. P. Yanez, I. Taboada, Stephen L. Hauser, Raamis Hussain, Michael O. Wolf, M. Stamatikos, John Evans, Shefali Shefali, Christoph Welling, Abdul Rehman, Carsten Rott, K. Tollefson, A. Goldschmidt, Y. Popovych, Troels Petersen, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Simeon Reusch, S. Hickford, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, C. Bohm, R. Joppe, Spencer Axani, Sebastian Baur, Carlos Arguelles, Jessie Micallef, Teppei Katori, K. Rawlins, James Madsen, Lu Lu, M. G. Aartsen, T. Glüsenkamp, M. Meier, Michael Campana, P. Sandstrom, Kendall Mahn, B. J. P. Jones, K. Hoshina, Glenn Spiczak, Andres Medina, G. Momenté, D. Mockler, M. Rameez, D. F. Cowen, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, R. Morse, T. Montaruli, E. Unger, Maximilian Karl Scharf, P. Peiffer, J. Stettner, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Max Renschler, D. J. Koskinen, E. Bourbeau, Spencer Griswold, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, Z. Márka, Minjin Jeong, L. Rauch, S. Yoshida, N. van Eijndhoven, C. Haack, Emily Dvorak, D. R. Nygren, Marek Kowalski, Kael Hanson, Paolo Desiati, J. Haugen, Lars Steffen Weinstock, Johan Wulff, Won Nam Kang, Timothyblake Watson, X. Bai, G. Neer, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, U. Katz, Alexander Sandrock, Ilse Plaisier, K. Mase, D. B. Fox, Hermann Kolanoski, M. J. Weiss, Stef Verpoest, Imre Bartos, David J. Smith, S. Kopper, René Reimann, Leander Fischer, F. Huang, Matthias Vraeghe, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vriendenkring VUB, and Elementary Particle Physics

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Active galactic nucleus, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High-energy astronomy, Gravitational wave, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Universe, Neutron star, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common
Abstract

The observation of electromagnetic radiation from radio to $\gamma$-ray wavelengths has provided a wealth of information about the universe. However, at PeV (10$^{15}$ eV) energies and above, most of the universe is impenetrable to photons. New messengers, namely cosmic neutrinos, are needed to explore the most extreme environments of the universe where black holes, neutron stars, and stellar explosions transform gravitational energy into non-thermal cosmic rays. The discovery of cosmic neutrinos with IceCube has opened this new window on the universe. In this white paper, we present an overview of a next-generation instrument, IceCube-Gen2, which will sharpen our understanding of the processes and environments that govern the universe at the highest energies. IceCube-Gen2 is designed to: 1) Resolve the high-energy neutrino sky from TeV to EeV energies; 2) Investigate cosmic particle acceleration through multi-messenger observations; 3) Reveal the sources and propagation of the highest energy particles in the universe; 4) Probe fundamental physics with high-energy neutrinos. IceCube-Gen2 will increase the annual rate of observed cosmic neutrinos by a factor of ten compared to IceCube, and will be able to detect sources five times fainter than its predecessor. Furthermore, through the addition of a radio array, IceCube-Gen2 will extend the energy range by several orders of magnitude compared to IceCube. Construction will take 8 years and cost about \$350M. The goal is to have IceCube-Gen2 fully operational by 2033. IceCube-Gen2 will play an essential role in shaping the new era of multi-messenger astronomy, fundamentally advancing our knowledge of the high-energy universe. This challenging mission can be fully addressed only in concert with the new survey instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum and gravitational wave detectors which will be available in the coming years., Comment: 56 pages, 29 figures

Published
2020
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23. Measurement of the real dielectric permittivity ϵ of glacial ice

Author

M. Beydler, D. Z. Besson, M. Relich, C. C. Chen, R. Gaior, Brian Clark, Patrick Allison, J. Roth, Eric Oberla, Y. S. Shiao, R. Young, Po-Hsun Chen, A. Karle, G. Nir, Alexander Novikov, J. C. Hanson, G. S. Varner, A. Ishihara, R. J. Nichol, T. Kuwabara, S. Archambault, S. Y. Hsu, J. L. Kelley, Y. Pan, M.-C. Kim, P. Sandstrom, Cosmin Deaconu, A. Shultz, Stephanie Wissel, E. Hong, Thomas Meures, M.-Y. Lu, A. Christenson, J. Auffenberg, M. Beheler-Amass, M. Z. Wang, J. J. Beatty, I. Kravchenko, Abigail G. Vieregg, J. Touart, R. Bard, L. Cremonesi, D. Seckel, A. Laundrie, U. Latif, J. J. Huang, Kara Hoffman, L. Hu, Amy Connolly, A. O’ Murchadha, R. Khandelwal, C.-J. Li, M. Song, S. H. Wang, Carl Pfendner, J. Kruse, Chun Hsiung Chen, J. Nam, Kenneth L. Ratzlaff, K. Mase, K. Kurusu, S. Yoshida, M.-H. A. Huang, Tsung-Che Liu, L. Friedman, J. Haugen, Kael Hanson, H. Landsman, and Michael DuVernois

Subjects
Physics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Glacier, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, Asymmetry, Computational physics, Glaciology, Radio propagation, 0103 physical sciences, Polar, Radio frequency, Neutrino, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, media_common
Abstract

Owing to their small interaction cross-section, neutrinos are unparalleled astronomical tracers. Ultra-high energy (UHE; E > 10 PeV) neutrinos probe the most distant, most explosive sources in the Universe, often obscured to optical telescopes. Radio-frequency (RF) detection of Askaryan radiation in cold polar ice is currently regarded as the best experimental measurement technique for UHE neutrinos, provided the RF properties of the ice target can be well-understood. To that end, the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) experiment at the South Pole has used long-baseline RF propagation to extract information on the index-of-refraction ( n = ϵ r ) in South Polar ice. Owing to the increasing ice density over the upper 150–200 m, rays are measured along two, nearly parallel paths, one of which refracts through an inflection point, with differences in both arrival time and arrival angle that can be used to constrain the neutrino properties. We also observe (first) indications for RF ice birefringence for signals propagating along predominantly horizontal trajectories, corresponding to an asymmetry of order 0.1% between the ordinary and extra-ordinary birefringent axes, numerically compatible with previous measurements of birefringent asymmetries for vertically-propagating radio-frequency signals at South Pole. Qualitatively, these effects offer the possibility of redundantly measuring the range from receiver to a neutrino interaction in Antarctic ice, if receiver antennas are deployed at shallow (z ∼ −25 m) depths. Such range information is essential in determining both the neutrino energy, as well as the incident neutrino direction.

Published
2019
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24. HiCal 2: An instrument designed for calibration of the ANITA experiment and for Antarctic surface reflectivity measurements

Author

A. Novikov, M. Mottram, D. Z. Besson, O. Banerjee, Eric Oberla, G. S. Varner, Abigail G. Vieregg, D. Seckel, F. Wu, J. W. Russell, Jiwoo Nam, Tsung-Che Liu, J. Stockham, John G. Learned, Chun Hsiung Chen, David Saltzberg, B. Dailey, Konstantin Belov, Cosmin Deaconu, J. J. Beatty, W. R. Binns, L. Batten, Kenneth L. Ratzlaff, Harm Schoorlemmer, Andrew Ludwig, P. F. Dowkontt, B. Rotter, J. M. Clem, S. Stafford, R. Young, Po-Hsun Chen, C. Hast, R. Hupe, Joshua A. Gordon, Stephanie Wissel, B. Strutt, V. Bugaev, B. Hill, M. H. Israel, K. Mulrey, B. D. Fox, L. Cremonesi, P. Cao, J. Roberts, K. Tatem, C. Miki, Brian Rauch, Joe Lam, Peter Gorham, S. Prohira, Kurt Liewer, R. J. Nichol, J. Kowalski, Patrick Allison, Amy Connolly, S. Matsuno, M. Stockham, and Andrew Romero-Wolf

Subjects
Physics, Surface (mathematics), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, FOS: Physical sciences, High voltage, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Reflectivity, Pulse (physics), Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, business, Instrumentation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The NASA supported High-Altitude Calibration (HiCal)-2 instrument flew as a companion balloon to the ANITA-4 experiment in December 2016. Based on a HV discharge pulser producing radio-frequency (RF) calibration pulses, HiCal-2 comprised two payloads, which flew for a combined 18 days, covering 1.5 revolutions of the Antarctic continent. ANITA-4 captured over 10,000 pulses from HiCal, both direct and reflected from the surface, at distances varying from 100-800 km, providing a large dataset for surface reflectivity measurements. Herein we present details on the design, construction and performance of HiCal-2., Comment: Published in NIM-A, final version

Published
2019
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25. Microwave multiplexing on the Keck Array

Author

Howard Hui, J. Willmert, Gene C. Hilton, John E. Dusatko, S. Fatigoni, K. G. Megerian, Joel N. Ullom, L. Duband, Carole Tucker, D. V. Wiebe, Ari Cukierman, Gunther Haller, Shawn W. Henderson, Tyler St. Germaine, Stephen E. Kuenstner, Jeffrey P. Filippini, S. R. Hildebrandt, S. A. Kernasovskiy, David Brown, M. Crumrine, K. W. Yoon, Leila R. Vale, Jake Connors, G. Hall, Bradley Dober, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Toshiya Namikawa, H. Yang, Chao-Lin Kuo, Josef Frisch, A. D. Turner, E. Karpel, J. Cornelison, C. Umilta, Ahmed Soliman, Zeeshan Ahmed, K. L. Thompson, Johannes Hubmayr, Mark Halpern, E. Y. Young, Bryan Steinbach, J. Cheshire, E. Bullock, John A. B. Mates, C. Pryke, Sarah M. Harrison, Attila Kovács, Roger O'Brient, M. Amiri, J. Kang, Jesus Vasquez, Lingzhen Zeng, R. Basu Thakur, Victor Buza, B. Racine, John M. D'Ewart, Denis Barkats, H. T. Nguyen, S. Palladino, A. C. Weber, C. D. Reintsema, Marion Dierickx, Stefan Richter, Chao Zhang, A. Schillaci, J. J. Bock, R. Schwarz, Stephen J. Smith, H. Boenish, S. Kefeli, Dale Li, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, Kent D. Irwin, A. Wandui, Colin A. Bischoff, Daniel D. Van Winkle, R. V. Sudiwala, W. L. K. Wu, C. D. Sheehy, C. Yu, Peter A. R. Ade, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Abigail G. Vieregg, Kei May Lau, Service des Basses Températures (SBT ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
SMuRF, Coaxial cable, Cosmic microwave background, Polarimetry, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, CMB, 01 natural sciences, Multiplexing, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, law, Tone tracking, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Electronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, BICEP, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Cardinal point, Microwave multiplexing, Keck Array, Radio frequency, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Microwave
Abstract

We describe an on-sky demonstration of a microwave-multiplexing readout system in one of the receivers of the Keck Array, a polarimetry experiment observing the cosmic microwave background at the South Pole. During the austral summer of 2018-2019, we replaced the time-division multiplexing readout system with microwave-multiplexing components including superconducting microwave resonators coupled to radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference devices at the sub-Kelvin focal plane, coaxial-cable plumbing and amplification between room temperature and the cold stages, and a SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency system for the warm electronics. In the range 5-6 GHz, a single coaxial cable reads out 528 channels. The readout system is coupled to transition-edge sensors, which are in turn coupled to 150-GHz slot-dipole phased-array antennas. Observations began in April 2019, and we report here on an initial characterization of the system performance., 9 pages, 11 figures, Accepted by the Journal of Low Temperature Physics (Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors)

Published
2020
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26. Design and Performance of the First BICEP Array Receiver

Author

Jake Connors, E. Karpel, A. Cukierman, B. Racine, Howard Hui, Rashmikant V. Sudiwala, Gene C. Hilton, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, Sarah M. Harrison, Eui-Hyeok Yang, Chao Zhang, Mandana Amiri, G. Hall, Che-Hang Yu, S. Fatigoni, K. G. Megerian, Kent D. Irwin, King Tong Lau, Toshiya Namikawa, S. Henderson, J. Cornelison, C. D. Sheehy, Chao-Lin Kuo, Bryan Steinbach, James J. Bock, C. Umiltà, Jeffrey P. Filippini, J. Willmert, J. Cheshire, Zeeshan Ahmed, Donald V. Wiebe, C. Pryke, W. L. K. Wu, Peter A. R. Ade, T. Prouvé, A. Wandui, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Marion Dierickx, Mark Halpern, Victor Buza, Abigail G. Vieregg, A. C. Weber, Ki Won Yoon, S. Richter, Edward D. Young, Ahmed Soliman, H. T. Nguyen, Carole Tucker, T. St. Germaine, N. Precup, Anthony D. Turner, Benjamin L. Schmitt, Roger O'Brient, Alessandro Schillaci, R. Basu Thakur, Keith L. Thompson, Lionel Duband, Sergi R. Hildebrandt, Colin A. Bischoff, M. Crumrine, Denis Barkats, S. Palladino, Carl D. Reintsema, J. Kang, R. Schwarz, H. Boenish, S. Kefeli, and E. Bullock

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, Physics, Inflation (cosmology), COSMIC cancer database, Gravitational wave, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Amplitude, Sky, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Microwave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Branches of cosmic inflationary models, such as slow-roll inflation, predict a background of primordial gravitational waves that imprints a unique odd-parity B-mode pattern in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at amplitudes that are within experimental reach. The BICEP/Keck (BK) experiment targets this primordial signature, the amplitude of which is parameterized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, by observing the polarized microwave sky through the exceptionally clean and stable atmosphere at the South Pole. B-mode measurements require an instrument with exquisite sensitivity, tight control of systematics, and wide frequency coverage to disentangle the primordial signal from the Galactic foregrounds. BICEP Array represents the most recent stage of the BK program, and comprises four BICEP3-class receivers observing at 30/40, 95, 150 and 220/270 GHz. The 30/40 GHz receiver will be deployed at the South Pole during the 2019/2020 austral summer. After 3 full years of observations with 30,000+ detectors, BICEP Array will measure primordial gravitational waves to a precision $\sigma(r)$ between 0.002 and 0.004, depending on foreground complexity and the degree of lensing removal. In this paper we give an overview of the instrument, highlighting the design features in terms of cryogenics, magnetic shielding, detectors and readout architecture as well as reporting on the integration and tests that are ongoing with the first receiver at 30/40 GHz., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, presented at LTD18 in Milan (July 2019), accepted on JLTP (February 2020)

Published
2020

27. Characterizing the Sensitivity of 40 GHz TES Bolometers for BICEP Array

Author

A. C. Weber, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Abigail G. Vieregg, Denis Barkats, Kent D. Irwin, J. Kang, J. Cornelison, Marion Dierickx, Mark Halpern, Colin A. Bischoff, S. Fatigoni, B. Racine, Ki Won Yoon, R. Schwarz, K. G. Megerian, N. Precup, Howard Hui, T. Prouvé, A. Wandui, H. Boenish, Lionel Duband, Rashmikant V. Sudiwala, P. A. R. Ade, Zeeshan Ahmed, E. Young, Bryan Steinbach, H. T. Nguyen, Jeffrey P. Filippini, W. L. K. Wu, S. Kefeli, Chao Zhang, Mandana Amiri, J. Cheshire, Carole Tucker, S. Palladino, Carl D. Reintsema, King Tong Lau, Toshiya Namikawa, Roger O'Brient, C. D. Sheehy, Chao-Lin Kuo, Anthony D. Turner, Keith L. Thompson, James J. Bock, Benjamin L. Schmitt, Jake Connors, Sergi R. Hildebrandt, C. Pryke, E. Bullock, M. Crumrine, A. Cukierman, Eui-Hyeok Yang, J. Willmert, Donald V. Wiebe, S. Richter, Victor Buza, T. St. Germaine, R. Basu Thakur, Sarah M. Harrison, Che-Hang Yu, G. Hall, S. Henderson, Ahmed Soliman, C. Umiltà, Gene C. Hilton, E. Karpel, and Alessandro Schillaci

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Spectral line, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Gravitational wave, Detector, Bolometer, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Spectral bands, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Gravitational lens, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The BICEP/Keck (BK) experiment aims to detect the imprint of primordial gravitational waves in the Cosmic Microwave Background polarization, which would be direct evidence of the inflation theory. While the tensor-to-scalar ratio has been constrained to be r_0.05 < 0.06 at 95% c.l., further improvements on this upper limit are hindered by polarized Galactic foreground emissions and removal of gravitational lensing polarization. The 30/40 GHz receiver of the BICEP Array (BA) will deploy at the end of 2019 and will constrain the synchrotron foreground with unprecedented accuracy within the BK sky patch. We will show the design of the 30/40 GHz detectors and test results summarizing its performance. The low optical and atmospheric loading at these frequencies requires our TES detectors to have low saturation power in order to be photon-noise dominated. To realize the low thermal conductivity required from a 250 mK base temperature, we developed new bolometer leg designs. We will present the relevant measured detector parameters: G, Tc, Rn, Psat , and spectral bands, and noise spectra. We achieved a per bolometer NEP including all noise components of 2.07E-17 W/sqrt(Hz), including an anticipated photon noise level 1.54E-17 W/sqrt(Hz)., Accepted for publication in Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Published
2020

28. NuRadioMC: simulating the radio emission of neutrinos from interaction to detector

Author

Anna Nelles, Simona Toscano, N. van Eijndhoven, Daniel García-Fernández, Ilse Plaisier, D. Z. Besson, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Yue Pan, Cosmin Deaconu, Abigail G. Vieregg, Stuart Kleinfelder, S. W. Barwick, K. D. de Vries, Christian Glaser, Brian Clark, U. Latif, C. Persichilli, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Christoph Welling, Jorge Torres, Tobias Winchen, C. Pfendner, D. Seckel, J. C. Hanson, R. Lahmann, Stephanie Wissel, Amy Connolly, and Physics

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Sciences de l'ingénieur, 01 natural sciences, design [detector], Particle shower, propagation, lcsh:QB460-466, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, ddc:530, modular, electromagnetic component, detector [neutrino], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Monte Carlo, Engineering (miscellaneous), Event generator, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, radio wave, Physique, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, interaction [neutrino], Detector, showers, Astronomie, UHE [neutrino], Radio propagation, Neutrino detector, lcsh:QC770-798, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Radio wave
Abstract

NuRadioMC is a Monte Carlo framework designed to simulate ultra-high energy neutrino detectors that rely on the radio detection method. This method exploits the radio emission generated in the electromagnetic component of a particle shower following a neutrino interaction. NuRadioMC simulates everything from the neutrino interaction in a medium, the subsequent Askaryan radio emission, the propagation of the radio signal to the detector and finally the detector response. NuRadioMC is designed as a modern, modular Python-based framework, combining flexibility in detector design with user-friendliness. It includes a state-of-the-art event generator, an improved modelling of the radio emission, a revisited approach to signal propagation and increased flexibility and precision in the detector simulation. This paper focuses on the implemented physics processes and their implications for detector design. A variety of models and parameterizations for the radio emission of neutrino-induced showers are compared and reviewed. Comprehensive examples are used to discuss the capabilities of the code and different aspects of instrumental design decisions., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2020
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29. Optical Design and Characterization of 40-GHz Detector and Module for the BICEP Array

Author

Ahmed Soliman, A. Cukierman, M. Amiri, Z. Ahmed, Victor Buza, N. Precup, B. Racine, S. R. Hildebrandt, Chao Zhang, H. T. Nguyen, John M Kovac, H. Boenish, Jake Connors, Kirit Karkare, D. V. Wiebe, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Mark Halpern, Kent D. Irwin, Jeffrey P. Filippini, S. Palladino, J. J. Bock, Abigail G. Vieregg, S. Kefeli, Kei May Lau, L. Duband, R. Schwarz, Sarah M. Harrison, M. Crumrine, K. W. Yoon, G. Hall, P. A. R. Ade, C. Umilta, T. Prouve, C. Pryke, J. Willmert, E. Bullock, B. L. Schmitt, Gene C. Hilton, Eui-Hyeok Yang, Colin A. Bischoff, Edward D. Young, C. D. Reintsema, C. L. Kuo, C. D. Sheehy, Stefan Richter, Denis Barkats, K. G. Megerian, A. D. Turner, E. Karpel, C. Yu, A. C. Weber, R. V. Sudiwala, J. Kang, T. St. Germaine, W. L. K. Wu, R. Basu Thakur, K. L. Thompson, T. Namikawa, Bryan Steinbach, J. Cheshire, Marion Dierickx, A. Schillaci, Roger O'Brient, S. Henderson, J. Cornelison, Howard Hui, C. Tucker, S. Fatigoni, A. Wandui, Namikawa, Toshiya [0000-0003-3070-9240], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
BICEP array, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, CMB, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Optics, Frequency coverage, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Detectors, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Inflation, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Cosmology, Amplitude, Cardinal point, Antennas, Transition edge sensor, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract

Families of cosmic inflation models predict a primordial gravitational-wave background that imprints B-mode polarization pattern in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). High sensitivity instruments with wide frequency coverage and well-controlled systematic errors are needed to constrain the faint B-mode amplitude. We have developed antenna-coupled Transition Edge Sensor (TES) arrays for high-sensitivity polarized CMB observations over a wide range of millimeter-wave bands. BICEP Array, the latest phase of the BICEP/Keck experiment series, is a multi-receiver experiment designed to search for inflationary B-mode polarization to a precision $\sigma$(r) between 0.002 and 0.004 after 3 full years of observations, depending on foreground complexity and the degree of lensing removal. We describe the electromagnetic design and measured performance of BICEP Array low-frequency 40-GHz detector, their packaging in focal plane modules, and optical characterization including efficiency and beam matching between polarization pairs. We summarize the design and simulated optical performance, including an approach to improve the optical efficiency due to mismatch losses. We report the measured beam maps for a new broad-band corrugation design to minimize beam differential ellipticity between polarization pairs caused by interactions with the module housing frame, which helps minimize polarized beam mismatch that converts CMB temperature to polarization ($T \rightarrow P$) anisotropy in CMB maps., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, Accepted by the Journal of Low Temperature Physics (Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors)

Published
2020
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30. A search for ultrahigh-energy neutrinos associated with astrophysical sources using the third flight of ANITA

Author

K. Mulrey, John Clem, David Zeke Besson, Kurt Liewer, B. D. Fox, P. Cao, R. Prechelt, C. Naudet, Jiwoo Nam, K. Hughes, Chun Hsiung Chen, N. Wang, B. Strutt, K. McBride, Michael Sutherland, Jarred Matthew Roberts, Eric Oberla, Christian Miki, D. Seckel, Konstantin Belov, H. Schoorlemmer, R. Hupe, S. Stafford, Abigail G. Vieregg, Tsung-Che Liu, S. H. Wang, W. R. Binns, J. J. Beatty, J. J. Huang, O. Banerjee, Alexander Novikov, B. Dailey, G. S. Varner, M. H. Israel, P. Allison, Pisin Chen, V. Bugaev, Paul Dowkontt, David Saltzberg, P. W. Gorham, Luca Macchiarulo, Berkeley Hill, L. Cremonesi, C. Hast, Stephanie Wissel, J. W. H. Gordon, J. W. Russell, S. Y. Hsu, Cosmin Deaconu, J. Stockham, Andrew Ludwig, A. Connolly, S. Matsuno, M. Stockham, L. Batten, Andrew Romero-Wolf, S. Prohira, R. J. Nichol, Brian Rauch, Yung-Yaw Chen, J. Ripa, B. Rotter, and J. Shiao

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Antarctic ice sheet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Supernova, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Potential source, Ultrahigh energy, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Blazar, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) long-duration balloon experiment is sensitive to interactions of ultra high-energy (E > 10^{18} eV) neutrinos in the Antarctic ice sheet. The third flight of ANITA, lasting 22 days, began in December 2014. We develop a methodology to search for energetic neutrinos spatially and temporally coincident with potential source classes in ANITA data. This methodology is applied to several source classes: the TXS 0506+056 blazar and NGC 1068, the first potential TeV neutrino sources identified by IceCube, flaring high-energy blazars reported by the Fermi All-Sky Variability Analysis, gamma-ray bursts, and supernovae. Among searches within the five source classes, one candidate was identified as associated with SN 2015D, although not at a statistically significant level. We proceed to place upper limits on the source classes. We further comment on potential applications of this methodology to more sensitive future instruments., 23 pages, 7 figures, version accepted to JCAP

Published
2020
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31. A Demonstration of Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves with Delensing

Author

Roger O'Brient, John M Kovac, Kirit Karkare, T. Natoli, Kent D. Irwin, A. E. Lowitz, N. Huang, Y. Omori, Victor Buza, Robert I. Citron, S. A. Kernasovskiy, W. L. Holzapfel, Ahmed Soliman, Jeff McMahon, C. Corbett Moran, P. A. R. Ade, Lingzhen Zeng, S. Henderson, W. B. Everett, J. D. Hrubes, Jessica Avva, C. Yu, Calvin B. Netterfield, Lorenzo Moncelsi, J. R. Cheshire, Jason W. Henning, J. A. Grayson, S. Patil, K. K. Schaffer, Elizabeth George, Abigail G. Vieregg, Denis Barkats, V. G. Yefremenko, Jason E. Austermann, N. W. Halverson, A. Cukierman, H. Boenish, B. L. Schmitt, Marion Dierickx, M. Crumrine, K. W. Yoon, Joaquin Vieira, E. Young, G. Hall, Stefan Richter, C. Sievers, Toshiya Namikawa, Graeme Smecher, C. Umilta, D. V. Wiebe, S. Fliescher, T.-L. Chou, H. C. Chiang, Johannes Hubmayr, H. Yang, C. D. Sheehy, Chao-Lin Kuo, Mark Halpern, Christian L. Reichardt, Marius Millea, Joshua Montgomery, S. Kefeli, J. Cornelison, J. J. Bock, Bryan Steinbach, Howard Hui, Gensheng Wang, Andreas Bender, Neil Goeckner-Wald, J. E. Ruhl, Dale Li, C. Tucker, K. G. Megerian, T. M. Crawford, M. A. Dobbs, Mandana Amiri, V. Novosad, R. Schwarz, S. Fatigoni, S. R. Hildebrandt, S. Padin, John E. Carlstrom, E. Bullock, Chao Zhang, T. de Haan, D. C. Goldfinger, John P. Nibarger, Andrew Nadolski, J. Willmert, Carl D. Reintsema, Gene C. Hilton, N. Whitehorn, B. Racine, H. T. Nguyen, A. A. Stark, E. M. Leitch, Alessandro Schillaci, A. D. Turner, E. Karpel, T. Veach, R. Basu Thakur, K. L. Thompson, T. Prouve, A. T. Crites, C. Pryke, C. L. Wong, C. L. Chang, J. Kang, Adam Anderson, Grant Teply, Benjamin Saliwanchik, A. Wandui, Gilbert Holder, A. Manzotti, A. C. Weber, G. I. Noble, Federico Bianchini, Nikhel Gupta, Jeffrey P. Filippini, R. V. Sudiwala, Adrian T. Lee, Bradford Benson, Lloyd Knox, W. L. K. Wu, Colin A. Bischoff, S. S. Meyer, Jason Gallicchio, T. St. Germaine, S. Palladino, L. Duband, J. E. Tolan, Zeeshan Ahmed, L. M. Mocanu, Jake Connors, Kei May Lau, Sarah M. Harrison, Lindsey Bleem, R. W. Ogburn, J. A. Beall, Département des Systèmes Basses Températures (DSBT ), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SPTpol, BICEP/Keck, BICEP, and Keck

Subjects
data analysis method, satellite: Planck, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, Cosmic background radiation, cosmic background radiation: polarization, FOS: Physical sciences, cosmic background radiation, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, cosmic rays, gravitation: lens, statistical analysis, Cosmic infrared background, 0103 physical sciences, Experiments in gravity, Sample variance, Planck, numerical calculations, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, polarization, background, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, gravitational radiation: primordial, BICEP, South Pole Telescope, Gravitational lens, B-mode, infrared, symbols, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, derived from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization $B$-modes with "delensing," whereby the uncertainty on $r$ contributed by the sample variance of the gravitational lensing $B$-modes is reduced by cross-correlating against a lensing $B$-mode template. This template is constructed by combining an estimate of the polarized CMB with a tracer of the projected large-scale structure. The large-scale-structure tracer used is a map of the cosmic infrared background derived from Planck satellite data, while the polarized CMB map comes from a combination of South Pole Telescope, BICEP/Keck, and Planck data. We expand the BICEP/Keck likelihood analysis framework to accept a lensing template and apply it to the BICEP/Keck data set collected through 2014 using the same parametric foreground modelling as in the previous analysis. From simulations, we find that the uncertainty on $r$ is reduced by $\sim10\%$, from $��(r)$= 0.024 to 0.022, which can be compared with a $\sim26\%$ reduction obtained when using a perfect lensing template. Applying the technique to the real data, the constraint on $r$ is improved from $r_{0.05} < 0.090$ to $r_{0.05} < 0.082$ (95\% C.L.). This is the first demonstration of improvement in an $r$ constraint through delensing., 23 pages, 11 figures; match published version

Published
2020
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32. Experimental tests of sub-surface reflectors as an explanation for the ANITA anomalous events

Author

David J. Smith, Tsung-Che Liu, Cosmin Deaconu, R. J. Nichol, Paramita Dasgupta, J. J. Beatty, David Saltzberg, Pisin Chen, P. Allison, L. Batten, Brian Rauch, P. Cao, Alexander Novikov, V. Bugaev, C. Miki, M. H. Israel, Abigail G. Vieregg, S. Prohira, A. Ludwig, John Clem, Stephanie Wissel, W. R. Binns, R. Prechelt, Chun Hsiung Chen, S. Matsuno, David Zeke Besson, G. S. Varner, Eric Oberla, Jiwoo Nam, Peter Gorham, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, J. W. Russell, and D. Seckel

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Polarity (physics), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Antarctic ice sheet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Standard Model, Atmosphere, Altitude, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Reflection (physics), Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

The balloon-borne ANITA [1] experiment is designed to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos via radio emissions produced by in-ice showers. Although initially purposed for interactions within the Antarctic ice sheet, ANITA also demonstrated the ability to self-trigger on radio emissions from ultra-high energy charged cosmic rays [2] (CR) interacting in the Earth's atmosphere. For showers produced above the Antarctic ice sheet, reflection of the down-coming radio signals at the Antarctic surface should result in a polarity inversion prior to subsequent observation at the ∼35–40 km altitude ANITA gondola. Based on data taken during the ANITA-1 and ANITA-3 flights, ANITA published two anomalous instances of upcoming cosmic-rays with measured polarity opposite the remaining sample of ∼50 UHECR signals [3, 4]. The steep observed upwards incidence angles (25–30 degrees relative to the horizontal) require non-Standard Model physics if these events are due to in-ice neutrino interactions, as the Standard Model cross-section would otherwise prohibit neutrinos from penetrating the long required chord of Earth. Shoemaker et al. [5] posit that glaciological effects may explain the steep observed anomalous events. We herein consider the scenarios offered by Shoemaker et al. and find them to be disfavored by extant ANITA and HiCal experimental data. We note that the recent report of four additional near-horizon anomalous ANITA-4 events [6], at >3σ significance, are incompatible with their model, which requires significant signal transmission into the ice.

Published
2020
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33. CMB-S4 Decadal Survey APC White Paper

Author

Shaul Hanany, Georges Obied, J. Colin Hill, Thomas Cecil, Keith L. Thompson, Adam Anderson, Michael L. Brown, Doug Johnstone, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Erminia Calabrese, Howard Hui, Haruki Nishino, Sara M. Simon, James Kerby, Theodore Kisner, K. T. Story, Moritz Münchmeyer, Aritoki Suzuki, Joseph J. Mohr, Adrian T. Lee, Bradley R. Johnson, Sanah Bhimani, W. C. Jones, A. E. Lowitz, Nathan Whitehorn, Valentine Novosad, Marcelo A. Alvarez, Anze Slosar, Kam Arnold, Kevork N. Abazajian, Mustafa A. Amin, Evan Grohs, Abigail G. Vieregg, Siavash Yasini, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Julien Carron, Ritoban Basu Thakur, Jean-Baptiste Melin, Shawn W. Henderson, Asantha Cooray, Chris Stoughton, Peter Timbie, Matteo Bonato, Ki Won Yoon, Blakesley Burkhart, Salman Habib, T. Natoli, Jacques Delabrouille, Carlo Baccigalupi, Victor Guarino, Steven W. Allen, Kathy Bailey, Aurelien A. Fraisse, Osamu Tajima, Silvia Galli, Denis Barkats, Antony Lewis, Ari Cukierman, Johannes Hubmayr, Marilena LoVerde, Erik Shirokoff, G. P. Holder, James G. Bartlett, James Yeck, Dale Li, N. W. Halverson, Graeme E. Addison, Adam Mantz, Matthieu Tristram, Laura Newburgh, Sarah Shandera, Alessandro Schillaci, Lindsey Bleem, Raphael Flauger, Marcel Schmittfull, S. Pandey, Kent D. Irwin, N. Kurita, Gregory S. Tucker, Matthew Hasselfield, Reijo Keskitalo, Levon Pogosian, Rachel S. Somerville, C. D. Sheehy, Srini Rajagopalan, Jesse Treu, Giuseppe Puglisi, Eric J. Baxter, John M Kovac, Emmanuel Schaan, Marcel Demarteau, Akito Kusaka, Suzanne T. Staggs, Kirit Karkare, Josquin Errard, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, Anne Lähteenmäki, Mattia Negrello, Toshiya Namikawa, Zhilei Xu, Mark Halpern, Simone Ferraro, Edo Berger, François R. Bouchet, Zeeshan Ahmed, Frederick Matsuda, Joseph Eimer, Alexandra S. Rahlin, W. L. Kimmy Wu, Giulio Fabbian, Chao-Lin Kuo, Christian L. Reichardt, Marius Millea, Stephen Padin, A. T. Crites, Joel Meyers, William Edwards, R. Gualtieri, Jason W. Henning, Arthur Kosowsky, Edward J. Wollack, W. L. Holzapfel, Michael D. Niemack, John E. Carlstrom, Rachel Bean, Cora Dvorkin, Ely D. Kovetz, David Alonso, Nicholas Battaglia, Sean Bryan, Gianfranco De Zotti, Anthony Challinor, Graca Rocha, Federico Nati, Jeffrey P. Filippini, Katrin Heitmann, Eric V. Linder, Antony A. Stark, Martin Nordby, Grant Teply, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Peter Adshead, P. Daniel Meerburg, Victoria Calafut, Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine, M.E. Huffer, Chris Bebek, Lloyd Knox, Masashi Hazumi, Eleonora Di Valentino, Natalie A. Roe, Nicholas Galitzki, Masaya Hasegawa, Sarah Kernovsky, Victor Buza, Darcy Barron, C. Pryke, Tijmen de Haan, Tony Mroczkowski, Vera Gluscevic, Andrea Zonca, Daniel Green, Kimberly K. Boddy, Srinivasan Raghunathan, Jeff McMahon, J. E. Ruhl, Steve Kuhlmann, Blake D. Sherwin, Joaquin Vieira, Peter S. Barry, Daisuke Nagai, Karen Byrum, Neelima Sehgal, Murdock Gilchriese, Marco Raveri, M. Tomasi, Douglas Scott, James J. Bock, Martin White, Chang Feng, Ken Ganga, Martina Gerbino, Suvodip Mukherjee, Radek Stompor, Gensheng Wang, B. Racine, Mark Reichanadter, Paul O'Connor, Alexander van Engelen, Kevin M. Huffenberger, Maria Salatino, Kathleen Harrington, Nobuhiko Katayama, Bradford Benson, Daniel Grin, Colin A. Bischoff, Charles R. Lawrence, Mark Vogelsberger, Shannon M. Duff, Scott Watson, Sebastian Bocquet, C. Umiltà, Andrei V. Frolov, C. L. Chang, Johanna Nagy, J. Richard Bond, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, B. Flaugher, Robert R. Caldwell, Mark J. Devlin, Renée Hlozek, Anirban Roy, Elena Pierpaoli, Amy N. Bender, Bruce Partridge, E. Y. Young, Matt Dobbs, Julian Borrill, Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden, Yuji Chinone, Mathieu Remazeilles, T. M. Crawford, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Hsiao-Mei Sherry Cho, and Gunther Haller

Subjects
White paper, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Environmental science, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Project plan, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences
Abstract

We provide an overview of the science case, instrument configuration and project plan for the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background experiment CMB-S4, for consideration by the 2020 Decadal Survey.

Published
2019
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34. Towards Interferometric Triggering on Air Showers Induced by Tau Neutrino Interactions

Author

Daniel Southall, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Andrew Romero-Wolf, H. Schoorlemmer, Mercedes Vasquez, Andrew Ludwig, Caroline Paciaroni, Kaeli Hughes, Andres Rodriguez, Abigail G. Vieregg, Enrique Zas, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Stephanie Wissel, Eric Oberla, Gregg Hallinan, B. Strutt, Cosmin Deaconu, and Austin Cummings

Subjects
Beamforming, Physics, Interferometry, COSMIC cancer database, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Tau neutrino, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Neutrino, Lepton
Abstract

The Beamforming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos (BEACON) Experiment aims to implement a new interferometric trigger targeting air showers initiated by the decay of tau leptons created during neutrino interactions in the earth at energies greater than 100 PeV. Over the past decade, interferometric techniques have been successfully implemented in analysis for many of the leading UHE particle experiments. BEACON has included interferometry at the trigger level, by implementing a beamforming technique in which signals are coherently summed, improving overall sensitivity and providing robust rejection against man-made backgrounds. A two-antenna short-term interferometer and a four-antenna long-term interferometer, both targeting the 30-80 MHz range, were installed on White Mountain near Bishop, California, as part of a months-long site study of man-made backgrounds and rates. Successfully suppressing man-made backgrounds will lead future iterations of BEACON to trigger on both cosmic rays from above and tau lepton air showers from tau neutrino interactions near the horizon.

Published
2019
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35. NuRadioMC - Simulation Code for the Next Generation of Radio Neutrino Detectors

Author

U. Latif, K. D. de Vries, J. C. Hanson, C. Pfender, Brian Clark, Abigail G. Vieregg, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, D. Seckel, D. Z. Besson, Stephanie Wissel, Yue Pan, Ilse Plaisier, J. Torres Espinosa, Christoph Welling, Amy Connolly, Cosmin Deaconu, Simona Toscano, C. Persichilli, R. Lahmann, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Tobias Winchen, Stuart Kleinfelder, Daniel García-Fernández, Anna Nelles, N. van Eijndhoven, Stijn Buitink, S. W. Barwick, and Christian Glaser

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Signal, Universe, Computational physics, Software, Neutrino detector, Electric field, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, business, media_common
Abstract

The detection of astrophysical neutrinos by IceCube has opened a new window for the observation of our universe. The use of antennas for detecting astroparticles has been proven useful and accurate after many years of radio cosmic-ray detections, and will be a valuable asset for increasing the statistics for the detection of neutrinos < 10 PeV and reaching out to the highest energies. The radio technique requires realistic and precise simulations of the electric field created after the neutrino interacts with the detector volume, how it propagates through media, and what measurable signal it produces in the detector. With the goal of providing accurate, fast simulations of neutrino-induced electric fields, we have created the NuRadioMC code. It builds on the experience of software used for current radio neutrino and cosmic ray experiments.

Published
2019
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36. Concept Study for the Beamforming Elevated Array for Cosmic Neutrinos (BEACON)

Author

Andrew Ludwig, H. Schoorlemmer, Andres Romero-Wolf, Andres Rodriguez, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Enrique Zas, Abigail G. Vieregg, Caroline Paciaroni, Kaeli Hughes, B. Strutt, Austin Cummings, Gregg Hallinan, Eric Oberla, Stephanie Wissel, Cosmin Deaconu, Dan Southall, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Claire Burch, and Mercedes Vasquez

Subjects
Masking (art), Beamforming, Physics, COSMIC cancer database, Proof of concept, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Elevation, Flux, Astronomy, Neutrino
Abstract

Tau neutrinos are expected to comprise one third of both the astrophysical and cosmogenic neutrino flux, but currently the flavor ratio is poorly constrained and the expected flux at energies >100 PeV is low. We present a new concept for a radio detector called BEACON sensitive to tau neutrinos with energies greater than 100 PeV in which a radio interferometer searches for upgoing tau neutrinos from a high elevation mountain. Signals from several antennas are coherently summed at the trigger level, permitting not only directional masking of anthropogenic backgrounds, but also a lower trigger threshold. Simulation studies indicate that a modest array size and small number of stations can achieve competitive sensitivity, provided the receivers are at high enough elevation. As a proof of concept, an array of four 30-80 MHz dual polarized antennas was deployed at the White Mountain Research Station.

Published
2019
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37. Superheavy Dark Matter and ANITA's Anomalous Events

Author

Shalma Wegsman, Abigail G. Vieregg, Dan Hooper, and Cosmin Deaconu

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, Milky Way, Physics beyond the Standard Model, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Dark matter, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Antarctic ice sheet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Halo, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The ANITA experiment, which is designed to detect ultra-high energy neutrinos, has reported the observation of two anomalous events, directed at angles of $27^{\circ}$ and $35^{\circ}$ with respect to the horizontal. At these angles, the Earth is expected to efficiently absorb ultra-high energy neutrinos, making the origin of these events unclear and motivating explanations involving physics beyond the Standard Model. In this study, we consider the possibility that ANITA's anomalous events are the result of Askaryan emission produced by exotic weakly interacting particles scattering elastically with nuclei in the Antarctic ice sheet. Such particles could be produced by superheavy ($\sim 10^{10}-10^{13}$ GeV) dark matter particles decaying in the halo of the Milky Way. Such scenarios can be constrained by existing measurements of the high-latitude gamma-ray background and the ultra-high energy cosmic ray spectrum, along with searches for ultra-high energy neutrinos by IceCube and other neutrino telescopes., 6 page, 5 figures

Published
2019

38. The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO): a white paper

Author

Jiwoo Nam, J. M. Clem, Stephanie Wissel, Yixuan Ku, D. Seckel, Andrew Zeolla, C. Xie, D. Z. Besson, Amy Connolly, J. J. Beatty, Z. Martin, C. Hornhuber, K. Hughes, A. Nozdrina, D. Southall, Chung-Yun Kuo, A. Hynous, Alexander Novikov, Y. H. Wang, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, J. Shiao, R. Young, S. H. Wang, K. Nishimura, Remy Prechelt, Y. Chen, Pisin Chen, Peter Gorham, Brian Rauch, Patrick Allison, S. Prohira, Abigail G. Vieregg, L. Cremonesi, J. W. Russell, Jarred Matthew Roberts, J. Ammerman Yebra, Andrew Romero-Wolf, Enrique Zas, C. Hast, D. Frikken, G. S. Varner, Eric Oberla, Quincy Abarr, C. Miki, J. Flaherty, J. J. Huang, R. J. Nichol, Cosmin Deaconu, David J. Smith, and Tsung-Che Liu

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, biology, business.industry, Payload, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), biology.organism_classification, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, Neutrino detector, Ultrahigh energy, Pueo, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, business, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) long-duration balloon experiment is designed to have world-leading sensitivity to ultrahigh-energy neutrinos at energies above 1 EeV. Probing this energy region is essential for understanding the extreme-energy universe at all distance scales. PUEO leverages experience from and supersedes the successful Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) program, with an improved design that drastically improves sensitivity by more than an order of magnitude at energies below 30 EeV. PUEO will either make the first significant detection of or set the best limits on ultrahigh-energy neutrino fluxes., Comment: 40 pages, 17 figures. Version accepted to JINST

Published
2021
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39. Revisiting AGN as the source of IceCube's diffuse neutrino flux

Author

Daniel P. Smith, Abigail G. Vieregg, and Dan Hooper

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Active galactic nucleus, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Neutrino detector, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Blazar, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux reported by the IceCube Collaboration remains an open question. In this study, we use three years of publicly available IceCube data to search for evidence of neutrino emission from the blazars and non-blazar Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) contained the Fermi 4LAC catalog. We find no evidence that these sources produce high-energy neutrinos, and conclude that blazars can produce no more than 15% of IceCube's observed flux. The constraint we derive on the contribution from non-blazar AGN, which are less luminous and more numerous than blazars, is significantly less restrictive, and it remains possible that this class of sources could produce the entirety of the diffuse neutrino flux observed by IceCube. We anticipate that it will become possible to definitively test such scenarios as IceCube accumulates and releases more data, and as gamma-ray catalogs of AGN become increasingly complete. We also comment on starburst and other starforming galaxies, and conclude that these sources could contribute substantially to the signal observed by IceCube, in particular at the lowest detected energies., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, to be submitted to JCAP

Published
2021
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40. Long-baseline horizontal radio-frequency transmission through polar ice

Author

Abigail G. Vieregg, W. Clay, J. Nam, David J. Smith, D. Seckel, Michael DuVernois, J. Hanson, Tsung-Che Liu, L. Friedman, A. Nozdrina, J. Kruse, Eric Oberla, K. Mase, A. Karle, A. Ishihara, K. Kurusu, J. J. Beatty, J. L. Kelley, Y. Pan, M. Z. Wang, C. Hornhuber, Jorge Torres, Kara Hoffman, R. Young, Thomas Meures, M. Relich, M.-H. A. Huang, J. Haugen, Carl Pfendner, R. Khandelwal, P. Sandstrom, A. Christenson, C.-J. Li, M. Song, Stephanie Wissel, T. Kuwabara, S. H. Wang, Cosmin Deaconu, G. S. Varner, B. Madison, Pisin Chen, Chun Hsiung Chen, I. Kravchenko, J. Touart, Y. S. Shiao, E. Hong, A. Laundrie, S. Archambault, L. Hu, Amy Connolly, Alexander Novikov, M.-C. Kim, L. Cremonesi, R. J. Nichols, M.-Y. Lu, C. C. Chen, Patrick Allison, J. J. Huang, U. Latif, Brian Clark, Thomas M. Jordan, K. Hughes, A. Shultz, D. Z. Besson, S. Yoshida, Kael Hanson, S. Y. Hsu, and R. Gaior

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Optics, Transmission (telecommunications), 0103 physical sciences, Polar, Radio frequency, Electric potential, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 010306 general physics, Baseline (configuration management), business, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract

We report on analysis of englacial radio-frequency (RF) pulser data received over horizontal baselines of 1--5 km, based on broadcasts from two sets of transmitters deployed to depths of up to 1500 meters at the South Pole. First, we analyze data collected usingtwo RF bicone transmitters 1400 meters below the ice surface, and frozen into boreholes drilled for the IceCube experiment in 2011. Additionally, in Dec., 2018, a fat-dipole antenna, fed by one of three high-voltage (~1 kV), fast (~(1-5 ns)) signal generators was lowered into the 1700-m deep icehole drilled for the South Pole Ice Core Experiment (SPICE), approximately 3 km from the geographic South Pole. Signals from transmitters were recorded on the five englacial multi-receiver ARA stations, with receiver depths between 60--200 m. We confirm the long, >1 km RF electric field attenuation length, test our observed signal arrival timing distributions against models, and measure birefringent asymmetries at the 0.15% level.

Published
2020
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41. Prospects for high-elevation radio detection of 0>10 PeV tau neutrinos

Author

Mercedes Vasquez, Enrique Zas, Austin Cummings, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, B. Strutt, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Cosmin Deaconu, Caroline Paciaroni, Kaeli Hughes, Joalda Morancy, S. Prohira, Max Stapel-Kalat, Stephanie Wissel, Abigail G. Vieregg, Eric Oberla, Dan Southall, Andres Romero-Wolf, Harm Schoorlemmer, and Andrew Ludwig

Subjects
Masking (art), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Frequency band, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Elevation, Flux, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Duty cycle, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Tau neutrinos are expected to comprise roughly one third of both the astrophysical and cosmogenic neutrino flux, but currently the flavor ratio is poorly constrained and the expected flux at energies above 1017 eV is low. We present a detector concept aimed at measuring the diffuse flux of tau neutrinos in this energy range via a high-elevation mountaintop detector using the radio technique. The detector searches for radio signals from upgoing air showers generated by Earth-skimming tau neutrinos. Signals from several antennas in a compact array are coherently summed at the trigger level, permitting not only directional masking of anthropogenic backgrounds, but also a low trigger threshold. This design takes advantage of both the large viewing area available at high-elevation sites and the nearly full duty cycle available to radio instruments. We present trade studies that consider the station elevation, frequency band, number of antennas in the array, and the trigger threshold to develop a highly efficient station design. Such a mountaintop detector can achieve a factor of ten improvement in acceptance over existing instruments with 100 independent stations. With 1000 stations and three years of observation, it can achieve a sensitivity to an integrated −2 flux of

Published
2020
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42. Comprehensive analysis of anomalous ANITA events disfavors a diffuse tau-neutrino flux origin

Author

J. J. Beatty, Berkeley Hill, K. Mulrey, L. Batten, R. J. Nichol, L. Cremonesi, Jarred Matthew Roberts, Cosmin Deaconu, S. Matsuno, J. Stockham, G. S. Varner, Peter Gorham, S. H. Wang, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Patrick Allison, S. Stafford, O. Banerjee, B. D. Fox, R. Hupe, Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Keith Bechtol, Enrique Zas, Abigail G. Vieregg, S. Prohira, Jiwoo Nam, M. Stockham, Harm Schoorlemmer, C. Miki, Andres Romero-Wolf, Charles J. Naudet, J. J. Huang, M. S. Sutherland, K. Hughes, D. Seckel, B. Dailey, Brian Rauch, C. C. Chen, V. Bugaev, B. Rotter, Paul Dowkontt, M. H. Israel, J. Shiao, J. W. H. Gordon, J. W. Russell, S. Y. Hsu, Chun Hsiung Chen, Andrew Ludwig, P. Cao, Konstantin Belov, Tsung-Che Liu, W. R. Binns, Eric Oberla, David Saltzberg, C. Hast, A. Novikov, D. Z. Besson, B. Strutt, Pisin Chen, Kurt Liewer, Stephanie Wissel, Amy Connolly, Luca Macchiarulo, and J. M. Clem

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Pierre Auger Observatory, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Standard Model, Air shower, 13. Climate action, Observatory, Tau neutrino, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010306 general physics, Lepton
Abstract

Recently, the ANITA collaboration reported on two upward-going extensive air shower events consistent with a primary particle that emerges from the surface of the ice. These events may be of $\nu_\tau$ origin, in which the neutrino interacts within the Earth to produce a $\tau$ lepton that emerges from the Earth, decays in the atmosphere, and initiates an extensive air shower. In this paper we estimate an upper bound on the ANITA acceptance to a diffuse $\nu_\tau$ flux detected via $\tau$-lepton-induced air showers within the bounds of Standard Model (SM) uncertainties. By comparing this estimate with the acceptance of Pierre Auger Observatory and IceCube and assuming SM interactions, we conclude that a $\nu_\tau$ origin of these events would imply a neutrino flux at least two orders of magnitude above current bounds., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Published
2019
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43. Constraints on the ultra-high energy cosmic neutrino flux from the fourth flight of ANITA

Author

J. J. Beatty, A. Romero-Wolf, Berkeley Hill, J. M. Clem, R. Hupe, P. Cao, J. W. H. Gordon, J. W. Russell, K. M. Liewer, C. Hast, Jiwoo Nam, J. J. Huang, B. Dailey, K. Hughes, W. R. Binns, S. Y. Hsu, Eric Oberla, S. Prohira, G. S. Varner, N. Wang, S. Matsuno, D. Z. Besson, Andrew Ludwig, J. Roberts, O. Banerjee, J. Stockham, Harm Schoorlemmer, Abigail G. Vieregg, R. J. Nichol, Tsung-Che Liu, D. Seckel, B. Rotter, Chun Hsiung Chen, Charles J. Naudet, David Saltzberg, Cosmin Deaconu, L. Batten, M. S. Sutherland, Luca Macchiarulo, P. F. Dowkontt, C. Miki, J. Shiao, Brian Rauch, S. H. Wang, Amy Connolly, Pisin Chen, Stephanie Wissel, Patrick Allison, B. D. Fox, M. Stockham, Jakub Ripa, K. McBride, Peter Gorham, Yang-Fang Chen, Konstantin Belov, Katharine Mulrey, V. Bugaev, Alexander Novikov, S. Stafford, M. H. Israel, L. Cremonesi, and B. Strutt

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), COSMIC cancer database, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Polar, Ultrahigh energy, Neutrino, Antenna (radio), 010306 general physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Event (particle physics), Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Radio wave
Abstract

The ANtarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) NASA long-duration balloon payload completed its fourth flight in December 2016, after 28 days of flight time. ANITA is sensitive to impulsive broadband radio emission from interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos in polar ice (Askaryan emission). We present the results of two separate blind analyses searching for signals from Askaryan emission in the data from the fourth flight of ANITA. The more sensitive analysis, with a better expected limit, has a background estimate of $0.64^{+0.69}_{-0.45}$ and an analysis efficiency of $82\pm2\%$. The second analysis has a background estimate of $0.34^{+0.66}_{-0.16}$ and an analysis efficiency of $71\pm6\%$. Each analysis found one event in the signal region, consistent with the background estimate for each analysis. The resulting limit further tightens the constraints on the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos at energies above $10^{19.5}$ eV., 11 pages, 7 figures

Published
2019

44. Results from the third flight of ANITA

Author

Abigail G. Vieregg

Subjects
Physics, Earth's magnetic field, Payload, Tau neutrino, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, QC1-999, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Neutrino, Antenna (radio), Lepton
Abstract

We summarize results from the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA long-duration balloon payload that searches for radio emission from the interactions of ultra-high-energy neutrinos and cosmic rays. ANITAIII was launched in December 2014 and flew for 22 days. We report the results from multipleanalyses of the data, which search for Askaryan radio emission from neutrinos interacting in the Antarctic ice as well as geomagnetic radio emission from extensive air showers (EASs) induced by cosmic rays or a tau lepton created in an in-earth tau neutrino interaction. In the most sensitive Askaryan neutrino search, we find one eventon a pre-unblinding background of 0:7−0:3+0.5. Across all searches, including a dedicated EAS search, we find a total of 28 EAS-like events. One of these events is consistent with an upward-traveling EAS, with a post-unblinding background estimate of ⪷10−2.

Published
2019

45. The Simulation of the Sensitivity of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) to Askaryan Radiation from Cosmogenic Neutrinos Interacting in the Antarctic Ice

Author

Tsung-Che Liu, David Saltzberg, O. Banerjee, A. Romero-Wolf, S. H. Wang, M. S. Sutherland, Keith Bechtol, Abigail G. Vieregg, L. Batten, R. J. Nichol, Brian Rauch, Po-Hsun Chen, D. Seckel, Luca Macchiarulo, P. F. Dowkontt, R. Hupe, B. Strutt, C. C. Chen, Cosmin Deaconu, Chun Hsiung Chen, S. Y. Lin, J. J. Beatty, Eric Oberla, K. M. Liewer, D. Z. Besson, J. Stockham, G. S. Varner, P. Cao, B. Rotter, S. Matsuno, Harm Schoorlemmer, Amy Connolly, Stephanie Wissel, Berkeley Hill, Jiwoo Nam, C. Miki, K. Hughes, Katharine Mulrey, V. Bugaev, Andrew Ludwig, Alexander Novikov, M. H. Israel, J. W. H. Gordon, J. W. Russell, L. Cremonesi, J. Shiao, W. R. Binns, J. J. Huang, B. Dailey, J. M. Robert, Konstantin Belov, S. Stafford, Patrick Allison, B. D. Fox, M. Stockham, J. Stuhr, K. McBride, Peter Gorham, J. M. Clem, and S. Prohira

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Geophysics, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 0103 physical sciences, Parametrization (atmospheric modeling), Sensitivity (control systems), Transient (oscillation), Antenna (radio), Neutrino, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Mathematical Physics, Radio detection, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

A Monte Carlo simulation program for the radio detection of Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrino interactions in the Antarctic ice as viewed by the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) is described in this article. The program, icemc, provides an input spectrum of UHE neutrinos, the parametrization of the Askaryan radiation generated by their interaction in the ice, and the propagation of the radiation through ice and air to a simulated model of the third and fourth ANITA flights. This paper provides an overview of the icemc simulation, descriptions of the physics models used and of the ANITA electronics processing chain, data/simulation comparisons to validate the predicted performance, and a summary of the impact of published results.

Published
2019
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46. Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves Using Planck , WMAP, and New BICEP2/ Keck Observations through the 2015 Season

Author

Peter A. R. Ade, Lorenzo Moncelsi, N. A. Larsen, Abigail G. Vieregg, S. Kefeli, J. A. Grayson, Justus A. Brevik, Randol W. Aikin, King Tong Lau, Toshiya Namikawa, John M Kovac, Z. K. Staniszewski, Stefan Richter, Kirit Karkare, S. Palladino, K. G. Megerian, C. D. Sheehy, Chao-Lin Kuo, Denis Barkats, A. Wandui, J. J. Bock, Kent D. Irwin, Victor Buza, A. D. Turner, E. Karpel, L. Duband, R. Bowens-Rubin, M. Lueker, J. Cornelison, J. Kang, Cora Dvorkin, K. L. Thompson, Colin A. Bischoff, Howard Hui, Calvin B. Netterfield, J. P. Kaufman, J. E. Tolan, C. Tucker, R. Schwarz, Alessandro Schillaci, Marion Dierickx, T. St. Germaine, D. V. Wiebe, M. Crumrine, A. C. Weber, R. V. Sudiwala, Jake Connors, G. Hall, Brian Keating, J. Willmert, W. L. K. Wu, S. Fliescher, Ahmed Soliman, C. Umilta, Ki Won Yoon, Kate D. Alexander, Gene C. Hilton, Jeffrey P. Filippini, Steven J. Benton, R. W. Ogburn, B. P. Crill, Chao Zhang, C. Pryke, Grant Teply, Hyunsoo Yang, B. Racine, C. L. Wong, Sarah M. Harrison, H. T. Nguyen, E. M. Leitch, I. Buder, Bryan Steinbach, E. Bullock, Roger O'Brient, Mark Halpern, Z. Ahmed, S. A. Kernasovskiy, and S. R. Hildebrandt

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Planck temperature, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, CMB cold spot, Spectral line, symbols.namesake, 13. Climate action, Sky, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planck, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common
Abstract

We present results from an analysis of all data taken by the bicep2/Keck CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2015 observing season. This includes the first Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and additional observations at 95 and 150 GHz. The Q and U maps reach depths of 5.2, 2.9, and 26 μKCMB arcmin at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈400 square degrees. The 220 GHz maps achieve a signal to noise on polarized dust emission approximately equal to that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto and cross spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz. We evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed-ΛCDM+r+dust+synchrotron+noise. The foreground model has seven parameters, and we impose priors on some of these using external information from Planck and WMAP derived from larger regions of sky. The model is shown to be an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r0.05

Published
2018
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47. Observation of an Unusual Upward-Going Cosmic-Ray-like Event in the Third Flight of ANITA

Author

Charles J. Naudet, L. Batten, Tsung-Che Liu, S. Y. Lin, B. Strutt, David Saltzberg, R. J. Nichol, Eric Oberla, Peter Gorham, Paul Dowkontt, J. Roberts, S. H. Wang, Pisin Chen, P. Cao, Cosmin Deaconu, A. Javaid, Konstantin Belov, S. Matsuno, J. J. Beatty, L. Cremonesi, S. Prohira, J. W. H. Gordon, J. W. Russell, J. J. Huang, A. Novikov, Keith Bechtol, B. Dailey, Abigail G. Vieregg, Andrew Ludwig, Harm Schoorlemmer, J. M. Clem, R. Prechelt, S. Stafford, D. Seckel, Luca Macchiarulo, Stephanie Wissel, Andres Romero-Wolf, J. Stockham, Jiwoo Nam, K. Hughes, W. R. Binns, O. Banerjee, B. Rotter, C. Hast, C. Miki, Berkeley Hill, Patrick Allison, B. D. Fox, C. C. Chen, Chun Hsiung Chen, D. Z. Besson, K. Mulrey, V. Bugaev, M. Olmedo, G. S. Varner, M. Stockham, Brian Rauch, J. Shiao, M. H. Israel, Joe Lam, R. Hupe, Kurt Liewer, and Amy Connolly

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Flux, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Standard Model, Air shower, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010306 general physics, Event (particle physics), Charged current, Lepton
Abstract

We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events may be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating $\tau$-lepton produced by a $\nu_{\tau}$ interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model (SM) neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have $a~posteriori$ background estimates of $\lesssim 10^{-2}$ events. If these are generated by $\tau$-lepton decay, then either the charged-current $\nu_{\tau}$ cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Supplemental material available from corresponding author by request

Published
2018
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48. Measurements and modeling of near-surface radio propagation in glacial ice and implications for neutrino experiments

Author

R. J. Nichol, Abigail G. Vieregg, David Saltzberg, A. Gupta, Cosmin Deaconu, Stephanie Wissel, John Bowen, S. Chipman, and C. Miki

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Firn, FOS: Physical sciences, Observable, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Computational physics, Radio propagation, Radio propagation model, Amplitude, Neutrino detector, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Radio wave
Abstract

We present measurements of radio transmission in the $\sim$100 MHz range through a $\sim100$ m deep region below the surface of the ice at Summit Station, Greenland, called the firn. In the firn, the index of refraction changes due to the transition from snow at the surface to glacial ice below, affecting the propagation of radio signals in that region. We compare our observations to a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic wave simulation, which supports the existence of three classes of propagation: a bulk propagation ray-bending mode that leads to so-called "shadowed" regions for certain geometries of transmission, a surface-wave mode induced by the ice/air interface, and an arbitrary-depth horizontal propagation mode that requires perturbations from a smooth density gradient. In the non-shadowed region, our measurements are consistent with the bulk propagation ray-bending mode both in timing and in amplitude. We also observe signals in the shadowed region, in conflict with a bulk-propagation-only ray-bending model, but consistent with FDTD simulations using a variety of firn models for Summit Station. The amplitude and timing of our measurements in all geometries are consistent with the predictions from FDTD simulations. In the shadowed region, the amplitude of the observed signals is consistent with a best-fit coupling fraction value of $2.4$% (0.06% in power) or less to a surface or horizontal propagation mode from the bulk propagation mode. The relative amplitude of observable signals in the two regions is important for experiments that aim to detect radio emission from astrophysical high-energy neutrinos interacting in glacial ice, which rely on a radio propagation model to inform simulations and perform event reconstruction., Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures, version accepted to PRD

Published
2018
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49. Design and performance of wide-band corrugated walls for the BICEP Array detector modules at 30/40 GHz

Author

Jakob Vanzyl, Caterina Umiltà, Anthony D. Turner, Carole Tucker, James E. Tolan, Keith L. Thompson, Grant P. Teply, Rashmi Sudiwala, Bryan Steinbach, Zachary K. Staniszewski, Tyler St Germaine, Chris D. Sheehy, Grantland Hall, Lionel Duband, Marion Dierickx, Michael Crumrine, Brendan Crill, James Cornelison, Jake Connors, Victor Buza, Immanuel Buder, Justus A. Brevik, Rachel Bowens-Rubin, Denis Barkats, Kate D. Alexander, Randol Aikin, Zeeshan Ahmed, P. A. R. Ade, Cheng Zhang, Ki Won Yoon, Hung-I. Yang, Wai Ling K. Wu, Chin Lin Wong, Justin Willmert, Don Wiebe, Alexis C. Weber, Albert Wandui, Abigail G. Vieregg, Robert Schwarz, Alessandro Schillaci, Steffen Richter, Benjamin Racine, Clement Pryke, Stephen Palladino, R. Walt Ogburn IV, Roger O'brient, H. T. Nguyen, C. B. Netterfield, Toshiya Namikawa, Lorenzo Moncelsi, K(oko). G. Megerian, Martin Lueker, Erik M. Leitch, King Lau, Nicole Larson, Chao-Lin Kuo, J. M. Kovac, Sarah A. Kernasovskiy, Sinan Kefeli, Brian G. Keating, Jonathan Kaufman, Ethan Karpel, Kirit S. Karkare, Jae Hwan Kang, Kent D. Irwin, Howard Hui, Gene C. Hilton, Sergi Hildebrandt, Sam A. Harrison, Mark Halpern, James A. Grayson, Stefan Fliescher, Jeff P. Filippini, Cora Dvorkin, Eric Bullock, James J. Bock, Colin A. Bischoff, Steve J. Benton, Ahmed Soliman, Zmuidzinas, Jonas, and Gao, Jian-Rong

Subjects
Physics, Pixel, business.industry, Cosmic microwave background, Bandwidth (signal processing), Detector, Beam steering, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Beam (structure), Leakage (electronics)
Abstract

BICEP Array is a degree-scale Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment that will search for primordial B-mode polarization while constraining Galactic foregrounds. BICEP Array will be comprised of four receivers to cover a broad frequency range with channels at 30/40, 95, 150 and 220/270 GHz. The first low-frequency receiver will map synchrotron emission at 30 and 40 GHz and will deploy to the South Pole at the end of 2019. In this paper, we give an overview of the BICEP Array science and instrument, with a focus on the detector module. We designed corrugations in the metal frame of the module to suppress unwanted interactions with the antenna-coupled detectors that would otherwise deform the beams of edge pixels. This design reduces the residual beam systematics and temperature-to-polarization leakage due to beam steering and shape mismatch between polarized beam pairs. We report on the simulated performance of single- and wide-band corrugations designed to minimize these effects. Our optimized design alleviates beam differential ellipticity caused by the metal frame to about 7% over 57% bandwidth (25 to 45 GHz), which is close to the level due the bare antenna itself without a metal frame. Initial laboratory measurements are also presented., 12 pages and 14 figures

Published
2018

50. Ultra-thin large-aperture vacuum windows for millimeter wavelengths receivers

Author

R. W. Ogburn, E. Bullock, Mark Halpern, B. Racine, Grant Teply, M. Lueker, K. Lau, J. Willmert, S. J. Benton, G. Hall, H. T. Nguyen, I. Buder, Peter A. R. Ade, Lorenzo Moncelsi, Bryan Steinbach, J. Kang, R. Bowens-Rubin, Hong Yang, Abigail G. Vieregg, Randol W. Aikin, M. Crumrine, J. Connors, K. L. Thompson, B. G. Keating, Howard Hui, J. P. Kaufman, K. G. Megerian, C. L. Kuo, S. A. Harrison, S. Palladino, Marion Dierickx, Justus A. Brevik, Carole Tucker, S. Fliescher, Chris Pentacoff, N. A. Larsen, Zeeshan Ahmed, S. A. Kernasovskiy, S. R. Hildebrandt, Victor Buza, A. Wandui, J. E. Tolan, Denis Barkats, C. L. Wong, Kate D. Alexander, Roger O'Brient, E. Karpel, C. Pryke, Jeffrey P. Filippini, J. J. Bock, R. V. Sudiwala, S. Kefeli, W. L. K. Wu, C. D. Sheehy, K. W. Yoon, D. V. Wiebe, Cora Dvorkin, R. Schwarz, E. M. Leitch, J. Cornelison, C. Umiltà, A. C. Weber, John M Kovac, G. C. Hilton, Kirit Karkare, Kent D. Irwin, S. Richter, Colin A. Bischoff, B. P. Crill, Alessandro Schillaci, T. St. Germaine, Ahmed Soliman, J. A. Grayson, C. Zhang, A. D. Turner, L. Duband, T. Namikawa, Z. K. Staniszewski, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Zmuidzinas, Jonas, and Gao, Jian-Rong

Subjects
Cryostat, Materials science, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Transmission loss, polymer, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, cosmic background radiation: polarization, fabrication, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, microwaves, 010309 optics, Optics, Vacuum Windows, Polarization, 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic Microwave Background, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), attenuation, Primordial Gravitational Waves, business.industry, Attenuation, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, gravitational radiation: primordial, Polymer Materials, Polarization (waves), sensitivity, BICEP, vacuum system, Wavelength, Millimeter Wavelengths, cryogenics, Keck Array, Millimeter, atmosphere: pressure, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Microwave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Targeting faint polarization patterns arising from Primordial Gravitational Waves in the Cosmic Microwave Background requires excellent observational sensitivity. Optical elements in small aperture experiments such as Bicep3 and Keck Array are designed to optimize throughput and minimize losses from transmission, reflection and scattering at millimeter wavelengths. As aperture size increases, cryostat vacuum windows must withstand larger forces from atmospheric pressure and the solution has often led to a thicker window at the expense of larger transmission loss. We have identified a new candidate material for the fabrication of vacuum windows: with a tensile strength two orders of magnitude larger than previously used materials, woven high-modulus polyethylene could allow for dramatically thinner windows, and therefore significantly reduced losses and higher sensitivity. In these proceedings we investigate the suitability of high-modulus polyethylene windows for ground-based CMB experiments, such as current and future receivers in the Bicep/Keck Array program. This includes characterizing their optical transmission as well as their mechanical behavior under atmospheric pressure. We find that such ultra-thin materials are promising candidates to improve the performance of large-aperture instruments at millimeter wavelengths, and outline a plan for further tests ahead of a possible upcoming field deployment of such a science-grade window., Comment: Published in Proc. SPIE. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation Conference 10708: Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XI, June 2018. 14 pages, 7 figures

Published
2018
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