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Background Chagas disease is considered important and presents intense inflammatory and fibrotic processes induced by the perpetuation of the parasite in the affected tissues and organs. Therefore, it is necessary to inquire about the host defense and attack mechanisms to have a more detailed knowledge about Chagas disease. MicroRNAs are found in blood, tissues and extracellular vesicles. These small regulators of gene expression are involved in physiological and pathological processes in both mammals and parasites. Several microRNAs have deregulated expression in chagasic heart disease, although little is known about their extracellular expression. Our main objective was to evaluate the involvement of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 in several samples from mice infected with the TcI Ninoa strain from the acute and indeterminate phases. We also explored a potential functional association of the selected microRNAs using STRING software. This software identified 23 pathways associated with Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In addition, eleven genes were identified through bioinformatics analysis, and we found that SMAD family member 5 was downregulated in both phases. This gene serves as a mediator in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Thus, forty female mice of the CD1 strain were distributed into 4 groups and the expression levels of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 were measured in samples of heart tissue, total plasma and plasma extracellular vesicles by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Overexpression of miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 was observed in heart and plasma in both phases. Moreover, in extracellular vesicles miR-21 and miR-146a were also overexpressed in the acute phase, whereas in the indeterminate chronic phase we found only miR-146a up-regulated. Conclusions The expression of inflammatory microRNAs miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155 were up-regulated in each of the samples from acutely and chronically infected mice. The relevant finding was that miR-146a was up-regulated in each sample in both phases; therefore, this miRNA could be a possible candidate biomarker in Chagas disease.

Existen evidencias de que tanto estudiantes como docentes hacen un esfuerzo para que las acciones del aula, en lo referente a la apropiación de los saberes, se realice actuando de conformidad con las nuevas tendencias de la enseñanza aprendizaje, sin embargo, cuando se trata de comprobar los logros alcanzados, se trata de valorar estos, utilizando técnicas e instrumentos que corresponden a modelos a los que están familiarizados, pero que no corresponden a los procesos educativos que se ha utilizado. Se pretende, reflexionar sobre la necesidad de un cambio, poniendo en juego las razones de esos cambios.

Este es un artículo de divulgación, que tiene el propósito de elaborar un resumen y comentarios del Libro: Fermat. El teorema de Fermat. El problema más difícil del mundo, aparecido en el 2012 del autor Luis Fernando Areán Álvarez. El teorema de Fermat-Wiles está formulado en el marco de la ciencia fundamental y no de la ciencia aplicada, pues, no está interesado en dar solución a un problema práctico, se trata de una propiedad de los números naturales que es de fácil comprensión, sin embargo su demostración duró más de 350 años. En ese andar, se ha tenido que elaborar mucha matemática. Areán Alvarez, recrea ésta historia, pero para su comprensión, el autor del presente artículo, ha añadido explicación de algunos términos utilizados en el referido libro.

In the cation of the title compound C9H14ON+·C3H2O3N3−, the benzylamine C—N bond subtends a dihedral angle of 78.3 (2)° with the phenyl ring. The cyanurate anion is in the usual keto-form and shows an r.m.s. deviation from planarity of 0.010 Å. In the crystal, the cyanurate anions form N—H...O hydrogen-bonded zigzag ribbons along [001]. These ribbons are crosslinked by the organocationsviaO—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming bilayers parallel to (010) which are held together along [010] by slipped π–π interactions between pairs of cyanurate anions [shortest contact distances C...C = 3.479 (2), O...N = 3.400 (2); centroid–centroid distance=4.5946 (9) Å] and between cyanurate and phenyl rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7924 (12) Å, ring–ring angle = 11.99 (10)°].

An instrumented evaporative cooler was developed for use in an undergraduate laboratory in psychrometrics. The air temperature and relative humidity at the inlet and outlet, and the air flow and water consumption rates were measured. Given the experimental data for the inlet air and water, the outlet air properties were predicted using psychrometric equations, and a good comparison was found with the experimental result.

In this text, we described a case of mycetoma (an osteophylic mycotic disease) found in the Tlatilco skeletal collection. The osseous lesions presented the characteristic features for the diagnosis of mycetoma. It had clinical similarities with the actual prevalence features. The topic Tlatilco culture included ecosystem characteristics and daily activities proper for this culture, showing and comparing the uncertainty of this disease nowadays.

"En este trabajo se da a conocer un caso de micetoma encontrado en la colección esquelética de Tlatilco; las lesiones óseas presentan las características diagnósticas de este padecimiento y concuerdan con la edad y el sexo predominantes en esta entidad. El contexto de la cultura de Tlatilco, desde su ecosistema hasta las diversas actividades realizadas por esta sociocultura, muestra el cuadro en que se haya incierto actualmente esta enfermedad."