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Almost a hundred percent of Bangladesh's population has access to electricity, and the country's generation capacities have expanded rapidly over the past few years. However, due to the poor distribution system, the reliability and quality of the delivered power remain significant concerns, and people still face interruptions in the power supply. Bangladesh's vision is to improve power quality and maintain uninterrupted electricity service by 2030. As distribution system faults are responsible for the majority of interruptions, this study focuses on detecting and analyzing the fault types and the timing of their occurrence. Two substations operating under the largest distribution company of Bangladesh REB from separate locations are selected for analysis purposes. And the result shows that half of the faults are L-G faults and around 35% of faults are L-L-G faults. If these faults can be minimized, the amount of interruption will be an acceptable rate. A set of recommendations is also brought out that can be used to minimize these faults. This paper aims to represent Bangladesh's current distribution network scenario.

A major cause of osteoporosis is impaired coupled bone formation. Mechanistically, both osteoclast-derived and bone-derived growth factors have been previously implicated. Here, we hypothesize that the release of bone calcium during osteoclastic bone resorption is essential for coupled bone formation. Osteoclastic resorption increases interstitial fluid calcium locally from the normal 1.8 mM up to 5 mM. MC3T3-E1 osteoprogenitor cells, cultured in a 3.6 mM calcium medium, demonstrated that calcium signaling stimulated osteogenic cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Calcium channel knockdown studies implicated calcium channels, Cav1.2, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in regulating bone cell anabolic activities. MC3T3–E1 cells cultured in a 3.6 mM calcium medium expressed increased gene expression of Wnt signaling and growth factors platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP 2). Our coupling model of bone formation, the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κΒ ligand (RANKL)-treated mouse calvaria, confirmed the role of calcium signaling in coupled bone formation by exhibiting increased gene expression for osterix and osteocalcin. Critically, dual immunocytochemistry showed that RANKL treatment increased osterix-positive cells and increased fluorescence intensity of Cav1.2 and CaSR protein expression per osterix-positive cell. The above data established that calcium released by osteoclasts contributed to the regulation of coupled bone formation. CRISPR/Cas-9 knockout of Cav1.2 in osteoprogenitor cells cultured in basal calcium medium caused a >80% decrease in the expression of downstream osteogenic genes, emphasizing the large magnitude of the effect of calcium signaling. Thus, calcium signaling is a major regulator of coupled bone formation.

The current research is directed to observe, assess, and evaluate the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the fabricated composite. In this study, rattan and bamboo fiber have been used...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to memory loss and is often accompanied by increased anxiety. Although AD is a heterogeneous disease, dysregulation of inflammatory pathways is a consistent event. Interestingly, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is the source of the amyloid peptide Aβ, is also necessary for the efficient regulation of the innate immune response. Here, we hypothesize that loss of APP function in mice would lead to cognitive loss and anxiety behavior, both of which are typically present in AD, as well as changes in the expression of inflammatory mediators. To test this hypothesis, we performed open field, Y-maze and novel object recognition tests on 12–18-week-old male and female wildtype and AppKO mice to measure thigmotaxis, short-term spatial memory and long-term recognition memory. We then performed a quantitative multiplexed immunoassay to measure levels of 32 cytokines/chemokines associated with AD and anxiety. Our results showed that AppKO mice, compared to wildtype controls, experienced increased thigmotactic behavior but no memory impairments, and this phenotype correlated with increased IP-10 and IL-13 levels. Future studies will determine whether dysregulation of these inflammatory mediators contributes to pathogenesis in AD.

Electric power will be used in this proposed vehicle and electricity from a natural source of energy. The energy source outperforms a traditional solar panel in terms of high efficiency. Instead of batteries, the supercapacitor has been used as a battery that has a limited life cycle, although the battery is used in the real world and its regenerative energy will be used for short periods. Also, it is very quickly charged. Either wirelessly or with a wire can charge the car on run. A solar panel was used as the vehicle's power supply. The car performs well with high efficiency, which is the main goal is this research work. Day by day, battery-driven cars are very popular in Bangladesh. But to get charged takes a long time. It is also a costly source of power. So, the main purpose of this research work is to replace supercapacitor with battery because of its huge advantage, which technology makes a new era in the automotive industry. Supercapacitors based on graphemes improve daily. There is not much time when condensers compete with batteries. It has been said that this research work is a perfect model of an efficient electric car with clean energy with many significant improvements still to be made.

Water is the most precious and important chemical substance since it is a basic necessity of all human beings; nevertheless, the water supply department is currently experiencing a difficulty in real-time operation owing to a lack of water in resources due to decreased rainfall. Because water has become a critical concern that impacts water distribution, interrupted water supply, water conservation, water consumption, and water quality, urban residential areas have grown in size as the population has grown. So, in order to solve water supply problems and make the system more efficient, a robust monitoring and control system is required. In addition, with the ever-increasing demand for water and the developing dispute over diverse uses of water over the decades, water resource management has become a critical requirement in Bangladesh. This suggested approach on the IoT platform focuses on continuous and real-time monitoring of water supply. Water supply with continuous monitoring ensures appropriate distribution, allowing for a record of available water in tanks, flow rate, and distribution line anomalies. The Internet of Things is a network of physical items that are equipped with electronics, sensors, software, and network connectivity. As a central office, monitoring may be done from anywhere. Using Adafruit as a free server, data is continually uploaded to the cloud, allowing data to be seen and tracked in real time. Via several sensors, a controller, and a Raspberry Pi as a minicomputer, data can be monitored and operations may be controlled from the cloud using efficient client-server communication.

The modern eras have seen different sources of renewable resources, which are naturally finding on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, tides, waves, and geothermal heat sources. One such example is solar power. The challenge remains to maximize the capture of the rays from the sun for conversion into electricity. A solar panel receives the maximum sunlight when it is perpendicular to the sun's rays but, the sunlight direction changes regularly with changing time. A fixed solar panel has a fixed orientation to the sky and does not turn to follow the sun. So, the attached solar panel is not able to generate adequate power. The best efficiency of the majority of commercially available solar cells ranges between 10-20%. This percentage shows that there is a high improvement needed. This advanced system deliberates the design and construction of a prototype model for a solar tracking system that has three-axis freedom, which can follow the sunlight in different directions automatically. The proposed method presents the fabrication and installation of a solar panel mount with a multiple-axis solar tracking controller. When sunlight falls perpendicularly onto the solar panels to maximize the capture of the rays by pointing the solar panels towards the sun & following its path across the sky. This way, the maximum electricity generation is ensuring high efficiency. The efficiency can be increased by 25%.

We have previously demonstrated that the transcription co-factor yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) de-differentiation. Yet, the role and underlying mechanisms of YAP1 in neointima formation in vivo remain unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of VSMC-expressed YAP1 in vascular injury-induced VSMC proliferation and delineate the mechanisms underlying its action. Experiments employing gain- or loss-of-function of YAP1 demonstrated that YAP1 promotes human VSMC proliferation. Mechanistically, we identified platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) as a novel YAP1 target gene that confers the YAP1-dependent hyper-proliferative effects in VSMCs. Furthermore, we identified TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1) as a key transcription factor that mediates YAP1-dependent PDGFRβ expression. ChIP assays demonstrated that TEAD1 is enriched at a PDGFRB gene enhancer. Luciferase reporter assays further demonstrated that YAP1 and TEAD1 co-operatively activate the PDGFRB enhancer. Consistent with these observations, we found that YAP1 expression is upregulated after arterial injury and correlates with PDGFRβ expression and VSMC proliferation in vivo. Using a novel inducible SM-specific Yap1 knockout mouse model, we found that the specific deletion of Yap1 in adult VSMCs is sufficient to attenuate arterial injury-induced neointima formation, largely due to inhibited PDGFRβ expression and VSMC proliferation. Our study unravels a novel mechanism by which YAP1/TEAD1 promote VSMC proliferation via transcriptional induction of PDGFRβ, thereby enhancing PDGF-BB downstream signaling and promoting neointima formation.

The objective of this proposed model is to build a smart car parking system that will make the parking process easier and more effective for the users of the parking area. Due to the expansion of using car traffic problems mostly occur all over the world and to reduce the problem smart parking system can play and sustainable and innovative role. In the traditional parking system, the parking area’s maximum works are dependent on manpower in the past. But now, it will reduce on a high scale and make the whole process automated by the bless of the smart system. A fire alarm process in the parking area makes this system more reliable and safer. Also, the smart car parking system provides a proper security system and proper parking area detection which are useful and makes the parking process more comfortable for the users.

The main objective of this research work is to develop a vehicle that will be assisted with solar energy and will identify the location of victims in the earthquake-affected areas. This car will be operated in surveillance areas and off-road areas by controlling both manually and automatically. When it finds any victim then it detects the latitude and longitude point of the detected victim in the online map. The vehicle has a Xiaomi wireless action camera to show the victim's location. NRF module is used to transmit data and a joystick module is used as a controller module. Arduino takes the command as a user pushes the button of the joystick, then data is transmitted through NRF at the receiving end. There is an LCD display also set with the joystick which can show the command that has already sent or received by NRF. An L298 motor driver is used to operate a motor by power storage. The surveillance vehicle is run on different road conditions to observe its speed variations and it turns out that its performance is the best in the smooth road surface as usual and the worst performance is achieved in the hilly road condition. Though in smooth road conditions higher speed is achieved, power consumption is quite same for both smooth and off-road conditions.

One of the main causes of structural damage to the building is vibration. By detecting early vibration through digital technology, many losses and accidents can be reduced. This design prototype shows the implementation process of the ADXL-345 Accelerometer and Arduino based vibration analysis. The prototype consists of ADXL-345 Accelerometer, Arduino mega, Wi-Fi module, LCD display. It performs the following functions like measuring vibration and also analyzing the overall vibration as well as compare with the standard device from the correctness side. Here the system is going to use four ADXL-345 Triple-Axis Accelerometer which senses the vibration of the object and sends this data to Arduino. By the Wi-Fi module, the data which is collected from the Accelerometer is inspected. This device makes the data analysis easier and gives accurate results. Even the resultant data can be transmitted on a personal server which is a very helpful way. This work gives focus to show the causes for vibration controlling and to find out the impulse movement that gives proper specification about the machinery situation and how much it affects the structure. So, to maintain the machinery, vibration observing is a much-needed part of this established era.

Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) are important intermediates in the metabolism of nitric oxide (NO). They have been considered to be NO storage adducts able to release NO, scavengers of excess NO during inflammatory hypotensive shock, and mediators of apoptosis in cancer cells, among many other functions. Currently, all studies of DNICs in biological matrices use electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for both detection and quantification. EPR is limited, however, by its ability to detect only paramagnetic mononuclear DNICs even though EPR-silent binuclear are likely to be prevalent. Furthermore, physiological concentrations of mononuclear DNICs are usually lower than the EPR detection limit (1 μM). We have thus developed a chemiluminescence-based method for the selective detection of both DNIC forms at physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacologic conditions. We have also demonstrated the use of the new method in detecting DNIC formation in the presence of nitrite and nitrosothiols within biological fluids and tissue. This new method, which can be used alone or in tandem with EPR, has the potential to offer insight about the involvement of DNICs in many NO-dependent pathways.

It is clear that society worldwide must start to mitigate its environmental damage instantly in order to sustain life on earth. The energy consumption rate around the world is rising day by day. Besides, conventional sources of energy are finishing rapidly. There is uncertainty about energy security around the world. The crisis of energy can be minimized by utilizing renewable sources of energy in a decent way. The latest manner of renewable energy recovery is reflected by an axial hydro turbine. It is a floating type turbine which floats on water and can produce electricity. The main objective of this model is to produce green energy using a small water turbine and to make it floatable. Usually, hydroelectric power plants are very large in size and space consuming. It is likely not very often possible to create a large dam in several places for developing countries. On the contrary, an axial hydro turbine can be the best solution for all these obstacles. This turbine generates electricity by using water flow or water tide. It works as a solid turbine which has lots of polar blades on its upper side. At the time of floating, the wave of water hits the polar blades and it's started rotating and generates energy. On that time polar blades hold some water between the empty space and the potential energy of this reserve water helps the turbine to rotate faster resulting in double production of electricity.

The present study was undertaken to determine the mechanism whereby calcitropic hormones and mesenchymal stem cell progeny changes are involved in bone repletion, a regenerative bone process that restores the bone lost to calcium deficiency. To initiate depletion, weanling mice with a mixed C57BL/6 (75%) and CD1 (25%) genetic background were fed a calcium-deficient diet (0.01%) for 14 days. For repletion, the mice were fed a control diet containing 1.2% calcium for 14 days. Depletion decreased plasma calcium and increased plasma parathyroid hormone, 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen. These plasma parameters quickly returned toward normal on repletion. The trabecular bone volume and connectivity decreased drastically during depletion but were completely restored by the end of repletion. This bone repletion process largely resulted from the development of new bone formation. When bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered in the middle of depletion for 3 days and examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting at 7 days into repletion, substantial increases in BrdU incorporation were seen in several CD105 subsets of cells of osteoblastic lineage. When BrdU was administered on days 1 to 3 of repletion and examined 11 days later, no increases in BrdU were seen in these subsets. Additionally, osteocytes that stained positively for BrdU were increased during depletion. In conclusion, the results of the present study have established a unique regenerative mechanism to initiate bone repair during the bone insult. Calcium homeostatic mechanisms and the bone repletion mechanism are opposing functions but are simultaneously orchestrated such that both endpoints are optimized. These results have potential clinical relevance for disease entities such as type 2 osteoporosis.

The energy consumption rate around the world is increasing. A large amount of energy is consumed for lighting purposes. The lighting system is accounted for approximately 19% of total energy consumption. So, development is needed in the lighting system to save energy. This paper represents an energy-saving smart lighting system for commercial buildings. This is a user-friendly system based on Arduino Nano and NodeMCU. This system can be easily controlled by Wi-Fi module. Here, node MCU works as Wi-Fi Module chip. It is low cost and can be configured to connect to the Internet for Internet of Things (IoT). Experimental results show that energy can be saved because it consumes less power than the normal lighting system. The day-light sensor provides the system more accurate. A light dimming property is performed with the help of a daylight sensor. We have scheduled running office time for enlightened the working place of a building as well. The proposed system has both automatic and personal control system.

L-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) has been widely applied for several decades in both basic and clinical research as an antagonist of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Herein, we show that L-NAME slowly releases NO from its guanidino nitro group. Daily pretreatment of rats with L-NAME potentiated mesenteric vasodilation induced by nitrodilators such as nitroglycerin, but not by NO. Release of NO also occurred with the NOS-inactive enantiomer D-NAME, but not with L-arginine or another NOS inhibitor L-NMMA, consistent with the presence or absence of a nitro group in their structure and their nitrodilator-potentiating effects. Metabolic conversion of the nitro group to NO-related breakdown products was confirmed using isotopically-labeled L-NAME. Consistent with Fenton chemistry, transition metals and reactive oxygen species accelerated the release of NO from L-NAME. Both NO production from L-NAME and its nitrodilator-potentiating effects were augmented under inflammation. NO release by L-NAME can confound its intended NOS-inhibiting effects, possibly by contributing to a putative intracellular NO store in the vasculature. Keywords: L-NAME, Nitrodilator, L-arginine analogues, Fenton chemistry, Preformed intracellular NO store

The space elevator is a type of transportation objects from the earth to space. It would enable a cost-effective space ride for human to explore and exercise space science. The primary component of a space elevator is a cable. It would be extended into space from the Earth’s surface which would lift the elevator. Carbon nanotube is one of the potential materials for the cable. In this study, some electrical and mechanical properties of the carbon nanotube are analyzed. Simulations are carried out to illustrate the parameters which support the fact that carbon nanotube can be used as tether and sensor material in the space elevator projects. Information gained from this work would be useful for construction and related applications of carbon nanotube-based space elevator.

In recent days everything depends on smart technology. Irrigation system is also becoming smart by using modern technologies, which is more advantageous rather than the traditional methods. In this paper, a smart irrigation system is developed that automates the irrigation process with the help of solar power. This proposed system can optimize the use of water based on different data, such as soil moisture, weather prediction, etc. It will also notify its owner about the current condition of the soil and motor through GSM technology. This proposed model can automatically turn ON and OFF the motor pump by sensing the moisture content of the soil depending on the demand of water in the field. A moisture sensor is used to collect data (soil moister level) of a particular area. The motor will automatically turn OFF after fulfilling the demand of water and get turns ON again when the field becomes dry. GSM technology is used to send the update (ON/OFF) of a motor to the farmers. The whole proposed system is controlled by an Arduino. Here, DC power is generated from the solar panel. All these features will make irrigation system much smarter and economical.

In this paper, a pulse generator based electroporation system has been developed. The proposed model review a boost converter based pulse power generation technology which is able to generate a pulse across a resistive load. The concept of the proposed approach depends on operating the involved boost converter in discontinuous current conduction mode with high voltage gain and enhanced efficiency. This device generates high voltages for a short time to permeabilize the skin. This can be used to increase the scope of transdermal drug delivery to the cell. The proposed pulse power converter system could be divided into two part which is a gate driver and a boost converter. For produce a high pulse voltage, a pulse signal flow from the gate driver to boost converter. The initial target of this system is to generate a voltage above 145 volts. But the peak generated voltage is about 140 volts. The developed pulse power circuit can be used for the electroporation system which is widely used to enhance the transdermal drug delivery to the patient's cell.

In this era of globalization, every individual’s life is becoming so occupied to the point that any initiative to make life efficient & convenient is getting more important than ever. Densely populated countries like Bangladesh’s biggest issue is a road accident. Road accident occurs because of various reasons like sudden movement in front of the car, obstacles, lack of a well-trained driver, etc. To alienate these issues an android controlled subjugated compact self-driving semi-autonomous vehicle is introduced. The solution is to build up a transport system that can do auto driving & auto parking with very little modification of the existing transport system. This smart system works on inputs from the sensor network and also on decision making capability from micro-controller. In this paper, a smart autonomous car was designed using raspberry PI 2B, Arduino Mega, and Arduino Uno. The method is used to improve the concept of the intelligent transportation system. As the future is focused on artificial intelligence, therefore this kind of smart autonomous transport system is the future of the human race.

This paper deals with wireless power transmission technology. A battery of an electronic device will be charged wirelessly. The solar panel converts the sun light into electrical energy. Power from a solar panel is sent through a transmitter circuit and received by a receiver circuit wirelessly based on Faraday’s law of induction. As magnetic resonance coupling is more efficient and useful than magnetic inductive coupling, in this paper, magnetic resonant coupling is used. There are a transmitter and receiver coil. The transmitter coil is driven at the same frequency of the resonant frequency of the receiver coil. For those reasons, the LC tuned circuit has been built to maintain the same frequency. As power is transmitted wirelessly, some power is wasted. As a result, efficiency is decreased to only 11 %. After all, it will be a future charging solution in the modern world. With the help of wireless battery charger technology, power can be supplied to the electric cars, drones, hospital’s equipment, and smartphones. This device also helps to reduce the necessity of using wires.

In recent times, the use of furnace in industrial sectors has increased. Furnace deals with high temperature for melting and die casting purpose. The smart gas furnace basically made by G.I metal sheet (outer part of the furnace), solenoid valve, ceramic fiber, Plaster of Paris, black fire cement, crucible and gas as a fuel. Among different types of furnace, higher efficiency can be achieved from smart gas furnace. A smart gas furnace is the minimum expensive melting process introduced for melting any types of metal or alloy compared with other furnace. The objectives of this project work are to control the flow of gas for maintaining the required temperature inside the furnace and melt the material. The goal of this project work is to build a gas fired crucible furnaces and develop a controlling system which provide more benefit compare with other furnace. In this project Arduino is used to maintain the required temperature inside the furnace by switching the solenoid valve which controls the flow of gas. Whenever the temperature reaches the desired temperature the gas flow will automatically stopped by solenoid valve resulting in minimum gas loss. Which will reduce fuel cost. Thermocouple is used as a sensor. It continuously sends data (temperature) to Arduino, and by comparing the both data (required temperature and available temperature inside the furnace) the Arduino switches the solenoid valve.

Energy conservation is one of the major issues of recent days because all the natural resources will end up soon as the earth has a limited amount of such non-renewable resources. This paper ensures the conservation of energy by minimizing the wastage of electricity. Two microcontrollers are used for this setup. One of them is used to control the electrical appliances automatically depending on human presence in a particular room or area. When the passive infrared sensor (PIR) and proximity sensor find the motion and presence of human inside the area then it will turn on the electrical appliances and will count the number of persons. And the opposite action will be taken for the absence of human movement in a particular area using a relay circuit in the system. Although everything will be controlled using this system there is also a scope to control the appliances manually using separate switches. Once the switches are kept ON, the system will automatically shut down and turn ON when necessary. Another microcontroller is used to operate the safety features of the building and the entrance gate opening which will automatically open or close the door when someone enters or leaves the room and will show it on the LCD. With the help of the humidity sensor, it will show the temperature and humidity level in the LCD. A smoke detector sensor is used which will ring the fire alarm when smoke is detected and it will open the emergency exit door as well as the entrance door.

Fertilizers (Triple superphosphate) and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) are one of the major products used to increase the productivity of crops. As time passes the amount of pesticide in crops is not maintained fixed. Pesticide does react with water and the level of pesticide decreases day by day. Hence, it is important to know the present level of pesticide in soil and crops. TSP and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) are used in this project as a sample of fertilizer and pesticide, cause of its high demand in Bangladesh. To detect the amount of TSP and pesticide in the oil sample, the conductivity property of TSP and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) are used. Three separate solutions of TSP and pesticide (fungicide and insecticide) is made with water then AC source is applied to the solution instead of DC to avoid electrolysis of the given solution. Through the op-amp and two comparators, the final result is accomplished. Those two comparators, comparator 1 and comparator 2 were used to find the presence of 30%, 50%,70% TSP and Pesticide respectively. As result suggest, the resistance of the solution decreases with the incremental frequency. The compatible frequency for AC source is selected as 40 KHz. The reference voltage of comparator 1 is 1.4v and comparator 2 is 5v.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a modern signal monitoring technology that records the electrical activity from the brain. During the EEG test, many noises can be occurred and that can alter the EEG test result. These noises are called artifacts. Several artifacts can be found in an EEG signal and Ocular Artifact is one of the major artifacts in the EEG signal. In this paper, we recovered an EEG signal from a raw EEG data and analyze the signal to design an ocular artifact removing filter. The main goal of this paper is to deduct the ocular artifact from the original EEG signal using a stopband filter. Thus, it will give the Ocular Artifact free EEG signal.