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It has been observed that parents struggled to send their children to public secondary schools in Ilorin, which may likely be as a result of the expected private cost to be borne by the parents. In view of this paper examined the relationship between private cost and demand for secondary education, in secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State Nigeria. The objectives of the paper include among others; to identify the cost incurred, and attitude of parents on the education of their children in secondary school, and the relationship between private cost and demand for secondary education in public secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis. Three research questions were raised on; cost incurred and attitude of parents, as well as the relationship between private cost and demand for secondary education in Ilorin metropolis. The study adopted quantitative research method. The study found out that; parents spend must on tuition fee and least on damage fee, while parents’ attitude towards secondary education of their children was found to be positive and there was significant relationship between private cost and demand for secondary education in public secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis. It was recommended among others that; Government should increase its investment secondary education this would assist in lessen the bothering of parents on the payment of some private cost.

The study examined at local level the role of cotton and textile industrial linkage in employment opportunities in the cotton value added chain in Funtua region of Katsina State. An interview and direct observation method of data collection methods were typically undertaken to learn about the cotton and industrial processes and how they give rise to their respective products and by-products. Seven (7) agro-based industries were identified and visited in their various locations in the study area were purposively selected. The study investigated the forward and backward linkages processes that the five (5) active cotton and textile industry agreed to. Results indicated that few cotton and textile industry had folded up but majority of them are operating at low capacity most especially Funtua textile Limited that is currently hit with high cost of production, poor raw material supply, erratic power supply and lack of government support. The study identified the existence of weakness in backward linkage of agriculture in the developing economy of the study area. Finally, the conclusion offers suggestions that the weakness in the backward linkage can be alleviated when local farmers are empowered, by introducing them into mechanized system of farming, providing them with farm inputs and market opportunities. This would amount to making the study area an economic ‘growth pole’ for the northwest geo-political zone.

The paper examined the role of transportation network in the integration of Yoruba-Hausa ethnic nationalities in Funtua Town of Katsina State. The study was inspired by agitations being made by some notable Nigerians about the possibilities of disintegration of Nigeria as corporate national entity along the lines of ethnic nationalities. This notion is often propelled by sporadic ethnic and tribal disturbances that occur in the country. However, the cordial relationship that exists in Funtua town between the Yorubas from southwestern axis of Nigeria and the indigenous Hausas cast doubt to such divisive agitations. The data obtained for this study was principally from primary source, which included discussions, in-depth face-to-face interviews, key informant and physical observational techniques. Reasons for the mixing of the two distinct ethnic groups have been investigated and discussed. The study found out that Yorubas migrated during the pre-colonial, from majorly Ogbomosho, Saki and Lagos areas, and founded Funtua at Ile Amodu and Ile Akile clans. The process continued, where Ile Ogbomoso, Ile Amodu and Ile Akile clan were established during the pre-colonial period, when the creation of rail and road networks facilitated the migration and acculturation processes, as Funtua town was linked with the Yorubaland. While, other factors related to costume and beliefs play vital role in strengthening the mutual bond between the two distinct ethnic groups into indivisible one

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of management of early childhood care education on national consciousness sustainability. the participants were selected from the sampled public early childhood care education in the northeast zone, of Nigeria. sample of 331 head teachers and 351teachers to make a total of 682 participants were proportionally selected from the sampled schools. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that staffing, planning of lessons, and coordination enhanced national consciousness sustainability. Thus, it was recommended that school managers should continue to provide appropriate and adequate staffing of early childhood care education so as to improve the effective development of human capital towards promoting national consciousness sustainability, Also, school managers should encourage caregivers to effectively plan lessons in order to motivate learners and build collaborative processes between teachers and school managers towards the realization of national consciousness sustainability. Furthermore, school managers should continue to coordinate early childhood care education effectively and efficiently so as to ensure mutual understanding and effective teamwork for the realization of national consciousness sustainability.

Nigeria has recorded in the annals of its historical development monumental internal security challenges occasioned by the activities of non- state actors such as Boko Haram, and in recent past, bandits associated with transhumance and irregular migration into the country. The main discourse is on transhumance migration which revolves around the debates in the public domain that link almost entirely the Nigeria‟s security situation to the activities of herdsmen that migrate through the corridors of the Sahel region. The paper relied on qualitative data collected from secondary sources. Findings in the paper revealed that despite the high-level of violence being perpetrated by non-state actors in Nigeria, pastoralists-perpetrated violence accounts for only 16 %. Pastoralist violence is only one part of the different overlapping conflicts in the country. The paper recommended for review the domestication and full operationalization of the ECOWAS protocol on the regulation of transhumance 1998 by member states.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites present in foods which can cause adverse effects on humans and animals. Therefore, developing a simple, effective, sensitive and validated analytical method to monitor mycotoxins is essential. Sample preparation is an important step in the analysis of mycotoxins and other contaminants from complex food matrices. Food industries in developed and developing countries have faced serious challenges with contamination of mycotoxins especially aflatoxin in food and feed products. Thus, corn and cereal-based foods are mostly affected right from pre and postharvest periods. Owing to the complexity and structural nature of mycotoxins in foods and feeds there is an urgent need for simple, effective and environmentally friendly methods of sample preparation for the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in food samples. The paper reviews the application of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method for the analysis of aflatoxins in foods.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the transportation network and industries of the agrarian Funtua region in Katsina State. It was prompted by the abandonment of the proposed project of establishment and operation of Container Freight Station/Inland Depot in Funtua by Nigeria’s government, which generates a lot of concern to the people of the region. The project that was perhaps initially proposed due to strategic location of Funtua in relation to location of other towns in the northwestern geo-political zone and beyond as well as the presence of rail and road networks. GPS Device was used to record the coordinate points of identified industries. The rail lines and the roads locations in the study area were obtained from Google Earth that was used as a base map. Relevant information about productivity of the industries was obtained from supervisors and personnel mangers of the industries by administration of questionnaire and key informant technique. Kilometer Chart, diagram of rail line system were acquired from principal officers of Nigerian Railway Corporation in Zaria and Funtua stations. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to compare the freightage of agro-allied commodities by rail and by road. The study found out and concluded that the identified industries were found to be within ≤30 m in relation to transportation network in Funtua, except four sophisticated agro-processing industries. The agro-based industries will make about 26% slash of their freight costs if their commodities were to be transported by rail in comparison to roads. The study recommended that governments at all levels should exhibit earnest concern about maintenance and construction of rail and road infrastructure due to their enormous advantages to economic activities.

As a matter of fact, the Dietary Guidelines of the United States of America recommended the consumption of more fruits and vegetables to support the healthy condition of the body. Unfortunately, these food materials are being accumulated with pesticidal residues due to the continuous miss-management and excessive application of the chemicals during pre and post-agricultural practices, which compels multiple analysis of pesticidal residues to know their concentration levels for the betterment of food security and safety. For that matter, multi-residues of Thiamethoxam, Propamocarb, Carbaryl, Metalaxyl, Baycarb, Thiobencarb, Diazinon, and Dursban pesticides were determined in the samples of lettuce, garlic, ginger, and bell-pepper using modified QuEChERS-dSPE Ionic Liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method coupled with LC-MS/MS instrument and validated (European Union Guideline). Resultantly, the accuracy (87-127%) and precision (0–22%) were mostly within the acceptable range for the former (70-120%) and latter (≤20%). Meanwhile, the limit of detections (0.01-0.28 µg/kg) and limit of quantitations (0.03-0.93 µg/kg) were satisfactory. The concentration range (5–400 µg/kg) of calibration curves for the evaluated linearity were linear with coefficient of regressions greater than 0.99. The matrix effects for all the analyzed samples were very weak and less effective (≤ -86%). The range (1–25%) for the estimated measurement uncertainties were certifiable and acceptable (≤ 50%). Therefore, the sample preparation method prove effective as validated and useful for the multiple determination of pesticides residues in the analyzed vegetable samples, which are presumably safe for consumption against health issues.

The selection of the best mobile phase setup is one of the most important factors to be considered prior to quantitative instrumentation of multiple pesticides. Usually, mobile phases comprises of water (A) and an organic solvent (B) are the setup used in liquid chromatography instruments for the analysis of pesticide residues in various samples. Unfortunately, most of the analyses are being carried out without optimization and selection of the best mobile phase setup to improve the sensitivity of the instrument. For that reason, the comparative analysis of the reportedly used mobile phases and some few suggested ones was carried out on the multi-pesticide mixture of 0.1 mg/kg (100 μg/kg) standard solutions and quantified with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) instrument. Consequently, the best mobile phases setup that resulted in the sum of average total chromatographic peak areas (ATCPAs) and average total chromatographic peak heights (ATCPH) for the total ion chromatography (TIC) scans as an index that correspond to the concentration levels was selected [0.1% formic acid in H2O (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (ACN) (B)]. And further optimization was successfully carried out on the selected mobile phase-A and the resulted setup [1% ACN and 0.1% formic acid in Milli-Q-water (mobile phase A) coupled with 0.1% formic acid in ACN (mobile phase-B)] improved the instrumental sensitivity on the targeted analytes. Thus, this justify the potential benefits of optimizing setup of the mobile phases prior to LC–MS/MS instrumentation of multi-pesticide analytes.

The objective of this work is to provide a critical review of the use of ionic liquids in the microextraction of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. It includes an assessment of the advantages and limitations of current applications of ionic liquids in microextraction techniques. The review also aims to illustrate the impact of ionic liquids on the development of novel sorbent materials for analytical applications. The unique physicochemical properties of ionic liquids make them ideal sorbents in separation techniques. Their number of applications in analytical separation has increased considerably over the past 5 years. Therefore, this review focuses on the synthesis, purification, functionalization, and application of ionic liquids for pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables with different sample preparation procedures, covering articles published in the literature since their first application in 2009.

The paper present review different types of Intrusion detection techniques, historical Foundation of snort intrusion detection System, snort IDs components, review on Snort performance bottleneck under higher Traffic networks, proposed solution, snort Packet inspection and snort pattern matching Algorithms.

The selection of the best mobile phase setup is one of the most important factors to be considered prior to quantitative instrumentation of multiple pesticides. Usually, mobile phases comprises of water (A) and an organic solvent (B) are the setup used in liquid chromatography instruments for the analysis of pesticide residues in various samples. Unfortunately, most of the analysis are being carried out without optimization and selection of the best mobile phase setup to improve the sensitivity of the instrument. For that reason, the comparative analysis of the reportedly used mobile phases and some few suggested ones was carried out on the multi-pesticide mixture of 0.1 mg/kg (100 µg/kg) standard solutions and quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) instrument. Consequently, the best mobile phases setup that resulted in the sum of average total chromatographic peak areas (ATCPAs) and average total chromatographic peak heights (ATCPH) for the total ion chromatography (TIC) scans as an index that correspond to the concentration levels was selected [0.1 % formic acid in H2O (A) and 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile (ACN) (B)]. And further optimization was successfully carried out on the selected mobile phase A and the resulted setup [1 % ACN and 0.1 % formic acid in Milli-Q-water (mobile phase A) coupled with 0.1 % formic acid in ACN (mobile phase B)] improved the instrumental sensitivity on the targeted analytes. Thus, this justify the potential benefits of optimizing setup of the mobile phases prior to LC-MS/MS instrumentation of multi-pesticide analytes.

This study evaluates the nutritional and anti-nutritional potentials of the aerial part of Lablab purpureus as it relates to its use in Animal nutrition. The preliminary phytochemical test of the plant revealed the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites; glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, coumarins, phenols, carbohydrates and terpenoids in the crude extract. Results from the study revealed significant mineral composition in Lablab purpureus. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) technique was employed in the elemental analysis. Substantial amounts of Ca, Na, K and Mg were found, while Cu, Fe, P, Mn and Zn were present in trace amounts. Proximate analysis revealed the ash and fat contents to be 5.6 % and 4.2 % respectively. The protein level, total Carbohydrate and Fibre contents were determined to be 25.4 %, 46.93 % and 7.5 % respectively. The presence of anti-nutritional secondary metabolites; tannins, saponins, oxalates, phytates, cyanogenic glycosides and free phenolics were quantitatively determined to be 0.50 %, 3.8 %, 0.70 %, 2.2 %, 1.2 % and 2.1 % respectively. The results of the phytochemical constituents, proximate composition, anti-nutritional factors and mineral composition of the aerial part of Lablab purpureus in this study demonstrates high nutrients content with potentials to meet the nutritional requirements in monogastric diets.Keywords: Anti-nutritional composition, Lablab Purpureus, Mineral composition, Proximate analysis

Multivariate response surface methodology optimization using Placket–Burman and Box–Behnken designs were respectively used for the screening and optimization of significant factors for liqu...

Pesticides play vital roles in agricultural practices, but the nature and mishandling of the chemicals have led to their accumulation in moist soil, vegetables and fruits. Thus, development of efficient methods for pesticides determination is one of the most important ways to address such challenges. Multivariate response surface methodology optimisation using Placket–Burman and Box–Behnken designs were respectively used for screening and optimisation of significant factors of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) with dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE). Consequently, the optimised QuEChERS-dSPE technique coupled with modified ionic liquid-based (IL-based) dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was used for sample preparation before LC–MS/MS. The developed method was validated (SANTE 11831-2017) for multi-pesticide residues determination in samples of bananas, cabbages, tomatoes, oranges and onions. The precision results were satisfactory in terms of relative standard deviation (≤ 20%) as recommended. The results of accuracy for relative recoveries (82–137%) were satisfactory because 92.5% of results were within the recommended range (70–120%). The matrix effects in all the samples were very weak (less effective) (≤ − 80%). The linearity of the evaluated results was 5–400 µg kg−1 and regression coefficients (R2) were > 0.99. The resulting limits of detection and quantitation were 0.02–0.32 and 0.07–1.06 µg kg−1, respectively, and therefore satisfactory. Certifiably, the estimated measurement uncertainties range (1–16%) was acceptable (≤ 50%). Thus, the developed method could be reliable and suitable for routine determination of multiple pesticide residues in various vegetable and fruit samples.

The rice husk was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis. The proximate analysis was determined by moisture, volatile and ash content as 15.48%, 57.28% and 15.35% respectively. Ultimate analysis was determined using the data obtained from proximate analysis to calculate carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen percentage as 43.67%, 4.64%, 0.956% and 35.78% respectively. The rice husk pyrolysis was studied by TGA/DTG analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere at flow rate of 60mL/minute, heating from 20.00 oC to 1000.00 oC at three different heating rates: 10, 15 and 20 oC/minute. The devolatilization and decomposition pattern portray by TGA curve for all the samples were almost the same, however, different peak temperatures were shown by DTG curve differently for all the samples at different heating rates. The sample RHC ran at three different heating rates: 10, 15 and 20 oC/minute with peak temperatures of 260.85 oC, 318.14 oC and 358.57 oC respectively. While the acid modified samples RHL and RAA at the same heating rates of 10, 15 and 20 oC/minute with peak temperatures of 402.05 oC, 343.91 oC and 280.76 oC respectively for sample RHL. And 399.34 oC, 325.59 oC and 282.61 oC respectively for sample RAA. Three kinetic models were used in this research, which are known as model fit methods for kinetics. The models are Flynn Wall Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS) and Coats Redfern methods. The KAS and FWO methods were used for the determination of activation energy and C-R method for the reaction mechanisms

This study utilizes factor and discriminant analysis to identify the parameter source and evaluate the quality of water from ex-mining ponds and lakes in Selangor. Factor analysis (FA) which explain 83.77% of the surface water quality variation shows that As and Cd that mostly originated from mining activity, and pH are the parameters responsible for the major variation in the surface water quality and were strongly associated with varimax factor 1 (VF1), while Pb, Mn and DO were associated with varimax factor 2 (VF2). The Discriminant analysis (DA) reveals that As, Cd, Mn, Fe and pH are the parameters that significantly differentiate ex-mining ponds from the lake (p < 0.05 and F - ratio >> 1), and supported by the correlation study. The elevated metal concentrations in ex-mining ponds compared to lakes were plausibly associated with the past mining operation, thereby indicating heavy metal dominance in ex-mining ponds. DO and BOD are associated with the anthropogenic input from residential sources. Findings of this study therefore show the need and usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis to get information on the quality status of surface water.Keywords: Discriminant analysis, Ex-mining pond, Factor analysis, Lake, Water quality.

Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) techniques coupled to chromatographic systems have been widely used for extraction and determination of diverse compounds. HF-LPME was able to provide better results in precision, accuracy, selectivity and enrichment factor, in addition to reduction of matrix effect and carry over. It is applicable within a wide pH range and compatible with most analytical instruments which enable the utilization of HF-LPME in a wide variety of applications. This review focused on the modified HF-LPME techniques, efficiency, comparison to other LPME methods and applications.

Food quality and food safety are major challenges affecting agricultural and industrial aspects of production. Many contaminants from different sources contaminate foods and drinks, leading to disastrous health problems like gene mutations and cancer. Previously, many different methods have been used for the analysis of these contaminants. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) has been the most well-known conventional technique used, but its limitations are its tediousness, time required, and the use of large quantities of toxic organic solvents. These limitations have led to the search for other, efficient techniques that are more environmentally friendly. Hence, this review highlights recent advances in liquid-phase (single-drop, hollow fiber, and dispersive liquid–liquid) microextraction procedures for food and drink analyses. Such modifications can be justified for solving limitations associated with the traditional LLE method. The objective of this review is to serve as a reference platform for providing effective management tools for solving problems of pollution, clean-up, and control of food quality and safety globally.

Fruits and vegetables constitute a major type of food consumed daily apart from whole grains. Unfortunately, the residual deposits of pesticides in these products are becoming a major health concern for human consumption. Consequently, the outcome of the long-term accumulation of pesticide residues has posed many health issues to both humans and animals in the environment. However, the residues have previously been determined using conventionally known techniques, which include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the recently used liquid-phase microextraction techniques. Despite the positive technological effects of these methods, their limitations include; time-consuming, operational difficulty, use of toxic organic solvents, low selective property and expensive extraction setups, with shorter lifespan of instrumental performances. Thus, the potential and maximum use of these methods for pesticides residue determination has resulted in the urgent need for better techniques that will overcome the highlighted drawbacks. Alternatively, attention has been drawn recently towards the use of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe technique (QuEChERS) coupled with dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) to overcome the setback challenges experienced by the previous technologies. Conclusively, the reviewed QuEChERS-dSPE techniques and the recent cleanup modifications justifiably prove to be reliable for routine determination and monitoring the concentration levels of pesticide residues using advanced instruments such as high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.