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Design and synthesis of N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituted pyrazole derivatives and their potency as antimicrobial agents are described. Several of these novel compounds are effective growth inhibitors of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria and prevent the development of biofilms by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis. These compounds eradicated the preformed biofilms effectively and were found to be more effective than the control antibiotic vancomycin. Potent compounds showed low toxicity to cultured human embryonic kidney cells with a selectivity factor of >20. The most promising compound is very potent against meropenem, oxacillin, and vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium. Investigations into the mode of action by performing macromolecular synthesis inhibition studies showed a broad range of inhibitory effects, suggesting targets that have a global effect on bacterial cell function.

This study presents an innovative approach for synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using an aqueous extract derived from Bougainvillealeaves as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized CuO-NPs underwent numerous characterization using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD analysis confirmed the well-crystalline and monoclinic structure of the CuO-NPs, with lattice constants a = 4.6667, b = 3.4070, and c = 5.1376. SEM and TEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical shapes of the CuO-NPs, with sizes ranging from 7 to 22 nm and an average size of 15 nm. Combining the results from FT-IR, XRD, and TEM, it was evident that the synthesized CuO-NPs were highly pure. UV-Vis analysis yielded valuable insights into the optical properties of the CuO-NPs. Notably, an absorbance peak at 318 nm was observed. Moreover, the energy bandgap of the CuO-NPs was determined to be 2.74 eV. Additionally, various optical properties were quantified and interpreted based on the UV-Vis analysis including the absorption coefficient (α), skin depth (penetration depth) (δ), optical density (Dopt), extinction (attenuation) coefficient (k), optical conductivity (σopt), and the optical dielectric constant (ε). The comprehensive investigation of the optical and structural properties of the prepared CuO-NPs enhances understanding of their behavior when interacting with light and paves the way for their utilization in a vast range of practical applications.