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Objective: To evaluate the ability of resveratrol to reduce dental caries in vitro and in vivo., Methods: In part 1, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. One hundred twenty-six bovine enamel specimens were treated with: Resveratrol (50, 100, 200, 400 µg/mL), Phosphate buffered saline (negative control), Dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) and 0.12% Chlorhexidine (positive control). The biofilm was produced from the saliva of 10 volunteers, under 0.2% sucrose exposure for 5 days, and daily treated with the solutions (1 min). At the end of the experimental period, resazurin and viable plate count assays were performed. Enamel demineralization was evaluated by transverse microrradiography (TMR). In part 2, 12 volunteers participated in a triple-blind crossover protocol for 7 weeks, according to the following treatments: 1) 100 mg/L resveratrol; 2) 0.05% NaF (226 mg/L F); 3) 100 mg/L resveratrol + 0.05% NaF; 4) Deionized water (negative control). Biofilm samples were collected from both sides of the mouth 12 h after the use of the solutions., Results: Resveratrol at 50 and 200 µg/mL significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity and mutans streptococci, respectively. Chlorhexidine was an effective treatment to significantly reduce all parameters, being an important antimicrobial and anticaries agent in vitro. Resveratrol alone or associated with NaF modulated several caries-associated bacteria in vivo., Conclusion: The present study represents the first step regarding the use of resveratrol within the concept of acquired enamel pellicle and biofilm engineering to prevent dental caries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This in vitro study aimed to verify the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) (gel and solution) in association with different activation protocols on disinfection of root canals contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. In total, 120 lower premolar roots were selected, contaminated and divided into 12 groups according to irrigation technique and substance. Samples were collected before and after each irrigation technique and analysed for colony-forming units (CFU). Three dentin discs were obtained for quantification of viable intratubular cells by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CFU results showed that sonic and ultrasonic were more effective than conventional irrigation. Ultrasonic activation was more effective than sonic for CHX gel (p < 0.05). CLSM showed that either activation was better than conventional in all groups and root canal thirds (p < 0.05). It was concluded that ultrasonic/sonic activation was more effective than conventional techniques and CHX enhanced intratubular dentin decontamination across all irrigation methods., (© 2024 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.)

B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a critical TNF-family cytokine that regulates homeostasis and peripheral tolerance of B2 cells. BAFF overproduction promotes autoantibody generation and autoimmune diseases. During obesity, BAFF is predominantly produced by white adipose tissue (WAT), and IgG autoantibodies against adipocytes are identified in the WAT of obese humans. However, it remains to be determined if the autoantibodies formed during obesity affect WAT remodeling and systemic insulin resistance. Here, we show that IgG autoantibodies are generated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice that bind to apoptotic adipocytes and promote their phagocytosis by macrophages. Next, using murine models of obesity in which the gonadal WAT undergoes remodeling, we found that BAFF neutralization depleted IgG autoantibodies, increased the number of dead adipocytes, and exacerbated WAT inflammation and insulin resistance. RNA sequencing of the stromal vascular fraction from the WAT revealed decreased expression of immunoglobulin light-chain and heavy-chain variable genes suggesting a decreased repertoire of B cells after BAFF neutralization. Further, the B cell activation and the phagocytosis pathways were impaired in the WAT of BAFF-neutralized mice. In vitro , plasma IgG fractions from BAFF-neutralized mice reduced the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic adipocytes. Altogether, our study suggests that IgG autoantibodies developed during obesity, at least in part, dampens exacerbated WAT inflammation and systemic insulin resistance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Lempicki, Gray, Abuna, Murata, Divanovic, McNamara and Meher.)

Objectives: The aim of this work is to test experimental cements, doped with a silicate based bioactive nanoparticle (NanoBiosilicate). Methods, we synthesized a glass nanoparticle by Sol-Gel Stöber method, used to be incorporated in a dental material for endodontic uses., Materials and Methods: We assess the mineralizing properties and biocompatibility. Besides the crystallography characterization of the resultant new crystals. Results, After analysis, and comparison with commercial materials, the material tested was similar in mechanical properties required by ISO, The ion release was effective after 2 hr. of setting and the novel material was cell compatible accepted by ISO., Results: We found new formed Calcium Phosphate peaks in the spectroscopic analysis (FTIR), remarkably the crystals formed were comparable to hydroxyapatite when analyzed with a Selected Area Electron Diffractometer, with rings of 2.84 Å for 002, and the 2.77 Å is also visible for 210. The 6.83 Å and 6.88 Å, for respective 222 and 004. The incorporation of Chlorhexidine was not detrimental for this property, Significance, the features mentioned represented a progress in biomineralization field that was associated to an improved mineral structure formation with increased crystallographic similarity to natural hydroxyapatite. When chlorhexidine was added a favorable biomodification of the remaining collagen in dentinal walls and antimicrobial activity potential were also observed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by the authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed.We further confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Bioglass presents a standard biomaterial for regeneration of hard tissues in orthopedics and dentistry. The notable osteo-inductive properties of bioglass are largely due to the release of calcium ions from it. However, this release is not easily controllable and can often be excessive, especially during the initial interaction of the biomaterial with the surrounding tissues. Consequently, this excessive release can deplete the calcium content of the bioglass, ultimately reducing its overall bioactivity. In this study, we have tested if applying biopolymer chitosan coatings of different thicknesses would be able to mitigate and regulate the calcium ion release from monodisperse bioglass nanoparticles. Calcium release was assessed for four different chitosan coating thicknesses at different time points over the period of 28 days using a fluorescence quencher. Expectedly, chitosan-coated particles released less calcium as the concentration of chitosan in the coating solution increased, presumably due to the increased thickness of the chitosan coating around the bioglass particles. The mechanism of release remained constant for each coating thickness, corresponding to anomalous, non-Fickian diffusion, but the degree of anomalousness increased with the deposition of chitosan. Zeta potential testing showed an expected increase in the positive double layer charge following the deposition of the chitosan coating due to the surface exposure of the amine groups of chitosan. Less intuitively, the zeta potential became less positive as thickness of the chitosan coating increased, attesting to the lower density of the surface charges within thicker coatings than within the thinner ones. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that chitosan coating efficiently prevents the early release of calcium from bioglass. This coating procedure also allows for the tuning of the calcium release kinetics by controlling the chitosan concentration in the parent solution.

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of finishing and polishing procedures and glaze application on biaxial strength and surface properties of milled feldspathic ceramic blocks. Forty disc-shaped samples (14 mm diameter, 1.2 mm thickness) were divided in four groups (n = 10): C (control): no finishing and polishing; FP: finishing and polishing; G: glaze; and GFP: finishing and polishing + glaze. The specimens were subject to surface gloss (glossmeter) and roughness (profilometer) tests followed by biaxial flexural strength (universal testing machine) and Vickers hardness (microhardness tester) tests. The surface morphological analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (n = 3). Data were submitted to normality tests with Shapiro-Wilk, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Group C showed the lowest gloss. For the hardness test, groups C, FP, and GFP obtained the highest values without significant differences between them. Regarding the biaxial strength test, group C showed the lowest mean value. Both finishing and polishing methods (FP and GFP) showed surface properties similar or better than the control, and with higher biaxial strength., (Copyright© 2023 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Objectives: To examine the micro tensile bond strength (μTBS) and the resin-dentin interface on a laser-irradiated dentin surface using two different irradiation methods, with or without additional low-energy irradiation., Methods: The flat bovine dentin surface was divided into three groups: i). control group (C group, no irradiation), ii) 80 mJ/pulse Er: YAG laser group (80 group), iii) 80 + 30 mJ/pulse Er: YAG laser group (80 + 30 group, with an additional 30 mJ/pulse). After the roughness of the dentin surface was recorded, Clearfil SE Bond 2 or Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) was applied. After the μTBS testing, the failure mode was observed. The bonded interface was assessed using Rhodamine-dye incorporated adhesives and observed by optical coherence tomography., Results: The dentin surface showed opened dentinal tubules without a smear layer after irradiation. For both adhesives, the μTBS was significantly higher in 80 + 30 group than in the 80 group (p < 0.05). In the 80 group, the thickness of the adhesive layer was not uniform, and the dentin surface was occasionally in direct contact with the composite resin. The failure mode images showed that most of the fractures in the 80 group were at the sub-surface of irradiated dentin. The adhesive layers of the 80 + 30 groups were homogeneous., Conclusions: The dentin surface was rough and irregular by 80 mJ irradiation, which might result in an inadequate resin-dentin interface and the weak μTBS. The bonded integrity was mitigated by additional irradiation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Adhesive strategies were evaluated on the bond strength of bi-functional monomers bonded to endodontically-treated-dentin (ETD). Superficial dentin was removed on human molars. Teeth were immersed in 5 mL 2.5% NaOCl, followed by immersion in 5 mL 17% EDTA. Dentin surface impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer was then divided four groups (n=10): Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP); Single Bond Universal (SBU); Optibond All-in-One (OPB); and Tetric-N-Bond Universal (TBU). After 24-h or 1-year-of-storage specimens were submitted to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and failure classification. A confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) evaluated the hybrid layer formation. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey-HSD test were performed (α=5%). The µTBS did not present statistical differences among adhesive strategies after 24-h. Significant differences were found after 1-year-of-storage. CLSM analysis showed water infiltration and consequently degradation of the hybrid layer after 1-year-of-storage. The use of SBU universal adhesive on the self-etching mode on ETD produced more stable bond over the 1-year-of-storage.

Aim: To evaluate the influence of different enamel etching times on the bond strength of two self-adhesive resin cements (RCs) with and without thermocycling (TMC)., Methods: One hundred twenty bovine teeth were used. Blocks of enamel (8×4×2mm) were obtained, polished, and randomly divided into two groups, according to the RC used: MaxCem Elite or RelyX U200. Groups were subdivided into four groups (n=16), according to the etching time: Control (0 seconds), 5 seconds, 10 seconds, and 20 seconds. Three RC cylinders (1-mm diameter) were built on each enamel block. The specimens were submitted to two storage conditions: 24 hours in distilled water or TMC (5000 cycles/5°C-55°C). Afterward, the specimens were submitted to the shear bond strength (SBS) test. The failure modes and adhesive interfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were analyzed with three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (α=0.05)., Results: Etching increased the SBS for both the RCs,especially forthe groups etched for 5 and 10 seconds. TMC affected negatively the SBS of the control groups (p<0.05). No resin tags were observed in control groups, and the formation of tags was time dependent., Conclusion: The 10 seconds etching time was more effective in increasing the enamel-resin bond strength. TMC negatively affected bond strength in specimens without acid etching., (©Operative Dentistry, 2021.)

Aim: This study evaluated the effect of four intracanal medications commonly used in regenerative endodontic procedures on the bond strength of four calcium silicate-based materials, in which two are powder-to-liquid products (MTA and MTA-HP) and the other are ready-to-use materials (EndoSequence Root Repair Material Fast Set Putty [ERRM] and Bioceramic Repair [BIO-C Repair])., Methods: Ten bovine central incisors were selected and 4 slices (1.0 ± 0.1 mm) were prepared from each root. Next, four 0.8-mm wide holes were drilled in each slice and specimens were filled with one of the following intracanal medications: triple antibiotic paste, double antibiotic paste, calcium hydroxide with distilled water, and calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine gel. After 21 days, holes were filled with one of the materials: MTA, MTA-HP, ERRM, or BIO-C Repair. After storage, push-out test and failure analysis were performed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme. Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons., Results: The use of different interappointment dressings did not influence the results ( P > 0.05). ERRM and BIO-C Repair presented significantly higher values than MTA and MTA-HP ( P < 0.0001). Specimens showed a 100% occurrence of adhesive failures., Conclusion: The use of different intracanal medications presented similar impact on bond strength of calcium silicate-based materials. Ready-to-use ERRM and BIO-C Repair materials presented the best push-out values to dentine, whereas powder-to-liquid MTA and MTA-HP cements showed the lowest results., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)

Objectives: This study investigated the ability of modified phosphoric acids containing chlorhexidine (CHX) or grape seed extract (GSE) for promoting simultaneous biomodification during acid etching on bonding properties in caries-affected dentin (CAD)., Materials and Methods: Thirty-two human molars (8 with sound dentin [SD] and 24 naturally CAD) were selected for the study. The SD and CAD were initially exposed, then randomized and etched according to the following groups: (1) SD (SD-CT) and CAD (CAD-CT) both with 37% phosphoric acid, (2) CAD with 2% CHX containing 37% phosphoric acid (CAD-CHX), and (3) CAD with 2% GSE containing 10% phosphoric acid (CAD-GSE). The bonding procedure and composite build-ups were performed after acid etching. Subsequently, they were sectioned in resin-dentin specimens. The specimens were submitted for chemical profiling by micro-Raman, microtensile bond strength (μTBS), failure mode with chemical characterization by FEG/SEM-EDX, and in situ zymography by CLSM. The data from μTBS and CLSM were statistically analyzed (1-way ANOVA and Tukey's test; α = 0.05)., Results: The highest μTBS results were shown for SD-CT in comparison with all CAD groups (p < 0.001), and the lowest for CAD-CT and CAD-CHX (p < 0.001). The etching with CHX did not increase the μTBS for CAD when compared with CT (p = 0.52). However, the etching with GSE improved significantly the μTBS for CAD when compared with CT and CHX (p < 0.001). The chemical profile detected chemical and structural changes in collagen peaks for CAD-CT, which were not detected when the CAD was etched by modified acids. Also, the poorest hybridization ability was detected in CAD for CT, which was significantly improved with modified acids, especially the GSE, as evaluated by chemical profile and failure mode. A significant reduction of MMP activity on CAD was promoted by modified acids in comparison with CT (both p < 0.001)., Conclusions: The GSE-containing acid was able to promote biomodification during the acid etching, increasing the bonding properties and reducing the activity of the MMPs within the hybrid layer., Clinical Relevance: The use of GSE-containing phosphoric acid can be a promising alternative to improve the bonding performance on caries-affected dentin, since it is capable of biomodifying the dentin during the acid etching, without adding any extra step in bonding procedures.

Objective: To a self-etch adhesive doped with nano-bioglass and evaluate its ability to bond and re-mineralize artificially demineralized dentin., Methods: Experimental Si, Ca, Na and PO 4 based nanobioglass particles were synthesized, doped into experimental self-etch adhesives, and divided into 3 groups: Clearfi SE2 (CSE2), experimental (EXC), and experimental doped with 10% of nanobioglass (ExNB). The adhesives were applied onto the caries-affected dentin (chemically simulated), and evaluated after 24 h and 28 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. The remineralization process was assessed using optical coherence tomography, nanoindentation, in situ zymography, transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, μ-tensile bond strength, and pH buffer., Results: The addition of nanobioglass particles into the experimental self-etch adhesives altered the μTBS in the short-term jeopardizing dentin bonding properties, when compared to the non-doped self-etch adhesive. The remineralization recovered the nanohardness, and volume lost by caries lesion (p = 0.02). Moreover, reduced the enzymatic activity (p = 1.24 E-4 ) and formed new crystals within of the hybrid layer., Conclusion: The use of nanobioglass was efficient to recover the properties of a caries affected dentin. Furthermore, the adhesive properties were not hampered and the probabilistic reliability increased., (Copyright © 2020 The Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simplified ethanol wet-bonding technique on luting of posts to intraradicular dentin. The effect was assessed by push-out bond strength testing and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis. Thirty endodontically treated roots were distributed into 3 groups (n = 10): water wet-bonding; stepwise ethanol wet-bonding; and simplified ethanol wet-bonding. After cementation of the posts, the roots were sectioned. Specimens were stored for 24 hours or 1 year before they were stressed to failure. Specimens from each group were processed for microscopic analysis. Data were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). Statistically significant differences in push-out bond strength values were observed between the technique groups (P < 0.001) and between the storage periods (P = 0.009). The bond strength results in the group bonded using the simplified ethanol wet-dehydration approach did not differ from those in the group bonded using the stepwise ethanol technique at either storage time interval (P > 0.05). From 24 hours to 1 year, there was a similar decrease in bond strength for specimens prepared with the simplified and stepwise techniques. The microscopic results confirmed that ethanol wet-bonding technique improved the quality of the interface. The simplified ethanol wet-dehydration protocol achieved bond strengths and stability over time that were similar to those obtained with the stepwise ethanol technique and may be considered an alternative strategy to accomplish resin cement-root dentin bonding., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest pertaining to any of the products or companies discussed in this article. This work was not supported by any funding agency.

Purpose: To compare after five-year simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) the degradation of adhesive-dentin interfaces created using two simplified adhesives applied with different bonding strategies., Materials and Methods: A two-step self-etch (CSE: Clearfil SE Bond) adhesive was used as a control multistep adhesive. The tested experimental materials were two simplified adhesives, a one-step self-etch (CS3: Clearfil S3 Bond) and a self-priming etch-and-rinse adhesive (SB2: Adper Single-Bond 2). Half of the bonded specimens were submitted to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) testing after 24 h. The other half submitted to SPP for five years before µTBS testing. Nonfractured sticks were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate silver-nitrate nanoleakage within the interface. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05)., Results: Prolonged SPP induced bond-strength reduction for both SB2 and CS3. All bonding approaches showed increased nanoleakage after aging. The two simplified adhesives showed severe degradation at the resin-dentin interface. TEM revealed that the main degradation patterns for the etch-and-rinse adhesive SB2 was collagen breakdown, while polymer hydrolysis along with filler debonding was mainly observed in CS3., Conclusions: Simplified adhesives applied in etch-and-rinse mode are mainly characterized by hydrolysis and collagen degradation. In self-etch mode, simplified adhesives may principally show hydrolysis of the polymeric matrix and/or at the interface of fillers and coupling agent. The use of multistep self-etching adhesives may guarantee greater dentin bond durability compared to simplified adhesives.

Objective: To determine whether bonding effectiveness and hybrid layer integrity on acid-etched dehydrated dentin would be comparable to the conventional wet-bonding technique through new dentin biomodification approaches using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)., Methods: Etched dentin surfaces from extracted sound molars were randomly bonded in wet or dry conditions (30s air drying) with DMSO/ethanol or DMSO/H 2 O as pretreatments using a simplified (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M ESPE: SU) and a multi-step (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, 3M ESPE: SBMP) etch-and-rinse adhesives. Untreated dentin surfaces served as control. Bonded teeth (n=8) were stored in distilled water for 24h and sectioned into resin-dentin beams (0.8mm 2 ) for microtensile bond strength test and quantitative interfacial nanoleakage analysis (n=8) under SEM. Additional teeth (n=2) were prepared for micropermeability assessment by CFLSM under simulated pulpar pressure (20cm H 2 O) using 5mM fluorescein as a tracer. Microtensile data was analyzed by 3-way ANOVA followed by Tukey Test and nanoleakage by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni multiple comparison test (α=0.05)., Results: While dry-bonding of SBMP produced significantly lower bond strengths than wet-bonding (p<0.05), DMSO/H 2 O and DMSO/ethanol produced significantly higher bond strengths for SBMP irrespective of dentin condition (p<0.05). SU presented significantly higher nanoleakage levels (p<0.05) and micropermeability than SBMP. Improvement in hybrid layer integrity occurred for SBMP and SU for both pretreatments, albeit most pronouncedly for DMSO/ethanol regardless of dentin moisture., Conclusion: DMSO pretreatments may be used as a new suitable strategy to improve bonding of water-based adhesives to demineralized air-dried dentin beyond conventional wet-bonding. Less porous resin-dentin interfaces with higher bond strengths on air-dried etched dentin were achieved; nonetheless, overall efficiency varied according to DMSO's co-solvent and adhesive type., Clinical Significance: DMSO pretreatments permit etched dentin to be air-dried before hybridization facilitating residual water removal and thus improving bonding effectiveness. This challenges the current paradigm of wet-bonding requirement for the etch-and-rinse approach creating new possibilities to enhance the clinical longevity of resin-dentin interfaces., (Copyright © 2018 The Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of three adhesives to dentin after 1 week and 6 months in an oral environment., Materials and Methods: Class I cavities were prepared in the third molars of 30 patients and randomized into 3 groups according to the following adhesives: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SM), Clearfil Protect Bond (CF), and Scotchbond Universal (UN). These molars were then subdivided into two groups according to the exposure time in the oral environment: one week (1W) and 6 months (6M). After the exposure time, the teeth were extracted, cut into beams, and submitted to the μTBS test. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test with a significance level of 5%, and fracture modes were analyzed., Results: The bond strengths in MPa (mean ± SD) were SM-1W: 39.5 ± 7.9; SM-6M: 29.7 ± 1.8; CF-1W: 30.5 ± 1.4; CF-6M: 28.6 ± 4.1; UN-1W: 30.6 ± 3.2; and UN-6M: 26.7 ± 2.0. The SM-1W group exhibited significantly increased μTBS compared with the other groups. After 6 months in the oral environment, a significant reduction of μTBS was only observed for the SM group, whereas similar bond strengths were observed for the other groups. SM-1W exhibited a predominance of mixed fractures, whereas the other groups showed a predominance of adhesive fractures., Conclusions: The adhesives which were applied in the self-etching mode maintained bond strength after six months in the oral environment. A reduction of μTBS was only observed for the three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive.

Purpose: To compare the enamel bonding performace of two commercial and three experimental two-step self-etch adhesives containing acidic functional monomers with different carbon-spacer length and hydrophilicity. The contact angle was also assessed to evaluate the wettability of each tested material., Materials and Methods: Forty extracted human molars were sectioned into four parts (buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal) and divided into 5 groups, according to the adhesives used: Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), AdheSE (ADSE), 10-MDP (15 mol% 10-methacryloyldecylphosphate), CAP-P (15 mol% caprolactone phosphate), and MTEP (15 mol% methacryloyltetraethylene phosphate). Enamel specimens were bonded with each adhesive and submitted to microshear bond strength (μSBS) testing after 24 h. The adhesives were applied onto additional enamel specimens without light curing to assess contact angle. Then the etching pattern was analyzed using SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The μSBS and contact angle data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05)., Results: 10-MDP showed the highest μSBS of the tested groups (p < 0.05), followed by CAP-P and CSE (p < 0.05). MTEP and ADSE exhibited the lowest μSBS (p < 0.05), but the difference between them was not significant. 10-MDP, CSE, and CAP-P exhibited lower contact angles (p < 0.05) than did ADSE and MTEP. The SEM and CLSM analyses showed that 10-MDP and CSE had the most pronounced etching patterns and deepest adhesive penetration. ADSE and MTEP exhibited weak etching ability and adhesive penetration, while CAP-P produced moderate etching and intermediate penetration., Conclusions: The length and hydrophilicity of the functional monomer spacer chain tested in this study influenced the enamel bonding performance. Functional monomers with longer chains and more hydrophobic properties, such as 10-MDP and CAP-P, may interact better with enamel and achieve higher enamel bond strength.

Purpose: To evaluate dentin sealing (DS), micropermeability (MP), and dentin bond strength (BS) of HEMA-free adhesives after 24 h and one year of artificial saliva storage., Materials and Methods: Two HEMA-free (G-ænial Bond and BeautiBond) and All-Bond 3 (the bottle of resin is HEMA-free) adhesives were tested. Adper Single Bond 2, a HEMA-containing adhesive, served as the control. All adhesives were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions and teeth were prepared for DS (n = 5), MP (n = 5), and BS testing (n = 10). DS under a pulpal pressure of 10 psi was performed at 4 time points (when smear layer was present, after EDTA treatment, after adhesive application, and after 1 year). MP was assessed using pulpal pressure of a 20-cm aqueous dye-solution column and confocal laser scanning microscopy. DS, MP, and BS were performed after 24 h or one-year storage. BS and DS data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, the Tukey-Kramer test (for BS) and Tukey's post-hoc test (for DS) (a = 0.05). A qualitative MP assessment was performed by comparing the accumulation of yellow dye within the resin-dentin interface., Results: Adper Single Bond 2 and All-Bond 3 completely sealed the dentin at 24 h and one year. G-ænial Bond showed statistically significant DS reduction of approximately 15% after one year. BeautiBond showed no DS reduction after one year. The resin-dentin interface created using Adper Single Bond 2 and GA showed dye accumulation primarily after one year. The mean BS of All-Bond 3 was statistically significantly higher than that of other adhesives, while G-ænial Bond and BeautiBond showed statistically significantly lower mean bond strengths than did Adper Single Bond 2 and All-Bond 3. After one-year storage, the mean BS was statistically significantly lower only for G-ænial Bond., Conclusion: DS, MP, and BS were not influenced by the absence of HEMA in the tested adhesives.

Objectives: This study examined the bonding performance and dentin remineralization potential of an experimental adhesive containing calcium-phosphate (Ca/P) micro-fillers, and self-etching primers doped with phosphoprotein biomimetic analogs (polyacrylic acid-(PAA) and/or sodium trimetaphosphate-(TMP))., Methods: Experimental self-etching primers doped with biomimetic analogs (PAA and/or TMP), and an adhesive containing Ca(2+), PO4(-3)-releasing micro-fillers (Ca/P) were formulated. Sound human dentin specimens were bonded and cut into sticks after aging (24h or 6 months) under simulated pulpal pressure (20cm H2O), and tested for microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Interfacial silver nanoleakage was assessed using SEM. Remineralization of EDTA-demineralized dentin was assessed through FTIR and TEM ultrastructural analysis., Results: Application of the Ca/P-doped adhesive with or without dentin pre-treatments with the primer containing both biomimetic analogs (PAA and TMP) promoted stable μTBS over 6 months. Conversely, μTBS of the control primer and filler-free adhesive significantly decreased after 6 months. Nanoleakage decreased within the resin-dentin interfaces created using the Ca/P-doped adhesives. EDTA-demineralized dentin specimens treated the Ca/P-doped adhesive and the primer containing PAA and TMP showed phosphate uptake (FTIR analysis), as well as deposition of needle-like crystallites at intrafibrillar level (TEM analysis)., Significance: The use of Ca/P-doped self-etching adhesives applied in combination with analogs of phosphoproteins provides durable resin-dentin bonds. This approach may represent a suitable bonding strategy for remineralization of intrafibrillar dentin collagen within the resin-dentin interface., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of etching using 2% proanthocynidin-containing 10% phosphoric acid 2% PA/10% PhA vs. 35% phosphoric acid 35% PhA on immediate (IM) and 6-months (6M) resin-enamel microshear bond strength (μSBS), resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS), nanoleakage (NL) and as well as in situ MMP inhibition potential., Methods: The dentin surface of human were exposed and then etched using 35% phosphoric acid for 15s or 2% PA/10% phosphoric acid for 30s. After rinsing with water, the dentin was bonded with Single Bond Plus (3M ESPE) and composite build-ups were constructed, followed by polymerization. The teeth were sectioned and the bonds were testing for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and by SEM for NL analysis at IM and 6M. For MMP activity, resin-dentin slices were prepared for in situ zymography, and analyzed under confocal microscopy. For μSBS, others teeth had flattened enamel surfaces etched according the experimental groups and prepared to microshear procedure. The specimens were tested IM and after 6M by microshear bond strength. The data were submitted to two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05)., Results: Acid-etching using the 2% PA/10% phosphoric acid did not lower the μTBS in IM (p>0.05) compared to the control 35% phosphoric acid group. However, after 6M, only the 2% PA/10% PhA etched dentin had remained stable the resin-dentin bond strength (p<0.05). Bonds made with 35% PhA showed significant increase in NL% after 6M (p<0.05). Dentin bonds made with 2% PA/10% phosphoric acid showed no increase in NL% after 6 months. The MMP activity within the resin-dentin interface was almost completely reduced after 2% PA/10% PhA etching, while the 35% PhA exhibited intense MMP activity. For μSBS, the type of etchant and the storage period did not affect the resin-enamel bond strengths (p>0.05)., Significance: Ten percent phosphoric acid containing 2% PA can produce stable resin-dentin and enamel-resin interfaces, without requiring additional steps in the bonding procedure. Future studies for longer evaluation time are required., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The purpose of this study was to analyze, by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the morphology of sealant/enamel interface after surface treatment with Biosilicate. Before pits and fissures sealing, the occlusal surfaces of 10 sound human molars were sectioned perpendicularly at the fissures in order to obtain three slices for each tooth. Slices were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 10) according to sealing protocol: Group 1- Acid etching + Biosilicate + glass ionomer-based sealant (Clinpro XT Varnish, 3M ESPE); Group 2- Acid etching + glass ionomer-based sealant (Clinpro XT Varnish, 3M ESPE); Group 3- No sealing. All slices were subjected to thermal cycling (5,000 cycles; 5-55°C; dwell time: 30s). Half of the slices from each group (n = 5) were analyzed by CLSM and the other half by SEM. Groups 1 and 2 were also submitted to EDS analysis and their data were evaluated by Two-Way ANOVA e Tukey's test (α=5%). EDS data analysis showed higher amounts of silicon (Si) ions than calcium (Ca) ions in Group 1 (P < 0.05); Group 2 presented higher amounts (P < 0.05) of Ca ions than Si ions. It may be concluded that the use of Biosilicate for surface treatment did not affect the morphology of glass ionomer-based sealant/enamel interfaces., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Purpose: To assess the influence of simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of four simplified luting strategies to indirect composite restorations., Materials and Methods: Dentin disks from 40 human molars were prepared and treated with 4 different techniques: (1) SB+ARC: two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive + conventional dual-curing resin cement (Adper Single Bond 2 + RelyX ARC, 3M ESPE); (2) ED+PAN: self-etching primer + conventional dual-curing resin cement (ED Primer + Panavia F2.0, Kuraray Medical); (3) S3+PAN: one-step self-etching adhesive (Clearfil S3, Kuraray) + Panavia F2.0; (4) U200: self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE). Pre-made indirect composite restorations (Filtek Z100, 3M ESPE) were luted onto the specimens. The luted specimens were cut into resin-dentin beams and the μTBS was tested after two different aging regimes: water storage at 37°C for one week (control) or three months under 20 cm H2O simulated pulpal pressure (SPP). The μTBS data was analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05)., Results: SB+ARC showed significantly higher μTBS after both aging regimes (p < 0.001). The statistically significantly lowest μTBS was measured for control S3+PAN and U200 after 3 months SPP (p < 0.001). S3+PAN was the only group not negatively affected by SPP (p = 0.699)., Conclusions: Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives associated with dual-curing conventional resin cements may achieve the highest μTBS, even after 3 months of SPP. The one-step self-etching adhesive along with the dualcuring conventional resin cement was able to maintain bond stability.