Search

In Kenya, only half of children with a parent living with HIV have been tested for HIV. The effectiveness of family-centered index testing to identify children (0-14 years) living with HIV was examined. A retrospective record review was conducted among adult index patients newly enrolled in HIV care between May and July 2015; family testing, results, and linkage to treatment outcomes were followed through May 2016 at 60 high-volume clinics in Kenya. Chi square test compared yield (percentage of HIV tests positive) among children tested through family-centered index testing, outpatient and inpatient testing. Review of 1937 index client charts led to 3005 eligible children identified for testing. Of 2848 (94.8%) children tested through family-centered index testing, 127 (4.5%) had HIV diagnosed, 100 (78.7%) were linked to care, and 85 of those eligible (91.4%) initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART).Family testing resulted in higher yield compared to inpatient (1.8%, p

INTRODUCTION Globally, an estimated 1.3 million pregnant women were living with HIV in 2021 [1]. Given the widespread scale‐up of universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for all individuals, an estimated [...], : Introduction: Lack of viral suppression (VS) among pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV poses challenges for maternal and infant health, and viral load (VL) monitoring via centralized laboratory systems faces many barriers. We aimed to determine the impact of point‐of‐care (POC) VL and targeted drug resistance mutation (DRM) testing in improving VS among pregnant and postpartum women on antiretroviral therapy. Methods: We conducted a pre/post‐intervention prospective cohort study among 820 pregnant women accessing HIV care at five public‐sector facilities in western Kenya from 2019 to 2022. The pre‐intervention or “control” group consisted of standard‐of‐care (SOC) centralized VL testing every 6 months and the post‐intervention or “intervention” group consisted of a combined strategy of POC VL every 3 months, targeted DRM testing, and clinical management support. The primary outcome was VS (VL ≤1000 copies/ml) at 6 months postpartum; secondary outcomes included uptake and turnaround times for VL testing and sustained VS. Results: At 6 months postpartum, 321/328 (98%) of participants in the intervention group and 339/347 (98%) in the control group achieved VS (aRR 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98, 1.02). When assessing VS using a threshold of 1000 copies/ml) who underwent successful DRM testing in the intervention group, all (46/46, 100%) had some DRMs and 20 (43%) had major DRMs (of which 80% were nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations). POC VL testing uptake was high (>89%) throughout pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum periods, with a median turnaround time of 1 day (IQR 1, 4) for POC VL in the intervention group and 7 days (IQR 5, 9) for SOC VL in the control group. Sustained VS throughout follow‐up was similar between groups with either POC or SOC VL testing (90−91% for Conclusions: Our combined strategy markedly decreased turnaround time but did not increase VS rates, which were already very high, or sustained VS among pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV. Further research on how best to utilize POC VL and DRM testing is needed to optimize sustained VS among this population.

The implementation of the 2013 World Health Organization Option B+ recommendations for HIV treatment during pregnancy has helped drive significant progress in achieving universal treatment for pregnant and postpartum women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, critical research and implementation gaps exist in achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. To help guide researchers, programmers and policymakers in prioritising these areas, we undertook a comprehensive review of the progress, gaps and research needs to achieve the 90-90-90 targets for this population in the Option B+ era, including early infant HIV diagnosis (EID) for HIV-exposed infants. Salient areas where progress has been achieved or where gaps remain include: (1) knowledge of HIV status is higher among people with HIV in southern and eastern Africa compared to western and central Africa (81% versus 48%, UNAIDS); (2) access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant women has doubled in 22 of 42 SSA countries, but only six have achieved the second 90, and nearly a quarter of pregnant women initiating ART become lost to follow-up; (3) viral suppression data for this population are sparse (estimates range from 30% to 98% peripartum), with only half of women maintaining suppression through 12 months postpartum; and (4) EID rates range from 15% to 62%, with only three of 21 high-burden SSA countries testing >50% HIV-exposed infants within the first 2 months of life. We have identified and outlined promising innovations and research designed to address these gaps and improve the health of pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV and their infants.

Author(s): Andrew Edmonds 1,*, Ellen Brazier 2, Beverly S. Musick 3, Marcel Yotebieng 4, John Humphrey 5, Lisa L. Abuogi 6, Adebola Adedimeji 7, Olivia Keiser 8, Malango Msukwa 9, [...], Background Although 1·3 million women with HIV give birth annually, care and outcomes for HIV-exposed infants remain incompletely understood. We analyzed programmatic and health indicators in a large, multidecade global dataset of linked mother-infant records from clinics and programs associated with the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium. Methods and findings HIV-exposed infants were eligible for this retrospective cohort analysis if enrolled at Conclusions While there was marked regional and temporal heterogeneity in clinical and programmatic outcomes, infant LTFU was high across all regions and time periods. Further efforts are needed to keep HIV-exposed infants in care to receive essential services to reduce HIV infection and mortality.

In sub-Saharan Africa, involving male partners in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV improves maternal and infant outcomes. Male involvement is typically conceptualised as male partners attending antenatal care, which is difficult for many men. Little is known about how men view their involvement in family health within the context of HIV, particularly outside of clinic attendance. Through interviews with 35 male partners of pregnant or postpartum women living with HIV in Kenya and Zambia, this study elicited perceptions of male involvement in maternal and infant health in families affected by HIV. Men supported the importance of clinic attendance but reported conflicts with the need to work and fulfil their role as the family's financial provider. Providing money for necessities was deemed more critical for their family's health than clinic attendance. Men's involvement was conveyed through various other supportive actions, including helping with household chores and providing emotional support (showing love and reducing women's stress). Future strategies to promote male partner involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and maternal and child health should build upon the actions men view as most meaningful to promote their family's health within their real-world life circumstances and cultural context, particularly their role as financial providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenya introduced universal antiretroviral treatment (ART) for pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV (Option B+) in 2014. A retrospective study was conducted to review consecutive records for HIV positive pregnant women presenting for antenatal care (ANC) at five clinics in western Kenya. Known positive women (KP :HIV diagnosis prior to current pregnancy) were compared to newly positive (NP) women regarding virologic suppression and retention in care. Among 165 women included, 71 (43%) NP and 94 (57%) KP, NP were younger (24.5 years (SD 4.6) vs. 28.1 years (SD 5.6) compared to KP (p < .001). Almost all NP (97%) were initiated on Option B+ while over half of KP (59%) started ART for clinical/immunological criteria (p < .0001). KPs were more likely than NPs to have a VL performed following Kenyan guidelines (64% vs. 31%; p < .001). Among those tested, virologic suppression was high in both groups (92% KP vs. 100% NP; p = .31). More KPs (82%) vs. NPs (66%) remained active in care at 15-18 months of follow-up (p = .02). Women newly diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy show poorer uptake of VL testing and worse retention in care than those diagnosed prior to pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Routine HIV viral load testing is important for evaluating HIV treatment outcomes, but conventional viral load testing has many barriers including expensive laboratory equipment and lengthy results return times to patients. A point-of-care viral load testing technology, such as GeneXpert HIV-1 quantification assay, could reduce these barriers by decreasing cost and turnaround time, however real-world performance is limited. We conducted a secondary analysis using 900 samples collected from participants in two studies to examine the performance of GeneXpert as point-of-care viral load compared to standard-of-care testing (which was conducted with two centralized laboratories using traditional HIV-1 RNA PCR quantification assays). The two studies, Opt4Kids (n = 704 participants) and Opt4Mamas (n = 820 participants), were conducted in western Kenya from 2019-2021 to evaluate the effectiveness of a combined intervention strategy, which included point-of-care viral load testing. Paired viral load results were compared using four different thresholds for virological non-suppression, namely ≥50, ≥200, ≥400, ≥1000 copies/ml. At a threshold of ≥1000 copies/mL, paired samples collected on the same day: demonstrated sensitivities of 90.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 68.3, 98.8) and 66.7% (9.4, 99.2), specificities of 98.4% (95.5, 99.7) and 100% (96.5, 100), and percent agreements of 97.7% (94.6, 99.2) and 99.1% (95.0, 100) in Opt4Kids and Opt4Mamas studies, respectively. When lower viral load thresholds were used and the paired samples were collected an increasing number of days apart, sensitivity, specificity, and percent agreement generally decreased. While specificity and percent agreement were uniformly high, sensitivity was lower than expected. Non-specificity of the standard of care testing may have been responsible for the sensitivity values. Nonetheless, our results demonstrate that GeneXpert may be used reliably to monitor HIV treatment in low- and middle- income countries to attain UNAID's 95-95-95 HIV goals., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Giang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among pregnant and postpartum women with HIV (PWLWH) is critical to promote maternal health and prevent HIV transmission. Tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS) is an objective assessment of cumulative ART adherence that has not been fully assessed in PWLWH., Setting: Southwestern Kenya., Methods: PWLWH receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based ART from 24 health facilities provided DBS samples at 3 time points [pregnancy/early postpartum (PP), 6 months PP, and 9-12 months PP]. Thresholds for daily adherence were defined as TFV-DP in DBS ≥650 fmol/punch in pregnancy and ≥950 PP. Descriptive analysis is presented. Cluster adjusted χ2 and t-tests were used to test for association with clinical and demographic factors., Results: A total of 419 DBS samples were collected from 150 PWLWH. Median TFV-DP in DBS was lowest, 552 fmol/punch [interquartile range (IQR), 395-759] in pregnancy and declined over time [914 (IQR, 644-1176) fmol/punch; early PP; 838 (IQR, 613-1063) fmol/punch 6 months PP; and 785 (IQR, 510-1009) fmol/punch 9-12 months; P < 0.001]. Only 42% of samples in pregnancy and 38.5% of samples in PP met thresholds for daily adherence. Clinical or demographic factors were not associated with suboptimal adherence levels., Conclusion: Cumulative ART exposure in PWLWH, quantified by TFV-DP in DBS, demonstrated a stepwise decrease (ie, adherence) PP. Most women demonstrated less than daily adherence throughout the peripartum period. Use of TFV-DP in DBS as a measure of cumulative ART adherence could help optimize health outcomes in PWLWH and their infants., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: HIV-positive women's adherence to antiretrovirals is critical for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. We aimed to establish if mothers taking triple lifelong antiretroviral therapy report higher adherence compared to mothers taking short-course prophylaxis under Option A in Lusaka, Zambia., Methods: In this clinic-based cross-sectional study, we interviewed 320 HIV-positive mothers at a large public health facility in Lusaka in 2014. Participants reported adherence using a visual analog scale. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the adjusted odds of adherence by mother's prescribed regimen., Results: Women taking lifelong triple antiretroviral therapy report higher adjusted odds of adherence during pregnancy, postpartum, and to giving the infant prophylaxis compared to women to women taking short-course prophylaxis., Discussion: Women on lifelong therapy may have better adherence compared to women on short course prophylaxis because they knew their positive status for longer or were symptomatic with HIV-related disease. The lifelong therapy regimen may be easier for women to follow, particularly because they are required to give the infant prophylaxis for a shorter duration of time., Conclusions and Global Health Implications: Our results indicate that lifelong triple antiretroviral therapy has the potential to promote better drug adherence during and after pregnancy among women living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, compared to short-course antiretroviral regimens., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.