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1. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016

Author: Feigin V, Nguyen G, Cercy K, Johnson C, Alam T, Parmar P, Abajobir A, Abate K, Abd-Allah F, Abejie A, Abyu G, Ademi Z, Agarwal G, Ahmed M, Akinyemi R, Al-Raddadi R, Aminde L, Amlie-Lefond C, Ansari H, Asayesh H, Asgedom S, Atey T, Ayele H, Banach M, Banerjee A, Barac A, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Barregard L, Basu S, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bejot Y, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhe D, Boneya D, Brainin M, Campos-Nonato I, Caso V, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Rivas J, Catala-Lopez F, Christensen H, Criqui M, Damasceno A, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davletov K, de Courten B, deVeber G, Dokova K, Edessa D, Endres M, Faraon E, Farvid M, Fischer F, Foreman K, Forouzanfar M, Gall S, Gebrehiwot T, Geleijnse J, Gillum R, Giroud M, Goulart A, Gupta R, Hachinski V, Hamadeh R, Hankey G, Hareri H, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hegazy M, Hibstu D, James S, Jeemon P, John D, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Kalani R, Kandel A, Kasaeian A, Kengne A, Khader Y, Khan A, Khang Y, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kim Y, Kivimaki M, Kokubo Y, Kolte D, Kopec J, Kosen S, Kravchenko M, Krishnamurthi R, Kumar G, Lafranconi A, Lavados P, Legesse Y, Li Y, Liang X, Lo W, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Loy C, Mackay M, Abd El Razek H, Mahdavi M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Mamun A, Mantovani L, Martins S, Mate K, Mazidi M, Mehata S, Meier T, Melaku Y, Mendoza W, Mensah G, Meretoja A, Mezgebe H, Miazgowski T, Miller T, Ibrahim N, Mohammed S, Mokdad A, Moosazadeh M, Moran A, Musa K, Negoi R, Nguyen M, Nguyen Q, Nguyen T, Tran T, Ningrum D, Norrving B, Noubiap J, O'Donnell M, Olagunju A, Onuma O, Owolabi M, Parsaeian M, Patton G, Piradov M, Pletcher M, Pourmalek F, Prakash V, Qorbani M, Rahman M, Rai R, Ranta A, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Renzaho A, Robinson S, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Salomon J, Santalucia P, Santos I, Sartorius B, Schutte A, Sepanlou S, Shafieesabet A, Shaikh M, Shamsizadeh M, Sheth K, Sisay M, Shin M, Shiue I, Silva D, Sobngwi E, Soljak M, Sorensen R, Sposato L, Stranges S, Suliankatchi R, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tanne D, Nguyen C, Thakur J, Thrift A, Tirschwell D, Topor-Madry R, Tran B, Nguyen L, Truelsen T, Tsilimparis N, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja K, Uthman O, Varakin Y, Vasankari T, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov V, Wang W, Werdecker A, Wolfe C, Xu G, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki M, Zhou M, Ziaeian B, Zipkin B, Vos T, Naghavi M, Murray C, Roth G, GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk Stroke, Roth, G, Feigin, V, Nguyen, G, Cercy, K, Johnson, C, Alam, T, Parmar, P, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abejie, A, Abyu, G, Ademi, Z, Agarwal, G, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Aminde, L, Amlie-Lefond, C, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Ayele, H, Banach, M, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Béjot, Y, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, D, Boneya, D, Brainin, M, Campos-Nonato, I, Caso, V, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Christensen, H, Criqui, M, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, Deveber, G, Dokova, K, Edessa, D, Endres, M, Faraon, E, Farvid, M, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, M, Gall, S, Gebrehiwot, T, Geleijnse, J, Gillum, R, Giroud, M, Goulart, A, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hamadeh, R, Hankey, G, Hareri, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hegazy, M, Hibstu, D, James, S, Jeemon, P, John, D, Jonas, J, Jóźwiak, J, Kalani, R, Kandel, A, Kasaeian, A, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khan, A, Khang, Y, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kivimaki, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolte, D, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, R, Anil Kumar, G, Lafranconi, A, Lavados, P, Legesse, Y, Li, Y, Liang, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Loy, C, Mackay, M, Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Mantovani, L, Martins, S, Mate, K, Mazidi, M, Mehata, S, Meier, T, Melaku, Y, Mendoza, W, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Ibrahim, N, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moosazadeh, M, Moran, A, Musa, K, Negoi, R, Nguyen, M, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Tran, T, Anggraini Ningrum, D, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, O'Donnell, M, Olagunju, A, Onuma, O, Owolabi, M, Parsaeian, M, Patton, G, Piradov, M, Pletcher, M, Pourmalek, F, Prakash, V, Qorbani, M, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Robinson, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Salomon, J, Santalucia, P, Santos, I, Sartorius, B, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheth, K, Sisay, M, Shin, M, Shiue, I, Silva, D, Sobngwi, E, Soljak, M, Sorensen, R, Sposato, L, Stranges, S, Suliankatchi, R, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tanne, D, Tat Nguyen, C, Thakur, J, Thrift, A, Tirschwell, D, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Nguyen, L, Truelsen, T, Tsilimparis, N, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, O, Varakin, Y, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vlassov, V, Wang, W, Werdecker, A, Wolfe, C, Xu, G, Yano, Y, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zhou, M, Ziaeian, B, Zipkin, B, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Murray, C, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Neurologian yksikkö, 10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Feigin, Valery L, Nguyen, Grant, Cercy, Kelly, Johnson, Catherine O, Ahmed, Muktar B, Roth, Gregory A, and GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators
Subjects: Male, Percentile, Nutrition and Disease, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, prevention, Voeding en Ziekte, Cause of Death, Global health, Stroke, POPULATION, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Medicine (all), 11 Medical And Health Sciences, General Medicine, Middle Aged, lifetime risk, stroke, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Female, BURDEN, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Research Article, Human, Adult, Risk, Population, Global Burden of Disease (GBD), 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Age Distribution, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Life Science, Point estimation, cardiovascular diseases, Sex Distribution, education, VLAG, Aged, Science & Technology, HYPERTENSION, business.industry, medicine.disease, Socioeconomic Factors, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, RC, Demography
Abstract: Background: The lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases.Methods: We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate.Results: The estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle–SDI, and low-SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calculation.Conclusions: In 2016, the global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was approximately 25% among both men and women. There was geographic variation in the lifetime risk of stroke, with the highest risks in East Asia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.)
Published: 2018

2. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016

Author: Roth, G, Feigin, V, Nguyen, G, Cercy, K, Johnson, C, Alam, T, Parmar, P, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abejie, A, Abyu, G, Ademi, Z, Agarwal, G, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Aminde, L, Amlie-Lefond, C, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Ayele, H, Banach, M, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Béjot, Y, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, D, Boneya, D, Brainin, M, Campos-Nonato, I, Caso, V, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Christensen, H, Criqui, M, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, Deveber, G, Dokova, K, Edessa, D, Endres, M, Faraon, E, Farvid, M, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, M, Gall, S, Gebrehiwot, T, Geleijnse, J, Gillum, R, Giroud, M, Goulart, A, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hamadeh, R, Hankey, G, Hareri, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hegazy, M, Hibstu, D, James, S, Jeemon, P, John, D, Jonas, J, Jóźwiak, J, Kalani, R, Kandel, A, Kasaeian, A, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khan, A, Khang, Y, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kivimaki, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolte, D, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, R, Anil Kumar, G, Lafranconi, A, Lavados, P, Legesse, Y, Li, Y, Liang, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Loy, C, Mackay, M, Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Mantovani, L, Martins, S, Mate, K, Mazidi, M, Mehata, S, Meier, T, Melaku, Y, Mendoza, W, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Ibrahim, N, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moosazadeh, M, Moran, A, Musa, K, Negoi, R, Nguyen, M, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Tran, T, Anggraini Ningrum, D, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, O'Donnell, M, Olagunju, A, Onuma, O, Owolabi, M, Parsaeian, M, Patton, G, Piradov, M, Pletcher, M, Pourmalek, F, Prakash, V, Qorbani, M, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Robinson, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Salomon, J, Santalucia, P, Santos, I, Sartorius, B, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheth, K, Sisay, M, Shin, M, Shiue, I, Silva, D, Sobngwi, E, Soljak, M, Sorensen, R, Sposato, L, Stranges, S, Suliankatchi, R, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tanne, D, Tat Nguyen, C, Thakur, J, Thrift, A, Tirschwell, D, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Nguyen, L, Truelsen, T, Tsilimparis, N, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, O, Varakin, Y, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vlassov, V, Wang, W, Werdecker, A, Wolfe, C, Xu, G, Yano, Y, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zhou, M, Ziaeian, B, Zipkin, B, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Murray, C, Roth, Gregory A., Feigin, Valery L., Nguyen, Grant, Cercy, Kelly, Johnson, Catherine O., Alam, Tahiya, Parmar, Priyakumari G., Abajobir, Amanuel A., Abate, Kalkidan H., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abejie, Ayenew N., Abyu, Gebre Y., Ademi, Zanfina, Agarwal, Gina, Ahmed, Muktar B., Akinyemi, Rufus O., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Aminde, Leopold N., Amlie-Lefond, Catherine, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W., Atey, Tesfay M., Ayele, Henok T., Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Béjot, Yannick, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhe, Derbew F., Boneya, Dube J., Brainin, Michael, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacquelin C., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Christensen, Hanne, Criqui, Michael H., Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, deVeber, Gabrielle, Dokova, Klara, Edessa, Dumessa, Endres, Matthias, Faraon, Emerito J. A., Farvid, Maryam S., Fischer, Florian, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Gall, Seana L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gillum, Richard F., Giroud, Maurice, Goulart, Alessandra C., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hankey, Graeme J., Hareri, Habtamu A., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I., Hegazy, Mohamed I., Hibstu, Desalegn T., James, Spencer L., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B., Jóźwiak, Jacek, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre P., Khader, Yousef S., Khan, Abdur R., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J., Kivimaki, Mika, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Anil Kumar, G., Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lavados, Pablo M., Legesse, Yirga, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lo, Warren D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Loy, Clement T., Mackay, Mark T., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah C., Mamun, Abdullah A., Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Martins, Sheila C. O., Mate, Kedar K., Mazidi, Mohsen, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes A., Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay B., Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miller, Ted R., Ibrahim, Norlinah M., Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moran, Andrew E., Musa, Kamarul I., Negoi, Ruxandra I., Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen, Quyen L., Nguyen, Trang H., Tran, Tung T., Nguyen, Thanh T., Anggraini Ningrum, Dina Nur, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean J., O'Donnell, Martin J., Olagunju, Andrew T., Onuma, Oyere K., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patton, George C., Piradov, Michael, Pletcher, Martin A., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prakash, V., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad A., Rai, Rajesh K., Ranta, Annemarei, Rawaf, David, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Robinson, Stephen R., Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salomon, Joshua A., Santalucia, Paola, Santos, Itamar S., Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta E., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood A., Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sheth, Kevin N., Sisay, Mekonnen, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiue, Ivy, Silva, Diego A. S., Sobngwi, Eugene, Soljak, Michael, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Stranges, Saverio, Suliankatchi, Rizwan A., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tanne, David, Tat Nguyen, Cuong, Thakur, J. S., Thrift, Amanda G., Tirschwell, David L., Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach X., Nguyen, Luong T., Truelsen, Thomas, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan A., Varakin, Yuri, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Wang, Wenzhi, Werdecker, Andrea, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziaeian, Boback, Zipkin, Ben, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J. L., Roth, G, Feigin, V, Nguyen, G, Cercy, K, Johnson, C, Alam, T, Parmar, P, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abejie, A, Abyu, G, Ademi, Z, Agarwal, G, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Aminde, L, Amlie-Lefond, C, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Ayele, H, Banach, M, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Béjot, Y, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, D, Boneya, D, Brainin, M, Campos-Nonato, I, Caso, V, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Christensen, H, Criqui, M, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, Deveber, G, Dokova, K, Edessa, D, Endres, M, Faraon, E, Farvid, M, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, M, Gall, S, Gebrehiwot, T, Geleijnse, J, Gillum, R, Giroud, M, Goulart, A, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hamadeh, R, Hankey, G, Hareri, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hegazy, M, Hibstu, D, James, S, Jeemon, P, John, D, Jonas, J, Jóźwiak, J, Kalani, R, Kandel, A, Kasaeian, A, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khan, A, Khang, Y, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kivimaki, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolte, D, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, R, Anil Kumar, G, Lafranconi, A, Lavados, P, Legesse, Y, Li, Y, Liang, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Loy, C, Mackay, M, Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Mantovani, L, Martins, S, Mate, K, Mazidi, M, Mehata, S, Meier, T, Melaku, Y, Mendoza, W, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Ibrahim, N, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moosazadeh, M, Moran, A, Musa, K, Negoi, R, Nguyen, M, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Tran, T, Anggraini Ningrum, D, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, O'Donnell, M, Olagunju, A, Onuma, O, Owolabi, M, Parsaeian, M, Patton, G, Piradov, M, Pletcher, M, Pourmalek, F, Prakash, V, Qorbani, M, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Robinson, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Salomon, J, Santalucia, P, Santos, I, Sartorius, B, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheth, K, Sisay, M, Shin, M, Shiue, I, Silva, D, Sobngwi, E, Soljak, M, Sorensen, R, Sposato, L, Stranges, S, Suliankatchi, R, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tanne, D, Tat Nguyen, C, Thakur, J, Thrift, A, Tirschwell, D, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Nguyen, L, Truelsen, T, Tsilimparis, N, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, O, Varakin, Y, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vlassov, V, Wang, W, Werdecker, A, Wolfe, C, Xu, G, Yano, Y, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zhou, M, Ziaeian, B, Zipkin, B, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Murray, C, Roth, Gregory A., Feigin, Valery L., Nguyen, Grant, Cercy, Kelly, Johnson, Catherine O., Alam, Tahiya, Parmar, Priyakumari G., Abajobir, Amanuel A., Abate, Kalkidan H., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abejie, Ayenew N., Abyu, Gebre Y., Ademi, Zanfina, Agarwal, Gina, Ahmed, Muktar B., Akinyemi, Rufus O., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Aminde, Leopold N., Amlie-Lefond, Catherine, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W., Atey, Tesfay M., Ayele, Henok T., Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Béjot, Yannick, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhe, Derbew F., Boneya, Dube J., Brainin, Michael, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacquelin C., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Christensen, Hanne, Criqui, Michael H., Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, deVeber, Gabrielle, Dokova, Klara, Edessa, Dumessa, Endres, Matthias, Faraon, Emerito J. A., Farvid, Maryam S., Fischer, Florian, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Gall, Seana L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gillum, Richard F., Giroud, Maurice, Goulart, Alessandra C., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hankey, Graeme J., Hareri, Habtamu A., Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I., Hegazy, Mohamed I., Hibstu, Desalegn T., James, Spencer L., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B., Jóźwiak, Jacek, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre P., Khader, Yousef S., Khan, Abdur R., Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J., Kivimaki, Mika, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Anil Kumar, G., Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lavados, Pablo M., Legesse, Yirga, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lo, Warren D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Loy, Clement T., Mackay, Mark T., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah C., Mamun, Abdullah A., Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Martins, Sheila C. O., Mate, Kedar K., Mazidi, Mohsen, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes A., Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay B., Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miller, Ted R., Ibrahim, Norlinah M., Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moran, Andrew E., Musa, Kamarul I., Negoi, Ruxandra I., Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen, Quyen L., Nguyen, Trang H., Tran, Tung T., Nguyen, Thanh T., Anggraini Ningrum, Dina Nur, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean J., O'Donnell, Martin J., Olagunju, Andrew T., Onuma, Oyere K., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patton, George C., Piradov, Michael, Pletcher, Martin A., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prakash, V., Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad A., Rai, Rajesh K., Ranta, Annemarei, Rawaf, David, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Robinson, Stephen R., Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salomon, Joshua A., Santalucia, Paola, Santos, Itamar S., Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta E., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood A., Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sheth, Kevin N., Sisay, Mekonnen, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiue, Ivy, Silva, Diego A. S., Sobngwi, Eugene, Soljak, Michael, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Stranges, Saverio, Suliankatchi, Rizwan A., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tanne, David, Tat Nguyen, Cuong, Thakur, J. S., Thrift, Amanda G., Tirschwell, David L., Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach X., Nguyen, Luong T., Truelsen, Thomas, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Uthman, Olalekan A., Varakin, Yuri, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Wang, Wenzhi, Werdecker, Andrea, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziaeian, Boback, Zipkin, Ben, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: BACKGROUND The lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases. METHODS We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate. RESULTS The estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle-SDI, and low- SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calcul
Published: 2018

3. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang H, Bhutta Z, Coates M, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Diallo K, Franca E, Fraser M, Fullman N, Gething P, Hay S, Kinfu Y, Kita M, Kulikoff X, Larson H, Liang J, Liang X, Lim S, Lind M, Lopez A, Lozano R, Mensah G, Mikesell J, Mokdad A, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Nguyen G, Rakovac I, Salomon J, Silpakit N, Sligar A, Sorensen R, Vos T, Zhu J, Abajobir A, Abate K, Abbas K, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle A, Abera S, Aboyans V, Abraham B, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad L, Abu-Rmeileh N, Abyu G, Achoki T, Adebiyi A, Adedeji I, Adelekan A, Adou A, Agarwal A, Ajala O, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Alam K, Alam N, Alasfoor D, Aldridge R, Alegretti M, Alemu Z, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Martin E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare A, Amberbir A, Amegah A, Ameh E, Ammar W, Amrock S, Andersen H, Anderson G, Antonio C, Arlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Assadi R, Atique S, Avokpaho E, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Bacha U, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Banigbe B, Barac A, Barber R, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Barrero L, Bayou T, Bayou Y, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell M, Bello A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Betsu B, Beyene A, Bhatt S, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Birlik S, Bisanzio D, Bjertness E, Blore J, Bourne R, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde N, Brown A, Buckle G, Burch M, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Campuzano J, Cardenas R, Carpenter D, Carrero J, Carter A, Casey D, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Rivas J, Castro R, Catala-Lopez F, Cercy K, Chang H, Chang J, Chibueze C, Chisumpa V, Choi J, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Ciobanu L, Colquhoun S, Cooper C, Cornaby L, Damtew S, Danawi H, Dandona R, das Neves J, Davis A, de Jager P, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Deribe K, Deribew A, Jarlais D, deVeber G, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Doshi P, Doyle K, Duan L, Dubey M, Ebrahimi H, Ellingsen C, Elyazar I, Endries A, Ermakov S, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faraon E, Farid T, Farinha C, Faro A, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes J, Fischer F, Fitchett J, Foigt N, Franklin R, Friedman J, Furst T, Gambashidze K, Gamkrelidze A, Ganguly P, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot T, Gebremedhin A, Gebru A, Geleijnse J, Gessner B, Ginawi I, Giref A, Gishu M, Gomez-Dantes H, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gopalani S, Goto A, Gouda H, Gugnani H, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta V, Gyawali B, Haagsma J, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile D, Hailu A, Hailu G, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hancock J, Handal A, Hankey G, Harb H, Harikrishnan S, Harun K, Havmoeller R, Hay R, Heredia-Pi I, Hoek H, Horino M, Horita N, Hosgood H, Hotez P, Hoy D, Hsairi M, Hu G, Huang C, Huang J, Huang H, Huiart L, Huynh C, Iburg K, Idrisov B, Innos K, Jacobsen K, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke A, Jee S, Jeemon P, Jha V, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Jibat T, Jin Y, Jonas J, Kabir Z, Kalkonde Y, Kamal R, Kan H, Kang G, Karch A, Karema C, Kasaeian A, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kayibanda J, Kazanjan K, Keiyoro P, Kemp A, Kengne A, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Kesavachandran C, Khader Y, Khalil I, Khan A, Khan E, Khang Y, Khonelidze I, Khubchandani J, Kim C, Kim D, Kim Y, Kissoon N, Kivipelto M, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Koul P, Koyanagi A, Defo B, Bicer B, Kudom A, Kumar G, Kutz M, Kyu H, Lal D, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lam J, Lansingh V, Larsson A, Leigh J, Leung R, Li Y, Lindsay M, Liu P, Liu S, Lloyd B, Lo W, Logroscino G, Low N, Lunevicius R, Lyons R, Ma S, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Mahdavi M, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mapoma C, Marcenes W, Martinez-Raga J, Marzan M, Masiye F, McGrath J, Meaney P, Mehari A, Mehndiratta M, Mekonnen A, Melaku Y, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mhimbira F, Miller T, Mills E, Mirarefin M, Misganaw A, Mock C, Mohammad K, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Hernandez J, Montico M, Moore A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morawska L, Mori R, Mueller U, Murphy G, Murthy S, Nachega J, Naheed A, Naidoo K, Naldi L, Nand D, Nangia V, Neupane S, Newton C, Newton J, Ng M, Ngalesoni F, Nguhiu P, Nguyen Q, Nisar M, Pete P, Norheim O, Norman R, Ogbo F, Oh I, Ojelabi F, Olivares P, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oren E, Ota E, Mahesh P, Park E, Park H, Parsaeian M, Caicedo A, Patten S, Pedro J, Pereira D, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Phillips M, Pillay J, Pishgar F, Polinder S, Pope D, Popova S, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rabiee R, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman S, Rai R, Raju M, Ram U, Rana S, Ranabhat C, Rao P, Refaat A, Remuzzi G, Resnikoff S, Reynolds A, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roth G, Roy A, Ruhago G, Sagar R, Saleh M, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Nino M, Santos I, Santos J, Sarmiento-Suarez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Servan-Mori E, Setegn T, Shahraz S, Shaikh M, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sharma R, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shen J, Sheth K, Shibuya K, Shin H, Shin M, Shiri R, Shuie I, Sigfusdottir I, Silva D, Silverberg J, Simard E, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh J, Singh O, Singh P, Singh V, Soriano J, Soshnikov S, Sposato L, Sreeramareddy C, Stathopoulou V, Steel N, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sunguya B, Swaminathan S, Sykes B, Szoeke C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Tedla B, Tefera W, Tekle T, Shifa G, Terkawi A, Tesfay F, Tessema G, Thapa K, Thomson A, Thorne-Lyman A, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Tran B, Troeger C, Truelsen T, Dimbuene Z, Tura A, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja K, Uneke C, Uthman O, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vasconcelos A, Venketasubramanian N, Verma R, Violante F, Vladimirov S, Vlassov V, Vollset S, Wang L, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Weiss D, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Widdowson M, Wijeratne T, Williams T, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Wolfe I, Won S, Wubshet M, Xiao Q, Xu G, Yadav A, Yakob B, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Ye P, Yebyo H, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Younis M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki M, Zeeb H, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zodpey S, Murray C, and GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collabora
Published: 2016

4. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Author: Roth, GA, Johnson, C, Abajobir, A, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abyu, G, Ahmed, M, Aksut, B, Alam, T, Alam, K, Alla, F, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amrock, S, Ansari, H, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Bedi, N, Belay Ketema, E, Bennett, D, Berhe, G, Bhutta, Z, Bitew, S, Carapetis, J, Carrero, JJ, Malta, DC, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castillo-Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Choi, JY, Christensen, H, Cirillo, M, Cooper, L, Criqui, M, Cundiff, D, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dorairaj, P, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, El Sayed Zaki, M, Faraon, EJA, Esteghamati, A, Farid, T, Farvid, M, Feigin, V, Ding, EL, Fowkes, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gillum, R, Gold, A, Gona, P, Gupta, R, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, T, Hailu, GB, Hankey, G, Hassen, HY, Abate, KH, Havmoeller, R, Hay, SI, Horino, M, Hotez, PJ, Jacobsen, K, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, John, D, Jonas, J, Kalkonde, Y, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Khader, Y, Khan, A, Khang, YH, Khera, S, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kolte, D, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Kwan, GF, Lal, DK, Larsson, A, Linn, S, Lopez, A, Lotufo, PA, El Razek, HMA, Neal, Bruce ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0490-7465, Schutte, Alta ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-4937, Roth, GA, Johnson, C, Abajobir, A, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abyu, G, Ahmed, M, Aksut, B, Alam, T, Alam, K, Alla, F, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amrock, S, Ansari, H, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Bedi, N, Belay Ketema, E, Bennett, D, Berhe, G, Bhutta, Z, Bitew, S, Carapetis, J, Carrero, JJ, Malta, DC, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castillo-Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Choi, JY, Christensen, H, Cirillo, M, Cooper, L, Criqui, M, Cundiff, D, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dorairaj, P, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, El Sayed Zaki, M, Faraon, EJA, Esteghamati, A, Farid, T, Farvid, M, Feigin, V, Ding, EL, Fowkes, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gillum, R, Gold, A, Gona, P, Gupta, R, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, T, Hailu, GB, Hankey, G, Hassen, HY, Abate, KH, Havmoeller, R, Hay, SI, Horino, M, Hotez, PJ, Jacobsen, K, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, John, D, Jonas, J, Kalkonde, Y, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Khader, Y, Khan, A, Khang, YH, Khera, S, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kolte, D, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Kwan, GF, Lal, DK, Larsson, A, Linn, S, Lopez, A, Lotufo, PA, El Razek, HMA, Neal, Bruce ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0490-7465, and Schutte, Alta ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-4937
Abstract: Background The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. Objectives The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. Methods CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Results In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. Conclusions CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017

5. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Gakidou, E, Afshin, A, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abera, S, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, L, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abyu, G, Adedeji, I, Adetokunboh, O, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alasfoor, D, Alene, K, Ali, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Ansari, H, Antó, J, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Arian, N, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Ballew, S, Barac, A, Barber, R, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, L, Batis, C, Battle, K, Baune, B, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bell, M, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Betsu, B, Beuran, M, Beyene, A, Bhansali, A, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Blosser, C, Boneya, D, Bou-Orm, I, Brauer, M, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Brugha, T, Bulto, L, Baumgarner, B, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Catalá-López, F, Cercy, K, Chang, H, Charlson, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Cirillo, M, Cohen, A, Comfort, H, Cooper, C, Coresh, J, Cornaby, L, Cortesi, P, Criqui, M, Crump, J, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De Courten, B, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, R, Deribe, K, Deshpande, A, Dharmaratne, S, Ding, E, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Doku, D, Dorsey, E, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Duncan, S, Ebert, N, Ebrahimi, H, El-Khatib, Z, Enayati, A, Endries, A, Ermakov, S, Erskine, H, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Faraon, E, Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fay, K, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, J, Ferrari, A, Feyissa, T, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frostad, J, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, J, Ganji, M, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Geleijnse, J, Geleto, A, Gemechu, B, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Ghajar, A, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gillum, R, Giref, A, Gishu, M, Giussani, G, Godwin, W, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, S, Goryakin, Y, Goulart, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, H, Guo, J, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Gutiérrez, R, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, G, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Hareri, H, Hassanvand, M, Havmoeller, R, Hawley, C, Hay, S, Hedayati, M, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, I, Hoek, H, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hostiuc, S, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Ikeda, C, Inoue, M, Irvine, C, Jackson, M, Jacobsen, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jauregui, A, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, Johansson, L, Johnson, C, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kamal, R, Karch, A, Karema, C, Kasaeian, A, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kawakami, N, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, S, Kemmer, L, Kengne, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, J, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimaki, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, A, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, K, Kromhout, H, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, G, Kutz, M, Kyu, H, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lee, A, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Linn, S, Liu, P, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Looker, K, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Macarayan, E, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manguerra, H, Mantovani, L, Mapoma, C, Martin, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, F, Mathur, M, Matsushita, K, Matzopoulos, R, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Meier, T, Melaku, Y, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, M, Mensah, G, Mensink, G, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mezgebe, H, Micha, R, Millear, A, Miller, T, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mishra, S, Mohammad, K, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mohamed Ibrahim, N, Mohan, M, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, S, Mountjoy-Venning, C, Mueller, U, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Murthy, G, Musa, K, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Nangia, V, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, M, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nomura, M, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Obermeyer, C, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olivares, P, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Opio, J, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, M, Pa, M, Pacella, R, Pana, A, Panda, B, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Papachristou, C, Park, E, Parry, C, Patten, S, Patton, G, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Pillay, J, Piradov, M, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Pletcher, M, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rawaf, S, Rehm, C, Rehm, J, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Reynales-Shigematsu, L, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Ribeiro, A, Rivera, J, Roba, K, Rojas-Rueda, D, Roman, Y, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rushton, L, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sahathevan, R, Salama, J, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Niño, M, Sánchez-Pimienta, T, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Schaeffner, E, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, S, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, E, Shaddick, G, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, M, Shamah Levy, T, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shariful Islam, S, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shields, C, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shishani, K, Shoman, H, Shrime, M, Sigfusdottir, I, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Slepak, E, Smith, D, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Sorensen, R, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, M, Strub, B, Subart, M, Sufiyan, M, Suliankatchi, R, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, B, Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Takahashi, K, Takala, J, Tandon, N, Tanner, M, Tarekegn, Y, Tavakkoli, M, Tegegne, T, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Terkawi, A, Tesssema, B, Thakur, J, Thamsuwan, O, Thankappan, K, Theis, A, Thomas, M, Thomson, A, Thrift, A, Tillmann, T, Tobe-Gai, R, Tobollik, M, Tollanes, M, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, A, Tortajada, M, Touvier, M, Tran, B, Truelsen, T, Tuem, K, Tuzcu, E, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Uneke, C, Updike, R, Uthman, O, Van Boven, J, Van Donkelaar, A, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Veerman, L, Venkateswaran, V, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weiss, D, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Wiysonge, C, Woldeyes, B, Wolfe, C, Woodbrook, R, Workicho, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadgir, S, Yakob, B, Yan, L, Yaseri, M, Yimam, H, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zavala-Arciniega, L, Zhang, X, Zimsen, S, Zipkin, B, Zodpey, S, Lim, S, Murray, C, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansari, Hossein, Antó, Josep M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Ballew, Shoshana H., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Batis, Carolina, Battle, Katherine E., Baune, Bernhard T., Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhutta, Zulfqar A., Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Blosser, Christopher D., Boneya, Dube Jara, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R., Brauer, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brugha, Traolach S., Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Baumgarner, Blair R., Butt, Zahid A., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Charlson, Fiona J., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Comfort, Haley, Cooper, Cyrus, Coresh, Josef, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Davletov, Kairat, De Courten, Barbora, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Ding, Eric L., Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorsey, E. Ray, Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan, Sarah, Ebert, Natalie, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Kairsten, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C., Ferrari, Alize J., Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M., Ganji, Morsaleh, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W., Ghajar, Alireza, Gibney, Katherine B., Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W., Gona, Philimon N., Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Jingwen, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A., Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawley, Caitlin, Hay, Simon I., Hedayati, Mohammad T., Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W., Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Inoue, Manami, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Jackson, Maria Delores, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Jauregui, Alejandra, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Johansson, Lars R. K., Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost B., Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Jun Y., Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A., Kivimaki, Mika, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kromhout, Hans, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Lee, Alexander, Lee, Paul H., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katherine J., Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, Helena, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Mapoma, Chabila C., Martin, Randall V., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Mathur, Manu Raj, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mensah, George A., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohamed Ibrahim, Norlinah, Mohan, Murali B. V., Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane D., Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin C., Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nomura, Marika, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen E., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Pa, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E., Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A., Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A., Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, Salman, Rehm, Colin D., Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa B., Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rivera, Juan A., Roba, Kedir Teji, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rushton, Lesley, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamah Levy, Teresa, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L., Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H. A., Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sur, Patrick J., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Tandon, Nikhil, Tanner, Marcel, Tarekegn, Yihunie L., Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, J. 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M., Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J., Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L., Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Xueying, Zimsen, Stephanie Raman M., Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S., Murray, Christopher J. 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Ray, Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan, Sarah, Ebert, Natalie, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farinha, Carla Sofia E. 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K., Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost B., Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Jun Y., Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A., Kivimaki, Mika, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kromhout, Hans, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Lee, Alexander, Lee, Paul H., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katherine J., Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, Helena, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Mapoma, Chabila C., Martin, Randall V., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Mathur, Manu Raj, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mensah, George A., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohamed Ibrahim, Norlinah, Mohan, Murali B. V., Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane D., Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin C., Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nomura, Marika, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen E., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Pa, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E., Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A., Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A., Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, Salman, Rehm, Colin D., Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa B., Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rivera, Juan A., Roba, Kedir Teji, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rushton, Lesley, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamah Levy, Teresa, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L., Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H. A., Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sur, Patrick J., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Tandon, Nikhil, Tanner, Marcel, Tarekegn, Yihunie L., Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, J. S., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Theis, Andrew M., Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J., Thrift, Amanda G., Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Tollanes, Mette C., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Van Boven, Job F. M., Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J., Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L., Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Xueying, Zimsen, Stephanie Raman M., Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S., and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings: Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men w
Published: 2017

6. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Feigin, V, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abera, S, Abyu, G, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Alabed, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Avila-Burgos, L, Frinel, E, Avokpaho, G, Barac, A, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Betsu, B, Bhaumik, S, Birlik, S, Biryukov, S, Boneya, D, Bulto, L, Carabin, H, Casey, D, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Catalá-López, F, Chen, H, Chitheer, A, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Veber, G, Dharmaratne, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorsey, E, Ellenbogen, R, Eskandarieh, S, Farvid, M, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Geleijnse, J, Gillum, R, Giussani, G, Gona, P, Goulart, A, Gugnani, H, Gupta, R, Hamadeh, R, Hambisa, M, Hankey, G, Hareri, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Heydarpour, P, Hotez, P, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, Jonas, J, Kalkonde, Y, Kandel, A, Karch, A, Kasaeian, A, Kastor, A, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Tawfih, A, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kivimaki, M, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, R, Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, R, Kyu, H, Larsson, A, Lavados, P, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Lo, W, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, P, Loy, C, Mackay, M, El Razek, H, El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manhertz, T, Mantovani, L, Massano, J, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistie, M, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Miller, T, Mishra, S, Ibrahim, N, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Velasquez, I, Musa, K, Naghavi, M, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nong, V, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Ogbo, F, Owolabi, M, Pandian, J, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Piradov, M, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ranta, A, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Rezai, M, Roshandel, G, Rubagotti, E, Sachdev, P, Safiri, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, M, Samy, A, Santalucia, P, Santos, I, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Sepanlou, S, Shaikh, M, Shakir, R, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheth, K, Shigematsu, M, Shoman, H, Silva, D, Smith, M, Sobngwi, E, Sposato, L, Stein, D, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Abdulkader, R, EI Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tanne, D, Theadom, A, Thrift, A, Tirschwell, D, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Truelsen, T, Tuem, K, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, O, Varakin, Y, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vlassov, V, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, M, Weiderpass, E, Westerman, R, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Woldu, M, Wolfe, C, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yano, Y, Yimam, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zunt, J, Murray, C, Vos, T, Feigin, VL, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Abyu, GY, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, MTE, Akinyemi, RO, Amare, AT, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, GA, Barker-Collo, SL, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Birlik, SM, Boneya, DJ, Bulto, LNB, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Chitheer, AA, Veber, GA, Dharmaratne, SD, Do, HP, Dorsey, ER, Ellenbogen, RG, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Foreman, KJ, Geleijnse, JM, Gillum, RF, Gona, PN, Goulart, AC, Gugnani, HC, Hamadeh, RR, Hankey, GJ, Hareri, HA, Hay, SI, Hotez, PJ, Jakovljevic, MMB, Jonas, JB, Keiyoro, PN, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khang, YH, Kim, YJ, Krishnamurthi, RV, Defo, BK, Kumar, GA, Kyu, HH, Lavados, PM, Liben, ML, Lo, WD, Lotufo, PA, Loy, CT, Mackay, MT, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Mantovani, LG, McAlinden, C, Mehndiratta, MM, Memish, ZA, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mishra, SR, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammed, KE, Mokdad, AH, Velasquez, IM, Musa, KI, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, TH, Ningrum, DNA, Nong, VM, Noubiap, JJN, Ogbo, FA, Owolabi, MO, Pandian, JD, Phillips, MR, Piradov, MA, Poulton, RG, Rahman, MH, Rai, RK, Renzaho, AMN, Rezai, MS, Sahraian, MA, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Saylan, MI, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Sheth, KN, Silva, DAS, Sposato, LA, Stein, DJ, Steiner, TJ, Stovner, LJ, Abdulkader, RS, Theadom, AM, Thrift, AG, Tirschwell, DL, Tran, BX, Tuem, KB, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Varakin, YY, Vlassov, VV, Wallin, MT, Wiysonge, CS, Woldu, MA, Wolfe, CDA, Yimam, HH, Zunt, JR, Murray, CJL, Feigin, V, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abera, S, Abyu, G, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Alabed, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Avila-Burgos, L, Frinel, E, Avokpaho, G, Barac, A, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Betsu, B, Bhaumik, S, Birlik, S, Biryukov, S, Boneya, D, Bulto, L, Carabin, H, Casey, D, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Catalá-López, F, Chen, H, Chitheer, A, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Veber, G, Dharmaratne, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorsey, E, Ellenbogen, R, Eskandarieh, S, Farvid, M, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Geleijnse, J, Gillum, R, Giussani, G, Gona, P, Goulart, A, Gugnani, H, Gupta, R, Hamadeh, R, Hambisa, M, Hankey, G, Hareri, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Heydarpour, P, Hotez, P, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, Jonas, J, Kalkonde, Y, Kandel, A, Karch, A, Kasaeian, A, Kastor, A, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Tawfih, A, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kivimaki, M, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, R, Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, R, Kyu, H, Larsson, A, Lavados, P, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Lo, W, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, P, Loy, C, Mackay, M, El Razek, H, El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manhertz, T, Mantovani, L, Massano, J, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistie, M, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Miller, T, Mishra, S, Ibrahim, N, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Velasquez, I, Musa, K, Naghavi, M, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nong, V, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Ogbo, F, Owolabi, M, Pandian, J, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Piradov, M, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ranta, A, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Rezai, M, Roshandel, G, Rubagotti, E, Sachdev, P, Safiri, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, M, Samy, A, Santalucia, P, Santos, I, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Sepanlou, S, Shaikh, M, Shakir, R, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheth, K, Shigematsu, M, Shoman, H, Silva, D, Smith, M, Sobngwi, E, Sposato, L, Stein, D, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Abdulkader, R, EI Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tanne, D, Theadom, A, Thrift, A, Tirschwell, D, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Truelsen, T, Tuem, K, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, O, Varakin, Y, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vlassov, V, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, M, Weiderpass, E, Westerman, R, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Woldu, M, Wolfe, C, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yano, Y, Yimam, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zunt, J, Murray, C, Vos, T, Feigin, VL, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Abyu, GY, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, MTE, Akinyemi, RO, Amare, AT, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, GA, Barker-Collo, SL, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Birlik, SM, Boneya, DJ, Bulto, LNB, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Chitheer, AA, Veber, GA, Dharmaratne, SD, Do, HP, Dorsey, ER, Ellenbogen, RG, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, SM, Foreman, KJ, Geleijnse, JM, Gillum, RF, Gona, PN, Goulart, AC, Gugnani, HC, Hamadeh, RR, Hankey, GJ, Hareri, HA, Hay, SI, Hotez, PJ, Jakovljevic, MMB, Jonas, JB, Keiyoro, PN, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khang, YH, Kim, YJ, Krishnamurthi, RV, Defo, BK, Kumar, GA, Kyu, HH, Lavados, PM, Liben, ML, Lo, WD, Lotufo, PA, Loy, CT, Mackay, MT, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Mantovani, LG, McAlinden, C, Mehndiratta, MM, Memish, ZA, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mishra, SR, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammed, KE, Mokdad, AH, Velasquez, IM, Musa, KI, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, TH, Ningrum, DNA, Nong, VM, Noubiap, JJN, Ogbo, FA, Owolabi, MO, Pandian, JD, Phillips, MR, Piradov, MA, Poulton, RG, Rahman, MH, Rai, RK, Renzaho, AMN, Rezai, MS, Sahraian, MA, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Saylan, MI, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Sheth, KN, Silva, DAS, Sposato, LA, Stein, DJ, Steiner, TJ, Stovner, LJ, Abdulkader, RS, Theadom, AM, Thrift, AG, Tirschwell, DL, Tran, BX, Tuem, KB, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Varakin, YY, Vlassov, VV, Wallin, MT, Wiysonge, CS, Woldu, MA, Wolfe, CDA, Yimam, HH, Zunt, JR, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: Background Comparable data on the global and country-specific burden of neurological disorders and their trends are crucial for health-care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study provides such information but does not routinely aggregate results that are of interest to clinicians specialising in neurological conditions. In this systematic analysis, we quantified the global disease burden due to neurological disorders in 2015 and its relationship with country development level. Methods We estimated global and country-specific prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) for various neurological disorders that in the GBD classification have been previously spread across multiple disease groupings. The more inclusive grouping of neurological disorders included stroke, meningitis, encephalitis, tetanus, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, migraine, tension-type headache, medication overuse headache, brain and nervous system cancers, and a residual category of other neurological disorders. We also analysed results based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility, to identify patterns associated with development and how countries fare against expected outcomes relative to their level of development. Findings Neurological disorders ranked as the leading cause group of DALYs in 2015 (250·7 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 229·1 to 274·7] million, comprising 10·2% of global DALYs) and the second-leading cause group of deaths (9·4 [9·1 to 9·7] million], comprising 16·8% of global deaths). The most prevalent neurological disorders were tension-type headache (1505·9 [UI 1337·3 to 1681·6 million cases]), migraine (958·8 [872·1 to 1055·6] million), medication overuse headache (58·5 [50·8 to 67·4 mil
Published: 2017

7. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., Gakidou, E., Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., and Gakidou, E.
Abstract: Background: The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods: We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings: Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2–25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1–5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8–31·1) and 34·4% (29·4–38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (
Published: 2017

8. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., Murray, C., Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., and Murray, C.
Published: 2016

9. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Forouzanfar, M., Afshin, A., Alexander, L., Anderson, H., Bhutta, Z., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Cohen, A., Dandona, L., Estep, K., Ferrari, A., Frostad, J., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Godwin, W., Griswold, M., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Liang, X., Lim, S., Liu, P., Lopez, A., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G., Mokdad, A., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Naghavi, M., Neal, B., Reitsma, M., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sur, P., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Aasvang, G., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alemu, Z., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Anwar, P., Arnlov, J., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Barac, A., Barber, R., Barker-Collo, S., Baernighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Bans, C., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Broday, D., Brugha, T., Brunekreef, B., Butt, Z., Cahill, L., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Casey, D., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Castillo Rivas, J., Estanislao Castro, R., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Choi, J., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Coates, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, L., Cooperrider, K., Cornaby, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davis, A., Davletov, K., Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Tome, C., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Erskine, H., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Fahimi, S., Aquino Faraon, E., Farid, T., Sofia E Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Fowkes, F., Franklin, R., Fuerst, T., Futran, N., Gakidou, E., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Goenka, S., Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, M., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Gugnani, H., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Hassen, T., Havmoeller, R., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, N., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Hoffman, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, J., Husseini, A., Hutchings, S., Huybrechts, I., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Ileanu, B., Inoue, M., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jansen, H., Jassal, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A., Jee, S., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jin, Y., Johnson, C., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khatibzadeh, S., Khera, S., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kopec, J., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Kromhout, H., Krueger, H., Ku, T., Defo, B., Kuchenbecker, R., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Latif, A., Beatriz Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Lloyd, B., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lunevicius, R., Maclntyre, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Martin, R., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Matsushita, K., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGrath, J., McKee, M., Meaney, P., Medina, C., Mehari, A., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Mensink, G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mesfin, Y., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Mullany, E., Mumford, J., Murthy, G., Nachega, J., Naheed, A., Nangia, V., Nassiri, N., Newton, J., Ng, M., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Pete, P., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Orozco, R., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Caicedo, A., Patil, S., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Pope, C., Pope, D., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Rana, S., Ranganathan, K., Rao, P., Razo Garcia, C., Refaat, A., Rehm, C., Rehm, J., Reinig, N., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A., Rivera, J., Rolm, H., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roman, Y., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Pimienta, T., Sandar, L., Santomauro, D., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidhuber, J., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Scott, J., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Levy, T., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Alves Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, P., Slepak, E., Soljak, M., Soneji, S., Sorensen, R., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steckling, N., Steel, N., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stockl, H., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takahashi, K., Talongwa, R., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Tegegne, T., Tekle, D., Terkawi, A., Thakur, J., Thomas, B., Thomas, M., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tobollik, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Towbin, J., Bach, X., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimparis, N., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Donkelaar, A., van Os, J., Varakin, Y., Vasankari, T., Veerman, J., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Waller, S., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Woolf, A., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhu, J., Zipkin, B., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., Afshin, A., Alexander, L., Anderson, H., Bhutta, Z., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Cohen, A., Dandona, L., Estep, K., Ferrari, A., Frostad, J., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Godwin, W., Griswold, M., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Liang, X., Lim, S., Liu, P., Lopez, A., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G., Mokdad, A., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Naghavi, M., Neal, B., Reitsma, M., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sur, P., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Aasvang, G., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alemu, Z., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Anwar, P., Arnlov, J., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Barac, A., Barber, R., Barker-Collo, S., Baernighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Bans, C., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Broday, D., Brugha, T., Brunekreef, B., Butt, Z., Cahill, L., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Casey, D., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Castillo Rivas, J., Estanislao Castro, R., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Choi, J., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Coates, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, L., Cooperrider, K., Cornaby, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davis, A., Davletov, K., Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Tome, C., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Erskine, H., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Fahimi, S., Aquino Faraon, E., Farid, T., Sofia E Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Fowkes, F., Franklin, R., Fuerst, T., Futran, N., Gakidou, E., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Goenka, S., Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, M., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Gugnani, H., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Hassen, T., Havmoeller, R., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, N., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Hoffman, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, J., Husseini, A., Hutchings, S., Huybrechts, I., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Ileanu, B., Inoue, M., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jansen, H., Jassal, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A., Jee, S., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jin, Y., Johnson, C., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khatibzadeh, S., Khera, S., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kopec, J., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Kromhout, H., Krueger, H., Ku, T., Defo, B., Kuchenbecker, R., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Latif, A., Beatriz Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Lloyd, B., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lunevicius, R., Maclntyre, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Martin, R., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Matsushita, K., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGrath, J., McKee, M., Meaney, P., Medina, C., Mehari, A., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Mensink, G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mesfin, Y., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Mullany, E., Mumford, J., Murthy, G., Nachega, J., Naheed, A., Nangia, V., Nassiri, N., Newton, J., Ng, M., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Pete, P., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Orozco, R., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Caicedo, A., Patil, S., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Pope, C., Pope, D., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Rana, S., Ranganathan, K., Rao, P., Razo Garcia, C., Refaat, A., Rehm, C., Rehm, J., Reinig, N., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A., Rivera, J., Rolm, H., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roman, Y., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Pimienta, T., Sandar, L., Santomauro, D., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidhuber, J., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Scott, J., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Levy, T., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Alves Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, P., Slepak, E., Soljak, M., Soneji, S., Sorensen, R., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steckling, N., Steel, N., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stockl, H., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takahashi, K., Talongwa, R., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Tegegne, T., Tekle, D., Terkawi, A., Thakur, J., Thomas, B., Thomas, M., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tobollik, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Towbin, J., Bach, X., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimparis, N., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Donkelaar, A., van Os, J., Varakin, Y., Vasankari, T., Veerman, J., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Waller, S., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Woolf, A., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhu, J., Zipkin, B., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L., and Murray, C.
Published: 2016

10. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Miller, Ted, GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators, Wang, H., Wolock, T., Carter, A., Nguyen, G., Kyu, H., Gakidou, E., Hay, S., Mills, E., Trickey, A., Msemburi, W., Coates, M., Mooney, M., Fraser, M., Sligar, A., Salomon, J., Larson, H., Friedman, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbas, K., El Razek, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abubakr, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Adelekan, A., Adofo, K., Adou, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alsfoor, D., Aldhari, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Mohammad, R., Al-Raddadi, S., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Atkins, L., Avokpaho, E., Aswathi, A., Quintanilla, B., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Barac, A., Barnighausen, T., Basu, A., Bayou, T., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Bretborde, N., Brown, A., Burch, M., Butt, Z., Campuzano, J., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, H., Chang, J., Chavan, L., Chen, W., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cooper, C., Dahiru, T., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Neves, J., Jager, P., Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Ding, E., Doshi, P., Driscoll, T., Dubey, M., Elshrek, Y., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faghmous, I., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foigt, N., Fullman, N., Furst, T., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Gething, P., Ghiwot, T., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Glaser, E., Geonka, S., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Gugnani, H., Guimaraes, M., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Hailu, G., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Harun, K., Havmoeller, R., Hedayati, M., Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Innos, K., Iyer, V., Miller, Ted, GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators, Wang, H., Wolock, T., Carter, A., Nguyen, G., Kyu, H., Gakidou, E., Hay, S., Mills, E., Trickey, A., Msemburi, W., Coates, M., Mooney, M., Fraser, M., Sligar, A., Salomon, J., Larson, H., Friedman, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbas, K., El Razek, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abubakr, I., Abu-Raddad, L., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Adelekan, A., Adofo, K., Adou, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alsfoor, D., Aldhari, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Mohammad, R., Al-Raddadi, S., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Atkins, L., Avokpaho, E., Aswathi, A., Quintanilla, B., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Barac, A., Barnighausen, T., Basu, A., Bayou, T., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Bretborde, N., Brown, A., Burch, M., Butt, Z., Campuzano, J., Cardenas, R., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, H., Chang, J., Chavan, L., Chen, W., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cooper, C., Dahiru, T., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Neves, J., Jager, P., Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Ding, E., Doshi, P., Driscoll, T., Dubey, M., Elshrek, Y., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faghmous, I., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Foigt, N., Fullman, N., Furst, T., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Gething, P., Ghiwot, T., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Glaser, E., Geonka, S., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Gugnani, H., Guimaraes, M., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Hailu, G., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Harun, K., Havmoeller, R., Hedayati, M., Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Innos, K., and Iyer, V.
Abstract: Background: Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods: For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.Findings: Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5–2·8 mil
Published: 2016

11. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M., Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansari, Hossein, Anto, Josep M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arian, Nicholas, Arnlov, Johan, Artaman, A., Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Ballew, Shoshana H., Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Batis, Carolina, Battle, Katherine E., Baune, Bernhard T., Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Blosser, Christopher D., Boneya, Dube Jara, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R., Brauer, Michael, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Brugha, Traolach S., Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Baumgarner, Blair R., Butt, Zahid A., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Charlson, Fiona J., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Comfort, Haley, Cooper, Cyrus, Coresh, Josef, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Ding, Eric L., Djalalinia, Shirin, Huyen Phuc Do, Huyen Phuc Do, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorsey, E. Ray, Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan, Sarah, Ebert, Natalie, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, E Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Kairsten, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Ferrari, Alize J., Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M., Ganji, Morsaleh, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W., Ghajar, Alireza, Gibney, Katherine B., Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F., Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W., Gona, Philimon N., Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Jingwen, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawley, Caitlin, Hay, Simon I., Hedayati, Mohammad T., Hendrie, Delia, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Hoek, Hans W., Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Inoue, Manami, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Jackson, Maria Delores, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (Michael) B., Jauregui, Alejandra, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Johansson, Lars R. K., Johnson, Catherine O., Jonas, Jost B., Jurisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Jun Y., Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A., Kivimaki, Mika, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kromhout, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Lee, Alexander, Lee, Paul H., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katherine J., Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Abd el Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd el Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, Helena, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Mapoma, Chabila C., Martin, Randall V., Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio, Mathur, Manu Raj, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mensah, George A., Mensink, Gert B. M., Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Shafiu, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohan, Murali B. V., Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane D., Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mullany, Erin C., Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Nangia, Vinay, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nomura, Marika, Vuong Minh Nong, Vuong Minh Nong, Norheim, Ole F., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen E., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Pa, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E., Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A., Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A., Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, Salman, Rehm, Colin D., Rehm, Jurgen, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa B., Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rivera, Juan A., Roba, Kedir Teji, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roman, Yesenia, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rushton, Lesley, Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Silva, Joao Pedro, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L., Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H. A., Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sur, Patrick J., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Tandon, Nikhil, Tanner, Marcel, Tarekegn, Yihunie L., Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, J. S., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Theis, Andrew M., Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomson, Alan J., Thrift, Amanda G., Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Tollanes, Mette C., Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., van Boven, Job F. M., van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J., Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L., Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Xueying, Zimsen, Stephanie Raman M., Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S., Murray, Christopher J. L., LS IRAS EEPI EXAS (Arb.hyg+bl.st.kar.), dIRAS RA-2, Gakidou, E, Afshin, A, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abera, S, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, L, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abyu, G, Adedeji, I, Adetokunboh, O, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alasfoor, D, Alene, K, Ali, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Ansari, H, Antó, J, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Arian, N, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Ballew, S, Barac, A, Barber, R, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, L, Batis, C, Battle, K, Baune, B, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bell, M, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Betsu, B, Beuran, M, Beyene, A, Bhansali, A, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Blosser, C, Boneya, D, Bou-Orm, I, Brauer, M, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Brugha, T, Bulto, L, Baumgarner, B, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Catalá-López, F, Cercy, K, Chang, H, Charlson, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Cirillo, M, Cohen, A, Comfort, H, Cooper, C, Coresh, J, Cornaby, L, Cortesi, P, Criqui, M, Crump, J, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De Courten, B, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, R, Deribe, K, Deshpande, A, Dharmaratne, S, Ding, E, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Doku, D, Dorsey, E, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Duncan, S, Ebert, N, Ebrahimi, H, El-Khatib, Z, Enayati, A, Endries, A, Ermakov, S, Erskine, H, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Faraon, E, Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fay, K, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, J, Ferrari, A, Feyissa, T, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frostad, J, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, J, Ganji, M, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Geleijnse, J, Geleto, A, Gemechu, B, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Ghajar, A, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gillum, R, Giref, A, Gishu, M, Giussani, G, Godwin, W, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, S, Goryakin, Y, Goulart, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, H, Guo, J, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Gutiérrez, R, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, G, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Hareri, H, Hassanvand, M, Havmoeller, R, Hawley, C, Hay, S, Hedayati, M, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, I, Hoek, H, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hostiuc, S, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Ikeda, C, Inoue, M, Irvine, C, Jackson, M, Jacobsen, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jauregui, A, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, Johansson, L, Johnson, C, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kamal, R, Karch, A, Karema, C, Kasaeian, A, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kawakami, N, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, S, Kemmer, L, Kengne, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, J, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimaki, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, A, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, K, Kromhout, H, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, G, Kutz, M, Kyu, H, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lee, A, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Linn, S, Liu, P, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Looker, K, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Macarayan, E, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manguerra, H, Mantovani, 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Subjects: Líkamsþyngdarstuðull, Dánarmein, Heilsufar, Dánartíðni, Birthweight, Fæðingarþyngd, Börn, HEALTH-RISKS, Pregnancy, EPIDEMIOLOGY, Psychology, Meðganga, Children, Konur, Body mass index, PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE, Public health, Global burden of disease/statistics and numerical data, Medicine (all), Smoking, COST, Men, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Health policy, Háþrýstingur, Sálfræði, World health, Hypertension, Lýðheilsa, Reykingar, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, COUNTRIES, Quality of life, DEATHS, Lífsgæði, Health risk assessment, Medicine, General & Internal, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Women, Mortality, Áhættugreining, CHINESE POPULATION, OBESITY PREVENTION, Science & Technology, HYPERTENSION, MORTALITY, Malnutrition, Næringarskortur, Karlar, Cause of death/trends, RA
Abstract: Correction in: LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10104 Pages: 1736-1736 Published: OCT 14 2017 ; LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017., Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124.1 million DALYs [95% UI 111.2 million to 137.0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122.2 million DALYs [110.3 million to 133.3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83.0 million DALYs [78.3 million to 87.7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89.9 million DALYs [80.9 million to 98.2 million]), high body-mass index (64.8 million DALYs [44.4 million to 87.6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63.8 million DALYs [53.2 million to 76.3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9.3% (6.9-11.6) decline in deaths and a 10.8% (8.3-13.1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14.9% (12.7-17.5) of deaths and 6.2% (3.9-8.7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of deaths and 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27.3% (24.9-29.7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade., The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies.
Published: 2017

12. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Feigin, VL, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Abyu, GY, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Akinyemi, RO, Alabed, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Azarpazhooh, MR, Barac, A, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, SL, Baernighausen, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Betsu, BD, Bhaumik, S, Birlik, SM, Biryukov, S, Boneya, DJ, Bulto, LN, Carabin, H, Casey, D, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Chen, H, Chitheer, AA, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, deVeber, GA, Dharmaratne, SD, Do, HP, Dokova, K, Dorsey, ER, Ellenbogen, RG, Eskandarieh, S, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Foreman, KJ, Geleijnse, JM, Gillum, RF, Giussani, G, Goldberg, EM, Gona, PN, Goulart, AC, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, M, Hankey, GJ, Hareri, HA, Havmoeller, R, Hay, SI, Heydarpour, P, Hotez, PJ, Jakovljevic, MMB, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, Jonas, JB, Kalkonde, Y, Kandel, A, Karch, A, Kasaeian, A, Kastor, A, Keiyoro, PN, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kulkarni, C, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kivimaki, M, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, RV, Defo, BK, Kumar, GA, Kumar, R, Kyu, HH, Larsson, A, Lavados, PM, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, ML, Lo, WD, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, PA, Loy, CT, Mackay, MT, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manhertz, T, Mantovani, LG, Massano, J, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mishra, SR, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, KE, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Velasquez, IM, Musa, KI, Naghavi, M, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, QL, Nguyen, TH, Nichols, E, Ningrum, DN, Nong, VM, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Ogbo, FA, Owolabi, MO, Pandian, JD, Parmar, PG, Pereira, DM, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Piradov, MA, Poulton, RG, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahman, M, Rahman, MH, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ranta, A, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezai, MS, Roth, GA, Roshandel, G, Rubagotti, E, Sachdev, P, Safiri, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, MA, Samy, AM, Santalucia, P, Santos, IS, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, MI, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shakir, R, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheth, KN, Shigematsu, M, Shoman, H, Silva, DA, Smith, M, Sobngwi, E, Sposato, LA, Stanaway, JD, Stein, DJ, Steiner, TJ, Stovner, LJ, Abdulkader, RS, Szoeke, CEI, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tanne, D, Theadom, AM, Thrift, AG, Tirschwell, DL, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Truelsen, T, Tuem, KB, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Varakin, YY, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vlassov, VV, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, MT, Weiderpass, E, Westerman, R, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, CS, Woldu, MA, Wolfe, CDA, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yano, Y, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zunt, JR, Murray, CJL, Vos, T, Disorders, GBDN, Feigin, V, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abera, S, Abyu, G, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Alabed, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Avila-Burgos, L, Frinel, E, Avokpaho, G, Barac, A, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Betsu, B, Bhaumik, S, Birlik, S, Biryukov, S, Boneya, D, Bulto, L, Carabin, H, Casey, D, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Catalá-López, F, Chen, H, Chitheer, A, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Veber, G, Dharmaratne, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorsey, E, Ellenbogen, R, Eskandarieh, S, Farvid, M, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Geleijnse, J, Gillum, R, Giussani, G, Gona, P, Goulart, A, Gugnani, H, Gupta, R, Hamadeh, R, Hambisa, M, Hankey, G, Hareri, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Heydarpour, P, Hotez, P, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, Jonas, J, Kalkonde, Y, Kandel, A, Karch, A, Kasaeian, A, Kastor, A, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Tawfih, A, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kivimaki, M, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, R, Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, R, Kyu, H, Larsson, A, Lavados, P, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Lo, W, Logroscino, G, Lotufo, P, Loy, C, Mackay, M, El Razek, H, El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manhertz, T, Mantovani, L, Massano, J, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistie, M, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Miller, T, Mishra, S, Ibrahim, N, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Velasquez, I, Musa, K, Naghavi, M, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nong, V, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Ogbo, F, Owolabi, M, Pandian, J, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Piradov, M, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ranta, A, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Rezai, M, Roshandel, G, Rubagotti, E, Sachdev, P, Safiri, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, M, Samy, A, Santalucia, P, Santos, I, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Sepanlou, S, Shaikh, M, Shakir, R, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheth, K, Shigematsu, M, Shoman, H, Silva, D, Smith, M, Sobngwi, E, Sposato, L, Stein, D, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Abdulkader, R, EI Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tanne, D, Theadom, A, Thrift, A, Tirschwell, D, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Truelsen, T, Tuem, K, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, O, Varakin, Y, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vlassov, V, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, M, Weiderpass, E, Westerman, R, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Woldu, M, Wolfe, C, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yano, Y, Yimam, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zunt, J, Murray, C, and Vos, T
Subjects: Cost of Illness, Nutrition and Disease, GBD, Voeding en Ziekte, Humans, Life Science, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Nervous System Diseases, Global Health, Article, Global Burden of Disease, VLAG
Abstract: Background Comparable data on the global and country-specific burden of neurological disorders and their trends are\ud crucial for health-care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors\ud (GBD) Study provides such information but does not routinely aggregate results that are of interest to clinicians\ud specialising in neurological conditions. In this systematic analysis, we quantified the global disease burden due to\ud neurological disorders in 2015 and its relationship with country development level.\ud \ud Methods We estimated global and country-specific prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years\ud of life lost (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) for various neurological disorders that in the GBD classification\ud have been previously spread across multiple disease groupings. The more inclusive grouping of neurological\ud disorders included stroke, meningitis, encephalitis, tetanus, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s\ud disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, migraine, tension-type headache, medication overuse\ud headache, brain and nervous system cancers, and a residual category of other neurological disorders. We also analysed\ud results based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a compound measure of income per capita, education, and\ud fertility, to identify patterns associated with development and how countries fare against expected outcomes relative\ud to their level of development.\ud \ud Findings Neurological disorders ranked as the leading cause group of DALYs in 2015 (250·7 [95% uncertainty interval\ud (UI) 229·1 to 274·7] million, comprising 10·2% of global DALYs) and the second-leading cause group of deaths (9·4\ud [9·1 to 9·7] million], comprising 16·8% of global deaths). The most prevalent neurological disorders were tensiontype\ud headache (1505·9 [UI 1337·3 to 1681·6 million cases]), migraine (958·8 [872·1 to 1055·6] million), medication\ud overuse headache (58·5 [50·8 to 67·4 million]), and Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (46·0\ud [40·2 to 52·7 million]). Between 1990 and 2015, the number of deaths from neurological disorders increased by\ud 36·7%, and the number of DALYs by 7·4%. These increases occurred despite decreases in age-standardised rates of\ud death and DALYs of 26·1% and 29·7%, respectively; stroke and communicable neurological disorders were\ud responsible for most of these decreases. Communicable neurological disorders were the largest cause of DALYs in\ud countries with low SDI. Stroke rates were highest at middle levels of SDI and lowest at the highest SDI. Most of the\ud changes in DALY rates of neurological disorders with development were driven by changes in YLLs.\ud \ud Interpretation Neurological disorders are an important cause of disability and death worldwide. Globally, the burden\ud of neurological disorders has increased substantially over the past 25 years because of expanding population numbers\ud and ageing, despite substantial decreases in mortality rates from stroke and communicable neurological disorders.\ud The number of patients who will need care by clinicians with expertise in neurological conditions will continue to\ud grow in coming decades. Policy makers and health-care providers should be aware of these trends to provide adequate\ud services.\ud \ud Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

13. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

Author: Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abyu G, Ahmed M, Aksut B, Alam T, Alam K, Alla F, Alvis-Guzman N, Amrock S, Ansari H, Ärnlöv J, Asayesh H, Atey TM, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Banerjee A, Barac A, Bärnighausen T, Barregard L, Bedi N, Belay Ketema E, Bennett D, Berhe G, Bhutta Z, Bitew S, Carapetis J, Carrero JJ, Malta DC, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castillo-Rivas J, Catalá-López F, Choi JY, Christensen H, Cirillo M, Cooper L Jr, Criqui M, Cundiff D, Damasceno A, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davletov K, Dharmaratne S, Dorairaj P, Dubey M, Ehrenkranz R, El Sayed Zaki M, Faraon EJA, Esteghamati A, Farid T, Farvid M, Feigin V, Ding EL, Fowkes G, Gebrehiwot T, Gillum R, Gold A, Gona P, Gupta R, Habtewold TD, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hailu T, Hailu GB, Hankey G, Hassen HY, Abate KH, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Horino M, Hotez PJ, Jacobsen K, James S, Javanbakht M, Jeemon P, John D, Jonas J, Kalkonde Y, Karimkhani C, Kasaeian A, Khader Y, Khan A, Khang YH, Khera S, Khoja AT, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kolte D, Kosen S, Krohn KJ, Kumar GA, Kwan GF, Lal DK, Larsson A, Linn S, Lopez A, Lotufo PA, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Mazidi M, Meier T, Meles KG, Mensah G, Meretoja A, Mezgebe H, Miller T, Mirrakhimov E, Mohammed S, Moran AE, Musa KI, Narula J, Neal B, Ngalesoni F, Nguyen G, Obermeyer CM, Owolabi M, Patton G, Pedro J, Qato D, Qorbani M, Rahimi K, Rai RK, Rawaf S, Ribeiro A, Safiri S, Salomon JA, Santos I, Santric Milicevic M, Sartorius B, Schutte A, Sepanlou S, Shaikh MA, Shin MJ, Shishehbor M, Shore H, Silva DAS, Sobngwi E, Stranges S, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadele Atnafu N, Tesfay F, Thakur JS, Thrift A, Topor-Madry R, Truelsen T, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Uthman O, Vasankari T, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Wakayo T, Watkins D, Weintraub R, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe C, Workicho A, Xu G, Yano Y, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yu C, Vos T, Naghavi M, and Murray C
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Cause of Death trends, Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity trends, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Survival Rate trends, Young Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Life Expectancy trends, Risk Assessment methods
Abstract: Background: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world., Objectives: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden., Methods: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility., Results: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75., Conclusions: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2017
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13 results on '"Abyu, G."'

1. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016

2. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016

3. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

4. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

5. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

6. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

7. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

8. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

9. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

10. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

11. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

12. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

13. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015.

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