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Profitability plays an important role in reflecting a company's performance in generating profits. Therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate the effects of corporate governance, green accounting, and leverage on company profitability. This study utilizes a quantitative approach with secondary data. The research population comprises companies listed on the Pefindo I-Grade Index. The sample size is 30 companies over a 5-year period, resulting in 150 samples. Over a period of five years, data was collected from various companies, resulting in a total of 150 samples. A regression analysis was conducted, and the findings from this test indicate that corporate governance and green accounting do not have impact on company profitability, whereas the leverage ratio has a negative and significant effect on company profitability.

This research attempts to ascertain how gender diversity, corporate social responsibility, return on assets, and leverage affect tax aggressiveness. The novelty and contribution of this research is that these four variables have not all been studied for their influence on tax aggressiveness in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2019 to 2022. Previous studies with different company sectors and periods have also proven mixed research results. The total research population was 170 companies, and 86 sample companies were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The research period was four years, so 344 research data were collected. Then, 62 research data were outlier data, so the final number of samples to be tested was 282 research data. IBM SPSS 25 was used to conduct a multiple linear regression analysis approach. This study will present the results of descriptive data analysis and parametric statistical analysis, which include classical assumption tests, hypothesis tests, and coefficient of determination tests. The research conclusion shows that gender diversity and leverage have a negative effect on tax aggressiveness. The presence of women on the company's board will help the supervisory function so that the level of corporate tax aggressiveness can decrease. In addition, the increase in corporate leverage will reduce the tax burden so that the level of corporate tax aggressiveness will also decrease. Meanwhile, corporate social responsibility and return on assets positively affect tax aggressiveness. Companies carry out the fulfillment of CSR obligations only to obtain a good image in order to cover up irresponsible actions, such as tax avoidance. In addition, profitable businesses may make the most of their resources to optimize their tax planning to reduce their tax burden and raise their level of tax aggressiveness.

This study aims to explore the impact of green accounting and audit quality on company performance in property and real estate companies listed in 2021–2022. This study used the purposive sampling method, observing 138 observations from 69 companies. This study uses 91 GRI G4 Framework criteria statements to assess the level of green accounting disclosure. Corporate performance in this study is measured by ROA, ROE, and NPM. The results of this study, based on statistical data, show that green accounting only has a significant positive effect on NPM. The results of the audit quality effect on ROA, ROE, and NPM indicate that the effect was positive and insignificant. Based on this study indicates that the effect of green accounting is only seen in NPM, for that in the future there should be more companies that voluntarily make corporate sustainability reports.

In today's dynamic business landscape, the audit profession encounters numerous obstacles, particularly in adapting to the necessity of computer-assisted audits due to the immense volume of data requiring scrutiny. Despite the emergence of different digital auditing tools, there is a gap in research regarding the level of adoption, and its effects on the quality of audit services especially in the context of developing countries. This study seeks to investigate the impact of digitalization of audit tasks on the quality of audit services of accounting firms in Nigeria. The study, which has its foundation on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) integrated with the Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE) framework, adopted the survey research design. The population of study was made up practitioners of accounting firms in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. A self-designed questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection for the study. Findings of the study indicate that automation of audit tasks enhances the quality of audit services suggesting that adopting IT infrastructures leads to more reliable audit procedures, improved efficiency and accuracy, as well as mitigating audit risks. Results also revealed that Big Four auditors are significantly ahead in the adoption of digital technologies compared to the non-Big Four auditors, confirming the dominance of larger accounting firms in application of emerging technologies in performing audit tasks.

Research on stock exchange markets is essential to stock market investors as it offers sensitivities to risk management. This research investigates the patterns of the volatility of stock market prices in ten African stock markets. We estimated the dynamic GARCH model of Engle using the method of maximum likelihood estimation. Daily time series from January 1, 2021 to December 30, 2022, were obtained from African Stock (Securities) Exchange database. The findings established the existence of a normally distributed Senegalese stock market as against time-varying volatility of stock prices in Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Niger Republic, Benin Republic, Ivory Coast, and Gambian. Hence, the likelihood that an asset or stock is being overpriced (overvalued) or underpriced (undervalued) in the Senegal stock market is low. It is therefore easier for stock traders and investors in Senegal to pick entry and exit points. Unfortunately, this cannot be said of the investors in stock markets of other countries. In effect, the closing price of a stock is most often heavily deviated with significant outliers. This further infers that variations of stock prices in these markets are very wide, heavy, and unpredicted. Hence, it is a case of the volatility of volatilities.

This research aims to enhance portfolio selection by integrating machine learning regression algorithms for predicting stock returns with various risk measures. These measures include mean-value-at-risk (VaR) variance (Var), semi-variance mean-absolute-deviation (MAD) and conditional value-at-risk (C-VaR). Addressing gaps in existing literature. Traditional methods lack adaptability to dynamic market conditions. We propose a hybrid approach optimized by genetic algorithms. The study employs multiple machine learning models. These include Random Forest, AdaBoost XGBoost, Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). These models are used to forecast stock returns. Utilizing monthly data from the Tehran Stock Exchange, the results indicate that the genetic algorithm prediction model combined with mean-VaR, Var semi-variance and MAD, produces the most efficient portfolios. These portfolios offer superior returns with minimized risk compared to other models. This hybrid strategy provides a robust and efficient method for investors aiming to optimize returns while managing risk effectively. To implement this approach successfully it is crucial to balance investments. This involves both traditional and alternative asset classes, ensuring diversification. It also capitalizes on market opportunities. Regular review and adjustment of fund allocation are essential. Maintain an optimized strategy for maximum returns and minimal risk.

This paper analyses the causal relationship between Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), Equities Market Volatility, Exchange Rate and Inflation in Zimbabwe using a monthly time series data between October 2018 and November 2021. The granger causality model was used to present the link between the variables, and EGARCH was used to account for volatility and asymmetric effects on the variables. To incorporate innovations and responses into the Granger model, impulse response functions were used. Links between exchange rate and foreign portfolio investments were found. This only suggests that exchange rate volatility will vary when overseas investors purchase and sell financial securities on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE). In contrast, foreign investors sell local financial securities when local stock market returns are negative, leading to a significant outflow of foreign portfolio investment thereby reducing demand for currency. A significant causal relationship was found between the volatility of the exchange rate and stock market returns. It is assumed that stock market returns, and foreign portfolio investments are caused by fluctuating currency rates. The relationship between exchange rate and ZSE returns, and inflation was found based on Granger causality. This implies that stocks are not suitable for long-term investments that compensate investors for their diminished purchasing power. Policy makers should advise the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange to recommend a reduction in capital gains tax and withholding tax and this encourages investors to hold local equities for a long time.

This article introduces a comprehensive analysis of 20 leading companies, scrutinized through their financial metrics across various sectors. By deploying multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, we aim to offer investors a clear and objective perspective on which companies stand out as the best investment options. Among the MCDM techniques, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is utilized, renowned for its efficiency in handling complex decision-making scenarios which is conducted by two clauses. 1) Implementing TOPSIS with assigning equal weights and same share to every chosen metrics as criteria and 2) employ BWM (Best Worst Method) to calculate these weights base on their significance and relevancy to the prosses of ranking. According to the Result gained from the computation, ranks 1 to 5 belong to the similar companies with both assumptions which are Ford Motor Co, BP plc, Tesla Inc, General Motors Co and Exxon Mobil Corp. The consistency in rankings across two different weighting assumptions highlights the robustness of the criteria used, ensuring stable and reliable outcomes. This enhances the credibility of the findings, making them more trustworthy and citable for those who seek reliable and robust methodologies for informed investment decisions.

The expectation gap, the gap between what the public expects from auditors and what auditors can deliver, is a key issue. This gap can call into question the trust necessary for contemporary societies to function. After providing a historical overview to help understand the issues and the development of the "expectation gap" concept, the article shows the mechanisms by which auditors are subjected to contradictory or incompatible pressures and paradoxical injunctions that can lead to such gaps. It then describes the ways and means of reducing the expectation gap: essentially, guaranteeing the independence of auditors and extending the tasks entrusted to them so that they can better contribute to defending the public interest. In this second area, the case of sustainability auditing is special, given its great complexity, the great diversity of stakeholders and their expectations, and the ability of a new profession, "sustainability auditor", to respond, which is "bubbling up". These reflections are based on historical and documentary research, dealing with international standards, European law and its impact on French and Romanian accounting law, as well as secondary analysis of various reports and official documents.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries by learning from data, mimicking human behavior, and making autonomous decisions. However, despite AI's advancements in data processing and decision-making, it cannot fully replicate human attributes such as emotional understanding and ethical judgment. This paper explores the intersection of AI and Human Intelligence (HI) within the audit profession, focusing on the implications for the auditor’s professional judgment and skepticism. The integration of AI in auditing promises enhanced efficiency, precision, and data processing capabilities beyond human limits. However, it also raises ethical concerns regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and accountability. These concerns highlight the importance of maintaining human oversight and ethical standards in audit practices. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study compares the cognitive abilities, functional capabilities, and ethical implications of AI and human auditors. Key findings underscore AI's potential to complement human auditors by improving accuracy and uncovering anomalies, while recognizing the irreplaceable role of human judgment in complex decision-making processes. The study provides insights into the transformative impact of AI on the audit profession, advocating for a balanced approach that harnesses AI's capabilities while preserving the integrity and critical thinking of human auditors. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of AI's integration into auditing, informing best practices and guiding future research in maintaining the profession's standards amidst technological advancements.

Because the quality of the audit cannot be directly determined, over time, researchers have tried to analyze this subject indirectly through various indicators, such as the quality of financial reporting and audit fees. The financial audit is a subsystem of financial reporting and the main quality of the auditor is its independence from the audited company. The objective of the paper is to analyze the audit market at European level. The analysed sample includes 1080 listed companies in Europe during 2016-2022. The dominant industry in Europe is production, with production companies accounting for 50% of the sample. The auditor's independence measured by audit fees does not appear to be threatened, with a proportion of industry audit fees in the average of total company assets below 0.2% in all industries. The audit services market is highly concentrated, with 98% of all audit fees collected by the four largest audit and advisory service providers. The quality of audit services is important for financial markets because it answers to the question „how trust can one have in the credibility of the reported accounting information?”.

In recent years, companies worldwide have faced a rapid pace of digitization and automation, which has led to change and adaptation of business models. From this point of view, new technologies have revolutionized the field of accounting and auditing, having both positive and negative effects on companies and employees. This paper highlights how changes brought about by technological progress influence the accounting and auditing profession and the role of other factors in this direction, using a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews. The study results show that the benefits are visible at the company level. However, certain obstacles still exist, such as employees' resistance to change, the size of the initial costs or the systems used. On the other hand, professionals expect some entry-level jobs to disappear. Instead, other opportunities will be available for practitioners in the field. In this sense, universities will have a unique role in training the new generations by developing skills for the digital age. The present study may be of interest to researchers examining related issues. From a practical point of view, this paper could be helpful to professionals as it highlights several current needs of the business environment due to the impact of technological innovations.

Using a large international sample, the author investigated the effects of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on financial reporting quality (FRQ) and audit (AF). For this analysis, he used the Baker et al. (2016) EPU index and find a negative association between EPU and FRQ. Furthermore, that this impact was found to be more pronounced for firms operating in sensitive industries and less pronounced for firms that report under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). However, for firms operating in sensitive industries, reporting under IFRS does not weaken the impact of EPU on FRQ. The results also showed that the EPU is negatively associated with audit fees. Furthermore, the interaction term between IFRS and the EPU is positively associated with AF while the interaction term between the EPU and firms operating in sensitive industries is negative. The present study has important implications for policymakers, investors, auditors, and capital markets, as it provides strong evidence of the impact of the EPU on FRQ and AF. In addition, it enriches the literature by examining the influence of IFRS and industry characteristics on the interaction between EPU, FRQ, and AF.

There is currently a heated debate surrounding the proliferation of non-financial reporting regulations, which is why there is great concern about the less likely scenario of harmonization of the various reporting frameworks. Increasing efforts to define global or at least regional non-financial reporting regulations and their implementation through reliable corporate reporting systems is limited by the barriers and challenges raised by specific country, industry and company characteristics. The question is how companies adapt to this confusing corporate reporting landscape. The purpose of this paper is to perform a reference analysis regarding the completeness of the reports drawn up from the perspective of the degree of coverage of the GRI checklist. Thus, the Global Reporting Initiative, respectively GRI, developed a template in the form of a checklist for sustainability reporting called the GRI Content Index template, considered a reference element in our analysis regarding sustainability and sustainable development and the mapping of the various SDGs (respectively Sustainable Development Goals known in Romania as Sustainable Development Goals), on a sample of companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The purpose of the research is to provide an image of the level of transparency of companies listed on the stock exchange, regarding the sustainability of business models. The methodology used is based on the quantitative analysis of the GRI index and the practical implications of the study mainly reveal the best practices in the field of sustainability reporting, viewed from the perspective of neo-institutional theory, which highlights the coercive, normative and mimetic forces related to sustainability disclosures.

In the digital age, integrated ERP solutions are the best way to efficiently manage an organization's business and resources, as they contain a number of specific modules for accounting, human resources, production, sales and purchasing. This system is designed to provide efficiency and transparency to all operations performed by organizations. The aim of this paper is to explore how ERP systems are a reliable solution in the context of corporate reporting. The modules of this system facilitate the collection, storage, and analysis of an organization's financial and operational data, building a solid foundation for accurate and correct reporting of results, especially its performance. The case study in this paper is summarized as a quantitative analysis based on a questionnaire, which aims to highlight the advantages and challenges of using an ERP system in the context of financial and operational reporting of organizations. The conclusion of the paper emphasizes the importance of using ERP systems in the corporate reporting of organizations, highlighting the main benefits they bring in terms of operational efficiency, data transparency and correct decision making.

Deferred taxes emerge from timing differences in recognizing income and expenses between commercial and tax financial statements. However, the capitalization of deferred tax assets remains contentious, with questions raised about their value relevance to investors. This study aims to investigate the informational value and economic significance of deferred tax assets in financial statements prepared in accordance with both German commercial law (HGB) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The analysis is based on financial data from 1,066 firm-year observations of HDAX-listed companies from 2000 to 2022. Using an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model, the study examines the relationship between deferred tax assets and the market value of equity. Key financial variables, including research and development expenses, deferred tax liabilities, net income, and the market-to-book ratio, are incorporated to provide a comprehensive assessment of deferred tax asset relevance in capital markets. The results demonstrate that deferred tax assets have a negligible impact on the market value of companies, with no statistically significant effect detected. Conversely, research and development costs, as well as net income, exhibit a strong positive influence on firm valuation. These findings suggest that deferred tax assets serve largely as an accounting mechanism, lacking informational value for investors.

Enterprise risk management as a key element of the internal control system has become important over the years. The changes in the conditions of companies, especially banks, have increased the scope and complexity of their risk, and this has led to an increase in the demand for using enterprise risk management as an enterprise risk management framework. As the most important financial institution in the money market, the bank faces various risks. The implementation of this system in the bank makes the process of identifying, evaluating and monitoring risks with a comprehensive approach. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive risk management implementation framework in the banking industry. Despite the growing importance of enterprise risk management, its implementation in Iran has received little attention and is facing challenges, and no study has been conducted to investigate its implementation conditions, effective factors, necessary foundations, and existing obstacles. Therefore, the current research has developed a framework for implementing enterprise risk management in the banking industry by using qualitative approach and systematic review and multiple case study methods by examining two banks. The statistical population of this research includes the board of directors, senior managers, members of specialized committees and experienced experts. The results of the research show that the extracted framework of enterprise risk management is not fully implemented in Iranian banks, and the challenges of its implementation include the lack of information technology infrastructure, the lack of sufficient knowledge and government restrictions. The current research can be considered as a suitable model for the banking industry.

The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of prior commitment and control environment risk on auditors’ proposed adjustments regarding subsequent events. To this end, a between-groups 2x2 factorial design was used. The statistical sample of this research includes 130 supervisors, senior supervisors, managers and partners who were employed in auditing organizations certified by Tehran Securities & Exchange Organization in 2023. To test the research hypotheses, independent multifactor analysis of variance was used. The findings revealed that auditors make smaller (larger) audit adjustments of subsequent events when these events are identified after (before) communicating their initial viewpoint regarding the fair presentation of financial statements to the management. Moreover, the findings indicate that control environment risk moderates the effect of prior commitment on auditors’ assessment of subsequent events and, compared to a high-risk control environment, auditors’ prior commitment to the management regarding the fair presentation of financial statements leads to a greater reduction in the proposed audit adjustments under a low-risk control environment. With regard to these findings, we can say that considering supervisory mechanisms for reducing the bias stemming from auditors’ prior commitment can improve the quality of their judgment about the evaluation of subsequent events.

Accounting is considered to be a symbol of corporate responsibility, which can help companies to be more accountable than in the past and gain the trust of stakeholders. Philanthropy as one of the fields of paradigm shift in accounting is an emerging concept that has developed accounting implementation processes towards legitimacy. The purpose of this research is development of philanthropic practices in the implementation of accounting based on the phenomenological process. Based on the nature of phenomenology, this study sought to categorize the fields of philanthropy development in accounting implementation procedures. Therefore, in terms of methodology, this study can be considered exploratory and combined. Because through interviews with experts, this study sought to discover the propositional themes of the investigated phenomenon in order to make it possible to generalize it to the study context. The participants in this study were experts in accounting knowledge to collect data from the qualitative sector and financial managers and accounting heads of capital market companies in the quantitative sector. The results of the study in the qualitative part during the 12 interviews conducted indicate the identification of 159 open codes and 24 propositional themes for the development of humanitarian practices in the implementation of accounting procedures. In the quantitative part, the results of the study identify 4 categories for a more coherent understanding of the effectiveness of humanitarian functions in the implementation of accounting procedures. The results of this study show that accounting, by changing its classical and purely quantitative procedures, is trying to accept more inclusive values of the information needs of stakeholders in the capital market, rather than being independent of religious views; gender and ethnicity, due to the existence of equality and balance, a platform should be provided to achieve higher dynamism and interactivity between companies and stakeholders, and in this case, the flow of cash circulation in the market can help industries and companies active in this field

Since 2022, disclosing key audit matters (KAMs) has been required, aiming to enhance the information content of audit reports. KAMs are challenging issues that have played a vital role in the audit process. They are divided into 2 classes: account-level and entity-level KAMs. This research seeks to design a model for the process of disclosing KAMs in Iran. This study uses grounded theory for its purpose. Moreover, its research instrument is in-depth interviews with experts, to understand the current situation and discover the bottlenecks and challenges of this process. According to the obtained findings (74 concepts and 13 categories), The main reason for the need to disclose the KAMs was synchronizing with international authorities to increase the information content of audit reports and its requirement by Iranian policymakers. An appropriate strategy is to evaluate and identify risky and challenging points in the audit process and disclose these issues and how the auditor deals with them in the report while informing the company's management. Various factors affect the implementation of this strategy, including the characteristics of the client, the characteristics of the audit firm, and the characteristics of the audit work. The obtained results show that the process of disclosing KAMs in Iran is far from reaching the desired point and faces big challenges (the challenges alluding to users, standards, and the audit profession). If these challenges are not solved, the profession will not reach its ultimate goal, i.e., increasing the information content of the report and helping users make decisions and public trust. Due to the novelty of the requirement to disclose these issues in the auditor's report and the little research conducted, this research can provide guidelines and add to the relevant knowledge in understanding the mentioned process until reaching the desired point for policymakers and relevant stakeholders

Financial markets have become sophisticated, and merely quantitative information no longer suffices to meet their needs. This has led to qualitative reports becoming a focal point for many financial market stakeholders, who now consider Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as part of a company's vision, alongside financial statements. Given the lack of a specific framework for textual disclosures, managers have the ability to manipulate the tone of reports by carefully selecting their words. The aim of this research is to investigate how board gender diversity moderates the relationship between abnormal tone (tone management) and corporate social responsibility, as well as the relationship between the tone of these reports and corporate social responsibility. The research sample consists of 784 observations from a total of 112 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2021. The results indicate that the presence of at least one woman on the board weakens the relationship between abnormal tone, abnormal tone from the previous year, and the tone of the board’s activity report with CSR reporting. Additionally, there is a significant negative relationship between the abnormal tone of the board's activity report from the previous year and CSR reporting.

The main purpose of this research is to present the maturity model of forensic accounting in Iran in order to identify and evaluate the dimensions and components affecting forensic accounting in Iran by providing a desirable and evolutionary model using the five-level maturity model of integrated maturity capability (CMMI) and the path of professional excellence and reaching higher levels will be specified with the leveling of components and finally it can be a guide for the necessary actions of professional members and trustees to reach the best status of the profession.The method of conducting the research is based on the objective of the applied type, and in terms of its nature, it is a qualitative research, and data collection was done using interviews. So that initially by studying documents and articles, the primary dimensions and components affecting the maturity of forensic accounting in Iran were identified. In the next stage, semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2023 and 2024 with twenty-one academic and professional accounting experts and official accounting justice experts who were selected using snowball sampling. By using the interviews, some of the identified dimensions and components were reviewed. After conducting interviews with experts and reaching theoretical saturation by the researcher, the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed and coded using theme analysis, and the dimensions of the forensic accounting maturity model in Iran were identified and presented to the owner. The comments were refined and approved. Based on this, the dimensions of Iran's forensic accounting maturity model include services and roles, professions and institutions, human resources, information technology, reporting, continuous improvement, service quality assurance, each of which was presented in five levels in the current research. The results of this research provide a comprehensive framework to evaluate the forensic accounting profession in Iran and will play an effective role in improving the status of the profession and can be used as a benchmark for planning the members of the profession.

The audit profession has a responsibility to protect public interests, this responsibility has been questioned because the audit industry seems to be becoming increasingly commercial. The evidence of Iran's audit market shows that new customer attraction is very important for audit firms. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to firstly examine the auditors' point of view about the commercialization of the audit profession and secondly to examine the relationship between the auditor's utilitarianism and his motivational value and the impact of these two on audit commercialization. The statistical population of this study includes managers and audit partners working in private audit firms, and a sample of 146 was selected from this population. The methodology of the current research is descriptive and its instrument is a questionnaire. Hypothesis testing has also been done through the method of structural equations. The results of this study show that auditors' tendency to commercialize the auditing profession is influenced by their self-interest. Also, auditor’s motivational values have a positive and significant effect on the auditor's self-interest, but it does not have a significant effect on the commercialization of the auditing profession

The covid-19 pandemic has affected all the pillars of the economic system as well as the health system in the whole world. In this critical situation, all stakeholders, shareholders, managers and users of financial information expect the impact of the Corona pandemic on the efficiency of companies to be negative, and these shortcomings are expected and predictable for the society. Therefore, regarding the level of efficiency, management accountability will be far more acceptable to the public and easier than before to all stakeholders. Therefore, the present researchers investigated the reduction of efficiency and its relationship with conservatism, which is called conservative efficiency (which means how this principle is used in financial reporting to provide accurate and reliable information to the users of financial statements). In order to achieve the objectives of the research, two hypotheses were considered. In this regard, information related to three years before the outbreak of the Corona pandemic and two years after this epidemic, from 2017 to 2021, was collected for 250 companies as a statistical sample of the research, and using the approach of data envelopment analysis and regression Linear (OLS) was performed using EViews software. The results of this research confirm that companies do not use conservative methods to neutralize the reduction of their efficiency (regardless of the period of covid-19 outbreak), the reason for this is the non-significance of the interaction coefficient of efficiency and efficiency and the dummy variable of efficiency. and the results of the examination of the second model indicated that regardless of the Corona period, companies have no desire to increase the use of conservative procedures in order to increase efficiency, while the examination of the third research model (which is actually the most complete model of this study) be), it is very remarkable and worthy of consideration, in the way that companies have been encouraged to use more conservative procedures during the Corona period, and in addition, the reduction in efficiency has also increased significantly in creating this incentive (in the mentioned period).

Management accounting practices play an important role in business management and help companies survive in a competitive and ever-changing world. Appropriate measures of management accounting practices allow academics and practitioners to effectively evaluate the adoption of management accounting practices by companies. In this study, based on the qualitative information disclosed in the annual reports of 175 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2022, new and comprehensive criteria for management accounting practices at the company level have been designed using the Word2Vec word embedding model. In measuring textual metrics, using this method is very useful because it can capture the nuances of language and identify patterns in textual data. After developing textual measurement criteria, a series of validations including content validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity and reliability have been performed to confirm that the measurement criteria of management accounting practices really reflect the actual choices of companies. The results show that the fit and approval of the developed measures with the representative indicators of each management accounting practices’ dimensions in the industry indicate the effectiveness of the proposed measures. The new measurement of management accounting practices not only provides a solid foundation for empirical analysis in management accounting research, but also paves a new way to examine the status of companies regarding the extent of using management accounting practices.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of board characteristics and company size on tax transparency. Tax transparency means properly measuring, presenting and disclosing the amount of tax in the financial statements. Tax transparency, in addition to the proper fulfillment of the company's social responsibility (from the perspective of identifying and paying tax obligations according to the tax law), will help the investors and tax system policymakers to make appropriate decisions. In this research, tax transparency was measured with five criteria (disclosure of tax status, absence of material distortions in tax reserve, absence of significant ambiguity regarding taxes, absence of material annual adjustments for tax, and speed in determining the final tax filing). Also, the effect of the board characteristics on two levels, including the level of the components of board characteristics (size, independence and financial knowledge of the board, the non-executive chairman and the non-duality of the role of the CEO) and the level of the combined criteria of characteristics, were tested with the correlation research method. Results showed that the combined measure of the characteristics has a direct impact on tax transparency. At the component level, the size and financial knowledge of the board have a direct impact, but independence of the board, non-duality of the CEO's role, and the non-executive chairman do not have a significant impact on tax transparency; Company size also has no significant effect on tax transparency.

The purpose of the study was to analyse the current economic problems in the energy sector of Kosovo and to develop effective strategies to overcome them, in particular ways to minimise losses and increase the stability of the energy system, as well as to study opportunities for ensuring the country’s long-term development and energy security. The main focus was on the economic impact of implementing international energy standards, particularly European ones, within Kosovo’s national policy and development strategy. The analysis emphasised the financial benefits and challenges associated with aligning the country’s energy sector with EU directives, especially those related to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Key areas of the study included the economic potential of enhancing energy security, promoting renewable energy development, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, the study evaluated the economic implications of these reforms on Kosovo’s energy market and overall economic growth trajectory. The study also included an economic analysis that assessed possible economic losses associated with the transition to renewable energy sources. Risks were considered, including job losses in traditional energy sectors such as coal and the significant financial costs required to upgrade infrastructure. However, the study found that the long-term benefits of a green energy transition, including increased energy security, reduced dependence on energy imports and improved environmental conditions, outweigh the short-term economic costs. The results showed that although the economic transition is accompanied by significant financial costs, the long-term benefits, such as increased energy security and reduced emissions, are substantial. The study highlights the importance of further reforms and investments to ensure the sustainable development of Kosovo’s energy sector, as well as the country’s integration into the European energy environment

Innovative development is one of the key factors in a company’s competitiveness. Ensuring a higher level of development and utilisation of the latest company technology is important and therefore the search for new methods is relevant. The study aimed to describe the current trends in digital business transformation in Georgia. The study analysed many different types of statistics describing both the state of digitalisation and innovative technologies in the country and the current describing the state of entrepreneurship. Based on the analysis, the study concluded that the situation with digital transformation in Georgia is improving, which correlates with the direction of development of enterprises. In Georgia, the government actively supports digital transformation through various initiatives aimed at developing digital infrastructure and offering e-services. This is evident in the level of existing projects in this area and the pace of change in the development of enterprises in the field of digitalisation. However, it is found that while the number of research and development institutions in the nation is rising, the expenditures (adjusted for inflation) are falling. New fintech businesses are starting to appear, providing cutting-edge services for online financing. Due to a mix of public policies, private funding, and international collaboration, Georgia is becoming progressively more digital. Nevertheless, the country needs to accelerate the pace of development of this area in companies, which indicates the need for more active stimulation of this area by the state. The findings of this study can be used to formulate both the company’s long-term development strategy and to create a state policy in this area

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a key source of economic growth for the Balkan countries, offering vital funding for development initiatives. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the dynamics of FDI in Serbia, North Macedonia and Montenegro from 2000 to 2023. An econometric model was used to conduct the research, namely, the relationship between FDI and economic growth in the region was analysed. A multiple regression model was developed that includes gross domestic product growth as the dependent variable. It was established that significant fluctuations in the rates of economic growth are characteristic of all three countries during this period. Serbia has shown particular resilience, with positive growth rates prevailing in most years. Key sectors attracting FDI were also identified, including services, manufacturing, automotive, IT, agriculture, energy and tourism. The obtained results emphasised the importance of reforms aimed at business development, infrastructure development and regional integration, especially with the EU, as critical factors in attracting FDI. In addition, diversification of FDI sources was emphasised with increased investments from China, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates, which complement traditional investors from the EU. More than 60% of foreign investment in Serbia has been found to be concentrated in the services sector, while North Macedonia has successfully attracted investment in high value-added industries such as information technology and engineering. These findings are consistent with established economic theories about the impact of FDI on growth, while providing specific insights into the Balkan context. It found that a 1% increase in FDI was associated with a 0.3-0.5% increase in gross domestic product in the Balkan countries studied. The obtained results can become the basis for future political decisions and investment strategies in the region

The online education market has experienced tremendous growth, creating a competitive landscape where effective marketing solutions are crucial for success. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool, offering innovative ways to enhance product marketing strategy. The purpose of the article was to highlight the integration of artificial intelligence into marketing product strategies in the online education market and to evaluate the chances of success for launching a new training course implemented through AI algorithms. A systematic review of advanced technologies and products in the AI market was carried out, along with a comparative analysis based on data from various authors and reports from organisations, considering the aspects of interpreting qualitative and quantitative market characteristics. Leaders in the global and Ukrainian online education market were analysed, and research was conducted on the marketing product strategy measures of successful players, indicating qualitative and quantitative data using SimilarWeb and Semrush online services. These results allowed for an analysis of the connection between the identified market segments and influencing factors to make practical recommendations for improving elements of marketing based on the identified issues of products and the online education market. To demonstrate the relevance and effectiveness of the proposals, an approach was applied to test if a product with enhanced AI marketing would fit into the market using the example of the Projector Institute company. The assessment obtained from the calculations showed that AI can strengthen the marketing of online education products, as they will fully meet the interests of interested economic counterparts. The results of the study could be used by marketing, AI experts, product experts, business owners in marketing, etc. to enhance marketing solutions

In Ukraine, there are imbalances between the specialities of graduates of higher education institutions and the needs of the market, so the issue of studying the possibilities of state influence on increasing the popularity of strategically necessary professions for the development of the country through the state-commissioned education is relevant. The purpose of the study was to determine how changes in the volume of state orders affect the choice of professions and competitive scores, and to develop recommendations for optimising the national policy in the field of financing specialities important for the country’s economic development. Clustering of specialities by the number of applicants enrolled for training was carried out, trends in changes in clusters in dynamics for 2018-2023 were considered, forecast models for changes in the number of applicants for each of the clusters were constructed, and correlation dependencies were determined on the impact of changes in the volume of state orders on attracting capable applicants to the speciality. The results of clustering, the visualisation of which is carried out using graphical methods, to a certain extent determine the popularity of the relevant professions and specialisations among applicants, including the level of sensitivity of the choice of applicants to the influence of external factors. It was determined that fluctuations in the number of applicants in small specialities occur within 1% despite significant changes in the share of state-funded places financed by budgetary funds, but in the cluster of specialities with a large number of applicants, such fluctuations are within 10%. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the constructed models for each speciality to determine their sensitivity to the impact of changes in the amount of funding for state-commissioned education, which would optimise the distribution of financial resources for training specialists for sectors of the economy

In the context of war and economic instability, social enterprises in Ukraine face numerous challenges, including limited resources and the need for a special approach in the human resources area. These factors make an effective system of employee adaptation crucial for ensuring the stability and sustainable growth of such enterprises. The article aimed to study and analyse the main tools and approaches for assessing the effectiveness of the staff adaptation system in the context of social enterprises. To achieve this goal, the methods of analysis, synthesis and content analysis were used to systematise existing scientific data. The study found that well-organised staff adaptation system helps to reduce staff turnover, increase productivity and engage employees in the social mission of the enterprise. The analysis of scientific works has identified the key factors of successful personnel adaptation under martial law, as well as the main challenges and risks faced by newcomers. The essence of assessing the effectiveness of the adaptation system is revealed, the priority criteria and tools for its evaluation, their advantages and risks are identified. The need for regular assessment of the socio-psychological climate and the level of professional training was justified. The most priority criteria and tools for assessing the effectiveness of the staff adaptation system are highlighted. The objective and subjective results of the assessment are considered, on the basis of which recommendations to improve the adaptation processes in enterprises are developed. The practical value of the study lies in the development of specific recommendations for assessing and optimising adaptation processes in social enterprises, ensuring their stability and success even in conditions of war and limited resources; the results of the study can be used in business opera-tions, particularly in social enterprises of various ownership forms, to improve the efficiency of decisions in the human resources area

This study aimed to explore the potential of different supply channels in the restaurant industry, with a focus on optimizing direct supply using advanced technologies. By applying economic and statistical methods, the research analyses the role of large distributors and wholesalers in the United States food supply chain. While these supply chain participants support restaurant and manufacturer operations, they can also increase costs, reduce marketing and logistics control, and hinder the development of customer relationships. Direct supply presents significant advantages, such as improved brand loyalty, higher profit retention, and access to high-quality products. However, its growth is constrained by challenges like high marketing expenses and the implementation of same-day delivery. These costs include investments in advertising, technology platforms, CRM systems, and staff remuneration. Key obstacles to same-day delivery include staff shortages (especially drivers), high delivery costs, and inefficient logistics. The study suggests that technological solutions, including the development of direct access networks, automated promotional tools, and logistics infrastructure, can help mitigate these challenges. The Sample Box Marathon and Rgand Prime Fulfilment platforms are analysed as practical solutions that reduce costs and improve profitability. The findings of this research can provide valuable insights for producers and restaurants looking to optimize their supply chain operation

The article aimed to analyse the influence of psychological factors on the investment decision-making process, which shapes the economic behaviour of investors in Ukraine. The research involved surveys and experimental tasks conducted among investors, with the data analysed using statistical methods to identify the impact of psychological factors on investment decisions. Fear and greed have been found to be most significant emotions affecting investment decisions, whereas fear leads to excessive caution and risk avoidance. In contrast, greed drives investors to take on excessive risks. Overconfidence in one’s knowledge and skills results in an overestimation of opportunities and an increased risk of losses, while confirmation bias leads investors to seek information that supports their previous decisions, ignoring conflicting data. Expert opinions and group behaviour significantly influence investment decisions, particularly under conditions of uncertainty, often resulting in herd behaviour and the formation of economic bubbles. The experimental tasks demonstrated that investors frequently make irrational decisions under the influence of emotions and cognitive biases, even when they can access complete information about risks and opportunities. The survey results also indicated that investors with higher levels of financial literacy are less susceptible to the influence of emotions and cognitive biases, highlighting the importance of financial education in improving the quality of investment decisions. These findings illustrate how psychological factors can distort the investment decision-making process and underscore the necessity of considering these factors when developing investment strategies

The purpose of the study was to compare the pricing of physiotherapy treatment in various countries of the world. A comparative analysis of the cost of physiotherapy was conducted in the United Kingdom, Germany, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ireland, Canada, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Australia. The cost of physiotherapy was calculated considering 10 sessions per course of treatment in each clinic. The study determined that the cost of physiotherapy and massage varied substantially depending on the region and the medical institution. In the London clinic, the cost of 10 sessions of physiotherapy ranges from USD 721.62 to USD 1,818.49, depending on the duration of the procedures, and 10 massage sessions – from USD 787.23 to USD 1,115.24. In Switzerland, the same 45-minute course of physiotherapy costs USD 1,150, and an hour-long massage – USD 1,100. Financial costs for these procedures are substantially lower in Slovenia and Indonesia. In a Slovenian clinic, a course of 10 sessions of physiotherapy costs from USD 331.1 to USD 551.83, and massage – from USD 364.21 to USD 540.79. In Indonesia, the same course of physiotherapy is offered for USD 590.21-780.95, and massage – for USD 394.75-592.12. The cost of physiotherapy and massage procedures was directly related to the level of life and economic conditions in the country. In the United Kingdom and Switzerland, high health costs are explained by a high level of life and a developed medical infrastructure, while in Slovenia and Indonesia, services are more accessible to the public. Based on this, the most economically profitable solution for physiotherapy and massage is the introduction of batch sessions, which reduces the cost per session overall. In addition, financial costs are reduced due to reduced time for the procedure and the use of telemedicine during the rehabilitation session. This study helps to assess the pricing of physiotherapy procedures and further optimise national schemes with the formation of the most financially effective programmes

Research question: How accounting research can address the relevant issues of inclusivity, circularity, and technological transformation? Motivation: This editorial introduces a Special Section addressing inclusivity, circularity, and technological transformation. The Special Section aims to inform policy, improve organizational practices, and inspire future research, contributing to a more sustainable and inclusive future for all stakeholders. Data: The editorial relies on key papers to motivate the topics addressed and then introduces the content of the papers selected for publication. Findings: The papers included in the Special Section not only address the theoretical foundations of these topics but also offer practical insights and recommendations. By doing so, they aim to spark meaningful discussions and inspire action among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers committed to promoting a sustainable and inclusive global economy.

Research Question: What impact has the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) had on gross domestic product (GDP) growth in countries that have fully adopted these standards? Motivation: The results of prior research are inconclusive, and more research is needed to understand the potential impact of IPSAS on the economic growth of adopting countries. Despite the abundance of empirical studies on the determinants of economic growth, much remains to be done to achieve a conclusive understanding of this complex issue, as noted by Owusu et al. (2017). The existing literature is mainly concerned with standard economic factors and does not consider the critical role played by the national accounting framework, in particular the underlying accounting rules. As a result, research on economic growth has tended to focus on global and macroeconomic trade issues rather than accounting issues. These criticisms highlight the need for more rigorous studies to assess the impact of the adoption of IPSAS especially in different socio-economic and political contexts. Idea: This study tests the impact of IPSAS adoption and experience on the economic growth rate, controlling for variables that may influence economic development, such as foreign direct investment (FDI), public investment (INV), trade openness (OPEN), capital expenditure (EXPEND) and COVID pandemic (COV19). Data: The data was collected from 18 countries that were engaged in the process of international adoption between the years 2009 and 2022. Tools: Multivariate analysis on panel data was applied. Findings: Our results show that adopting IPSAS and the country’s experience with the new standards set, positively and significantly affect economic growth. Furthermore, public investment and trade openness are significant positive determinants of economic growth. On the other hand, the COVID 19 pandemic and public expenditure negatively affect GDP growth. Contribution: The paper results could be of practical interest to governments in their decision to move to IPSAS and to standard setters and international institutions, which encourage countries to reform their public accounting systems through coercive isomorphism. Adopting IPSAS can also have macroeconomic benefits through a better reputation with international donors.

Research question: How does the disclosure of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) information affect the practice of earnings management (EM) in the Kuwaiti context? Motivation: This research is motivated by the growing emphasis on ESG elements in corporate reporting and governance worldwide, and it aims to investigate the relationship between ESG disclosures and earnings management in the Kuwaiti business environment. In Kuwait, business organizations are required to report ESG information in order to fulfill changing stakeholder and regulatory demands for increased openness. This study aims to clarify the ways in which these disclosures affect Kuwaiti company behavior and financial reporting procedures, especially in light of recent regulatory and economic changes that favor better corporate governance and sustainability. In order to help stakeholders, policymakers, and regulators advance effective disclosure frameworks and promote sustainable business practices, this research aims to shed light on whether ESG disclosures in Kuwaiti firms mitigate or exacerbate earnings management practices. Idea: The study investigates how ESG disclosure affects Earnings Management practices in Kuwait, a context that might differ from more developed economies. Data: The data were collected from 37 Kuwaiti companies listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE) over a five-year period, spanning 2017 to 2021, giving 185 company-year observations. Tools: The research used linear regression to determine the relationship between ESG disclosure and EM. Findings: The results indicate a significant negative correlation between ESG disclosure and EM. This suggests that greater disclosure of ESG information by companies is associated with a reduced likelihood of engaging in EM practices. Contribution: The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by expanding the literature on the relationship between ESG disclosure and EM in the Kuwaiti context. It should be highlighted that most previous studies have mainly focused on the environmental aspect of ESG, whereas this study explores the impact of ESG in its entirety on EM.

Research question: Does technostress have an impact on burnout and turnover intentions among auditors? And does segmentation mindset moderate the relationship between technostress and turnover intentions? Motivation: Technostress became omnipresent in various occupations. Focusing on auditing setting in particular allows us to identify the impact of technostress on turnover intentions considered as a severe problem for audit companies. Examining the moderating role of segmentation mindset in the relationship between technostress and turnover intentions can help audit firms foster a segmentation culture to mitigate the impact of technostress on burnout and turnover intentions. Idea: This paper explores the moderating role of the segmentation mindset in the relationship between technostress creators and turnover intentions among Tunisian audit professionals. Data: Drawing on the transactional model of stress and coping, 290 valid responses were collected from Tunisian practicing financial auditors. Tools: An online survey was used to validate the proposed model. Findings: The results suggest that burnout fully mediates the association between technostress creators and turnover intentions. Second, the study supports the positive association between technostress creators and job burnout and between burnout and turnover intentions. Further analysis using the Hayes Process model reveals that the positive effect of technostress creators on turnover intentions is dampened for auditors who score high on segmentation mindset. Contributions: The results of this study provide empirical evidence that audit companies should promote practices to reduce levels of job burnout, which could decrease turnover intentions. Implementing segmentation strategies is of paramount importance since individual segmentation can alleviate the technological stress’s detrimental effects on turnover intentions.

Research Question: How has the diffusion of IPSAS in the African region been influenced by contextual factors, external pressures, and the current status of adoption and implementation across African countries? Motivation: Africa seems to be the region where these standards have been most widely adopted. This region was at the forefront of the adoption of these standards. We have therefore chosen to plot the diffusion curve of these standards, for subsequent analysis. Idea: This paper examines the various phases of the IPSAS dissemination process in developing countries, particularly in the African region. Data: The data are secondary data collected from Studies published by professional accounting bodies such as IFAC and ACCA, as well as publications by international organizations (IMF and World Bank) were also taken into account. Tools: a qualitative method, in line with that conducted by Polzer et al. (2020), based on a literature search using the internet search on "Google" and "Google Scholar". The keywords inserted included "IPSAS and developing countries" and "IPSAS and emerging economies". The references of each resource were used to identify additional resources. Findings: IPSAS adoption in Africa takes many forms, it is indeed a priority for most of these countries. However, the diversity of implementation plans, and the absence of a centralized, coordinated approach, has made monitoring and forecasting progress rather difficult. Contribution: This research contributes to the IPSAS adoption research by examining the dissemination of these norms in African region. This article examines the diffusion and adoption of IPSAS (International Public Sector Accounting Standards) in the African region. We constructed the diffusion curve of these standards to ensure their successful dissemination. Additionally, we conducted an assessment between the announcement of the adoption decision and the actual implementation of these standards.

Research Question: What is the impact of professional skepticism on auditors' judgment across varying levels of control risk? Motivation: Professional skepticism has attracted the attention of various regulators, practitioners, and researchers. However, the empirical results of previous studies have not consistently yielded findings regarding the impact of professional skepticism on auditors' judgment. Idea: This paper aims to investigate the relationship between professional skepticism and auditors' judgment across different control risk scenarios within the Tunisian context. Data: The experimental study comprised 127 auditors. Tools: A between-subjects experiment was conducted, manipulating control risk at two levels (low and high risk). Hurtt (2010) professional skepticism scale was utilized to measure auditors’ professional skepticism. Subsequently, a multivariate regression analysis was performed. Findings: The experimental study provided evidence that professional skepticism leads auditors to exhibit skeptical judgments regarding the assessment of the truthfulness of the client's explanation and the assessment of fraud risk. Additionally, the results show that auditors tend to make more skeptical judgments in a high-risk setting. Contribution: Understanding the role of trait professional skepticism is crucial for practicing auditors and accounting firms. The findings suggest that professional skepticism has a significant effect on auditors’ judgment. Consequently, firms should pay particular attention to the allocation of audit team members based on their level of skepticism.

Research Question: What is the impact of uncertainty on the quality of financial reporting in the European Union and whether accounting enforcement is a critical factor? Motivation: The advances made by the European Union (EU) in the field of financial reporting have shown the commitment to improve its quality. However, uncertainty creates a difficult context for capital markets, investors, and management. Since financial reporting represents the primary source of information for investors, its quality under uncertainty is a key topic of research. Furthermore, considering the EU efforts to strengthen accounting enforcement, it is fundamental to investigate whether accounting enforcement acts as a moderating factor between uncertainty and financial reporting quality. Idea: Our study investigates the effects of uncertainty on the quality of financial reporting in the European Union and the role of accounting enforcement. Data: The sample consists of 35,489 firm-year observations from the 27 EU countries. The sample does not include firms from the finance industry, as they are subject to specific regulations and oversight. Furthermore, the quality of financial reporting is determined differently compared to firms in the services and manufacturing industry. Tools: We measure the quality of financial reporting using existing models in the literature. We use accruals-based models and real earnings management as an alternative measure. To estimate uncertainty, we rely on two important indexes, the Economic Sentiment Indicator and Business Confidence Indicator; additionally, we use another measure for robustness check. For accounting enforcement, we use the strength of auditing and accounting standards, and another measure grounded in the literature for robustness check. Findings: Our results suggest that uncertainty is negatively associated with the financial reporting quality in the EU. This indicates that uncertainty worsens the financial reporting quality. In addition, we investigate the moderating role of accounting enforcement. We find that when accounting enforcement increases by one unit, the negative association between financial reporting quality and uncertainty decreases between 2.7% and 4.5%. Our results are consistent and robust to the use of alternative measures for financial reporting quality, uncertainty, and accounting enforcement. Contribution: This study contributes to literature in several ways. The EU presents a particular context that allows us to investigate more thoroughly the association between financial reporting quality and uncertainty using cross country sample. Furthermore, this study provides relevant insights to the policymakers specific to EU institutional settings. Research at EU level is welcome as previous analysis is limited to only seven EU countries. Therefore, more evidence is needed to form solid conclusions relevant for the EU. Additionally, we provide strong evidence about the moderating role of accounting enforcement, which was not investigated in literature in the context of uncertainty. Our results are significant for the EU, since the last years were characterized by high uncertainty, and considering the current developments, the next years will also be under the sign of uncertainty. The findings provide useful information to interested parties on the association between uncertainty and financial reporting quality and highlight the importance of accounting enforcement.

Research Question: What is the impact of domestic and international uncertainty shocks on the relationship between book value, earnings, and stock price? Motivation: We refer to the prior research on the value relevance of accounting information (Dunham & Grandstaff, 2021) which offers valuable insights into how the financial market interprets accounting information. However, there has been little emphasis on changes in value relevance over time and the influence of economic conditions on the value relevance of accounting information (El Ghoul et al., 2021; Barth, 2023). Idea: The study used the Ohlson's (1995) price model to investigate the effect of economic policy uncertainty on the value relevance of financial statement information in Tunisian firms. The dependent variable was Stock price (MV). The independent variables were Book Value of equity (BVS), Earning (EPS), and Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU). Data: The study was conducted on a sample of 36 firms listed on the Tunis Stock Exchange (TSE) over 14 years (2008-2021). Tools: The models were estimated using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method. Findings: This research demonstrates that even in a highly uncertain economic environment, book value and earnings remain suitable for evaluating stock prices. Despite accounting information possibly losing its relevance, earnings seem to hold more significance than book value in stock market pricing. Contribution: This study contributes to the existing research on the relevance of accounting information by examining the impact of economic uncertainty in a developing country. We assess uncertain economy by using Baker et al. (2016) measure, which is a global measure. We have been able to find a significant decline in the value relevance of book value in an uncertain economy and to confirm the practical perspective of agency theory.

Research Question: Do the characteristics of the board of directors and the characteristics of audit committee influence Tunisian companies’ growth opportunities? Motivation: Attract the attention of policy makers to design appropriate governance mechanisms for emerging countries in general and specifically for Tunisia. More specifically, we hope to gain a better understanding of the function of audit committees and board of directors in enhancing firm growth opportunities. Idea: This paper investigated of the impact of the internal governance mechanisms characteristics such as board of directors and audit committee on Tunisian companies’ growth opportunities. Data: We based on a sample of 38 non-financial firms listed on Tunis Stock Exchange observed on the period 2013-2019. Tools: We used the multivariate regression method on panel data. Findings: We found that the of board of directors ‘size and the frequency of the audit committee meetings impact negatively the firm’s growth opportunities. Contribution: The findings of our study may be useful for the shareholders to make appropriate choices about the composition of the board of directors and the audit committee to enhance growth opportunities. The shareholders should not encourage the institution of larges boards and frequent meetings of the audit committees.

Research Purposes. This research aims to observe the influence of distress level and leverage on right issue subscription pricing since previous studies mainly focused on the subscription price’s impact rather than its determinants. For further analysis, this research also evaluates the subscription price, distress level, and leverage’s influence on share performance. Research Methods. Data analysis technique employs multiple linear regression with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, utilizing data from 70 public listed companies which are recorded to have published right issue in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2004 to 2022. Research Results and Findings. This research discovered that distress level influences the right issue subscription price, and the right issue subscription price significantly influences share performance. Thus, the result of this research may be utilized by companies which are distressed, high-leveraged, or in possession of the characteristics in line with the control variables to consider the most ideal subscription price as well as its implications to the companies’ share performance.

Research Purposes. This study aimed to determine the influence of audit findings on audit opinion involving the moderating variable of political competition among regencies/city governments in Indonesia. Research Methods. The secondary data are analyzed quantitatively utilizing binary logistic regression and MRA (Moderated Regression Analysis), processed by SPSS version 25 software. The population involves the entire 508 local governments of city-regencies in Indonesia, from which 395 sample cities/regencies in Indonesia in fiscal year 2016 were selected using purposive sampling. Research Results and Findings. The results showed that audit findings on internal control system weaknesses and non-compliance with legislation have a negative and significant effect on audit opinion, which means that more audit findings lessen the chance for the government to obtain an unqualified opinion. In addition, political competition strengthens the effect of audit findings of non-compliance with legislation and weaknesses in the internal control system on audit opinion. It implied that local governments in Indonesia should enhance internal controls and compliance and account for political factors to improve audit opinions.

Research Purposes. The objective of this research is to ascertain how audit quality affects the value and relevancy of accounting data, where audit quality is proxied by audit company size, audit partner gender, audit fees, audit reporting delays, and auditor opinion. Research Methods The study examining the relationship between variables using a fixed-effects model focuses on 780 non-financial corporations registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2020 and 2021, chosen through non-probability-purposive-judgment sampling techniques. Research Results and Findings. The study's conclusions indicate that while audit fees and latency in reporting can decrease the value relevance of accounting information, public accounting firms associated with the Big Four and the presence of female audit partners can enhance it. Additionally, the auditor's opinion section yields some intriguing results, as it increases the relevance of book value while decreasing that of profit value.

Research Purposes. This study examines the influence of Love of Money, Machiavellian, and Distrust to Fiscus, as well as Religiosity as a moderator on Ethical Perception of Tax Avoidance. Research Methods. This quantitative research collects primary data through online questionnaires. Respondents in this study included 117 accounting students from 26 universities in DKI Jakarta Province, who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data in this study were analyzed using the PLS-SEM method with the help of SmartPLS 4.0 software. Research Results and Findings. This study's results indicate that Machiavellian positively influences the Ethical Perception of Tax Avoidance. Meanwhile, the Ethical Perception of Tax Avoidance is not influenced by the Love of Money and the Distrust to Fiscus, and Religiosity also does not moderate it. The findings of this study are expected to enrich the literature related to the influence of Machiavellian on the Ethical Perception of Tax Avoidance and recommend to the Government and Universities to consider Machiavellian factors when formulating taxation and education policies.

Research Purposes. This study aims to investigate the influence of cashless payment on micro, small, and medium enterprises sustainability. Research Methods. The sample used is a non-probability sample of 100 business actors in Ambon City with data analysis techniques, namely Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through SmartPLS4 software to analyze the relationship between variables. Research Results and Findings. The findings show that cashless payment does not possess any direct correlation with MSMEs sustainability in Ambon. Furthermore, positive and significant correlation from cashless payment to MSMEs sustainability can be established through the mediatory of financial inclusion among the business owners. The result of this study generates enticing implications towards MSMEs which is SMES needs to have wide access to service and product of financial. It will promote improvement of SMES sustainability.

The article is devoted to internal control as one of the management functions and its organisational form, as well as problematic aspects of the formation of control mechanisms in connection with the development of information tools and sources of ecosystem management at all levels. Despite the fact that there is an increase in the number of organizations implementing various control mechanisms, methods and systems, they often do not achieve the goals of obtaining relevant and sufficient information about the state of the controlled object, and the goal of control, which is to provide information support for the process of achieving the effectiveness of management (and control itself), is not achieved. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the theoretical basic approaches to control in order to identify the possibilities of building control mechanisms of modern level for commercial organisations. In the course of the research, such general scientific methods of cognition as a systematic approach, logical generalization, legal and linguistic analysis, and hypothesis were used. Control is an indispensable accompaniment of management activities. A lot depends on its organization, including the effectiveness of management, the timeliness of achieving the intended results, and the progressive development of the business. Control exists in two planes: it is either directly embedded in the technological and managerial processes or it is superstructured and conducted and carried out by specially created bodies that are outside the flow of processes and exercise control “from the outside”. The development of digital technologies imposes features and causes the emergence of certain peculiarities in the formation of control mechanisms, which, on the one hand, gives more opportunities for control, on the other hand, introduces formalism into it, reducing the effectiveness of both its own and the entire organisation in terms of its core activities. The search for a harmonious combination is the main task in organizing effective control in commercial organizations. The results of the study will be useful to researchers and practitioners who study control mechanisms in theoretical and methodological aspects.